Synonymy
This is not a conventional "synonymy" listing, but a concept-mapping that provides additional information on the details of the relationship between each taxon-represented-by-a-name in this Flora, and each taxon-represented-by-a-name in the other 5,000+ taxonomic references whose concept intersects the 10,000+ taxa in the Flora. Prior to the name cited, a symbol is inserted to convey the conceptual relationship of the two names – in other words, the relationship of the name and associated taxonomic concept being applied in the Flora to the name and associated taxonomic concept in the other references, regardless of the nomenclatural relationship of the two names.
- "=" means that the two concepts are believed to be identical (the names may differ by rank, spelling, or genus, but the conceptual entity is the same). If the taxonomic concept is identical and the name is also the same, the name is omitted.
- "<" means that the name in use in the Flora is finer than (a split relative to, and wholly included within) the name as used in the reference(s) listed (once again the names may differ by rank, spelling, or genus – or be exactly the same, even though the concept differs).
- ">" means that the name and associated taxonomic concept in use in the Flora is broader than (a lump relative to, and wholly including) the name as used in the reference(s) listed.
- "><" means that there is a complex and cross-cutting relationship between the name and associated taxonomic concept used in the Flora and the name and associated taxonomic concept used in the reference(s) listed.
- "?" means that the relationship between the taxonomic concepts is not understood by The Flora authors (or at least has not been indicated here) at this time (often this means that there are complications outside the flora area, and often outside of North America, that make the concept relationship difficult to determine or characterize simply).
Cited synonymy is provided to regional floras, monographs, revisions, and other significant floristic and monographic treatments (over 5000 references are used). This allows comparison of the taxonomic treatment in the Flora to other treatments, and convenient access to the taxonomic opinions and additional information available in those other treatments.
Synonymy is (or is in the process of being) provided comprehensively for the following floras:
AqW = Crow & Hellquist (2023) Aquatic and Wetland Plants of Northeastern North America, Second Edition
Ar = Gentry et al. (2013) Atlas of the Vascular Plants of Arkansas
Bah = Correll & Correll (1982) Flora of the Bahama Archipelago
BI = Stace (2021) New flora of the British Isles, fourth edition, October 2021 reprinting with corrections. C & M Floristics, Suffolk, U.K.. 1266 pp.
C = Gleason & Cronquist (1991) Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, Second Edition
Cuba = Greuter & Rankin-Rodríguez (2022) The vascular plants of Cuba: a preliminary checklist. https://portal.cybertaxonomy.org/flora-cuba/
ETx = Diggs et al. (2006) Illustrated Flora of East Texas – by volume number (only 1 published)
F = Fernald (1950) Gray’s Manual of Botany, Eighth Edition
Fl = Wunderlin, Hansen, (& Franck) (2015 et seq.) Flora of Florida – by volume number (1-7)
FlGr = Hall (2019) Grasses of Florida
FNA = Flora of North America north of Mexico (1993 et seq.) – by volume number (1-26, with some volumes not yet published)
FoC = Flora of China (1993 et seq.) – by volume number
G = Gleason (1952) Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada
GBI = Sell & Murrell (1996, 2006, 2009, 2014) Flora of Great Britain and Ireland – by volume number
GrPl = Great Plains Flora Association (1986) Flora of the Great Plains
GW = Godfrey & Wooten (1979, 1981) Aquatic and Wetland Plants of the Southeastern United States – by volume number (1-2)
HC = Hitchcock & Chase (1951) Manual of the grasses of the United States, second edition
I = Isely (1998) Native and Naturalized Leguminosae (Fabaceae) of the United States
Il = Mohlenbrock (2014) Vascular Flora of Illinois: a Field Guide, Fourth Edition
K or K1 = Kartesz (1999) Floristic Synthesis of North America
K2 = Kartesz (2010) Floristic Synthesis of North America
K3 = Kartesz (2015) Floristic Synthesis of North America
K4 = Kartesz (2022) Floristic Synthesis of North America
Ky = Jones (2005) Plant Life of Kentucky
LPWG = Legume Phylogeny Working Group (LPWG) (2022) The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP): Fabaceae
MC = Mathias & Constance (1945) Umbelliferae. North American Flora, vol. 28B: 43-397
Md = Brown & Brown (1984) Herbaceous Plants of Maryland
Meso = Flora Mesoamericana (1995 et seq.) – by volume number
Mex = Villaseñor (2016) Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico / Catálogo de las plantas vasculares nativas de México
Mi = Voss & Reznicek (2012) Field Manual of Michigan Flora
Mo = Yatskievych (1999, 2006, 2013) Steyermark’s Flora of Missouri – by volume number (1-3)
NcTx = Diggs, Lipscomb, & O’Kennon (1999) Shinners & Mahler’s Illustrated Flora of North Central Texas
NE = Haines (2011) New England Wildflower Society’s Flora Novae Angliae
NeUS = Naczi & collaborators (2019) New manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada
NY = Werier, D.A. (2017) Catalogue of the vascular plants of New York state. Mem. Torrey Bot. Soc. 27.
OH1 = Braun (1967) The Monocotyledonae [of Ohio]. Ohio State Univ. Press, Columbus.
OH2 = Cooperrider (1995) The Dicotyledonae of Ohio. Part 2. Linaceae through Campanulaceae. Ohio State University Press, Columbus. 656 pp.
OH3 = Fisher (1988) The Dicotyledonae of Ohio. Part 3. Asteraceae. Ohio State Univ. Press. Columbus. 280 pp.
Ok = Ryburn, coord., Barber, Buck, Caddell, Elisens, Estes, Fishbein, Folley, Magrath, Moore, Murray, Smith, Taylor, Tyrl, Thompson, Walker, and Watson. (2018) Flora of Oklahoma: keys and descriptions. Flora Oklahoma Inc., Oklahoma City, OK.
Pa = Rhoads & Block (2007) The Plants of Pennsylvania, Second Edition
RAB = Radford, Ahles, & Bell (1968) Manual of the Vascular Plants of the Carolinas
S = Small (1933) Manual of the Southeastern Flora
S13 = Small (1913) Flora of the Southeastern United States
SE = Vascular Flora of the Southeastern States (Cronquist 1980, Isely 1990) – by volume number (only 1 and 3 published)
Sf = Small (1938) Ferns of the Southeastern States
SFla = Long & Lakela (1976) A Flora of Tropical Florida
Tat = Tatnall (1946) Flora of Delaware and the Eastern Shore
Tn = Tennessee Flora Committee (2015) Guide to the Vascular Flora of Tennessee
Tx = Correll & Johnston (1970) Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas
TxFerns = Diggs & Lipscomb (2014) The Ferns and Lycophytes of Texas
Va = Weakley, Ludwig, & Townsend (2012) Flora of Virginia
W = Wofford (1989) Guide to the Vascular Plants of the Blue Ridge
WH2 = Wunderlin & Hansen (2003) Guide to the vascular plants of Florida, Second Edition
WH3 = Wunderlin & Hansen (2011) Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida, Third Edition
WI = Acevedo-Rodríguez & Strong (2012) Catalogue of Seed Plants of the West Indies
WV = Strausbaugh & Core (1978) Flora of West Virginia, Second Edition
All names known to us to be attributed to the Flora area in the other floras cited above, significant monographs and revisions, and important regional publications are accounted for, from Small (1913, 1933) and forward in time, with the exception that the process has not yet been completed for several floras.
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