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| Scientific | Lead Number | Lead Position | Lead Characteristics | Lead Characteristics with Glossary | Line result key id | Line result taxon id | result text |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alisma | Leaf blades 2.7-5× as long as wide (or even narrower on submerged leaves), tapering at the base; petals pink, 2.3-3.7 mm long; achene with a dorsal ridge flanked by two dorsal grooves | ||||||
Alisma | Leaf blades 2.7-5× as long as wide (or even narrower on submerged leaves), tapering at the base; petals pink, 2.3-3.7 mm long; achene with a dorsal ridge flanked by two dorsal grooves | ||||||
Alisma | Leaf blades 1.3-2.5 (2.7)× as long as wide, rounded to subcordate at the base; petals white, either 1.8-2.5 mm or 3.8-4.5 mm long; achene with a single dorsal groove. | ||||||
Alisma | Leaf blades 1.3-2.5 (2.7)× as long as wide, rounded to subcordate at the base; petals white, either 1.8-2.5 mm or 3.8-4.5 mm long; achene with a single dorsal groove. | ||||||
Sagittaria | Beak of the achene lateral (at a right angle to the long axis of the achene); bracts of the inflorescence 2-15 mm long, boat-shaped, obtuse or broadly acute. | ||||||
Sagittaria | Beak of the achene terminal (extending along the long axis of the achene); bracts of the inflorescence 5-40 mm long, either blunt or acuminate, not boat-shaped. | ||||||
Sagittaria | Achenes 1.5-2.0 (-2.5) mm long; achene faces with 3 or more keels and 2 or more resin ducts; inflorescence bracts connate for > 50% of length; [se. NC and southward] | ||||||
Sagittaria | Achenes (2.2-) 2.4-3.0 mm long; achene faces with 2-3 keels and 1-2 resin ducts; inflorescence bracts connate for < 40% of length; [restricted to Sandhills region of NC and SC, likely in e GA] | ||||||
Sagittaria | Larger phyllodes 0.8-2.5 cm wide, the apices blunt (rarely acute); longer pistillate pedicels 2-5 (-6.5) cm long; median resin duct of mature achene linear, about as wide as the posterior duct (or ducts absent) | ||||||
Sagittaria | Larger phyllodes to 1 cm wide (except sometimes wider in S. chapmanii), the apices acute; longer pistillate pedicels 1-4 cm long; median resin duct of mature achene club-shaped and 2× the diameter of the posterior duct. | ||||||
Cyperaceae | Achene enclosed in a perigynium (a sac-like structure); [subfamily Caricoideae, tribe Cariceae] | ||||||
Cyperaceae | Achene not enclosed in a perigynium. | Achene not enclosed in a perigynium. | |||||
Cyperaceae | Inflorescence axillary; leaves predominantly cauline, conspicuously 3-ranked; perianth bristles subtending the achene 6-9; [tribe Dulichieae] | ||||||
Cyperaceae | Achene (when ripe) bony and white; style base persistent on the summit of the achene, forming a differently-textured or differently-colored tubercle; spikelets all unisexual, the pistillate spikelets 1-flowered, the staminate spikelets several-flowered; [subfamily Sclerioideae, tribe Sclerieae] | ||||||
Cyperaceae | Achene mostly brown, black, or tan; style base either persistent as a differentiated tubercle (Bulbostylis, Eleocharis, Rhynchospora) or not (Cladium, Eriophorum, Fuirena, Isolepis, Cyperus, Schoenoplectus, Scirpus, Trichophorum); spikelets mostly or all bisexual; [subfamily Cyperoideae]. | ||||||
Cyperaceae | Achene not subtended by a modified perianth of bristles or scales (in addition to the scales of the spikelets). | ||||||
Cyperaceae | Achene subtended by a modified perianth of either bristles, 3 stalked paddle-like scales, or 1-2 broad-based scales (in addition to the scales of the spikelets). | ||||||
Cyperaceae | Achene subtended by stalked paddle-like scales or broad-based scales. | ||||||
Cyperaceae | Achene lacking a perianth, but subtended by 1-2 broad-based scales; plants 0.5-3 dm tall; [tribe Cypereae] | ||||||
Cyperaceae | Achene subtended by a perianth of 3 stalked paddle-like scales; plants 2-7 dm tall; [tribe Fuireneae] | ||||||
Cyperaceae | Achene subtended by bristles. | ||||||
Cyperaceae | Bristles 10-many, > 5× as long as the achene, white to tawny, straight; [tribe Scirpeae] | ||||||
Cyperaceae | Bristles 1-6, usually < 4× as long as the achene, brown, straight or conspicuously twisted (twisted if > 3× as long as the achene). | ||||||
Bolboschoenus | Bristles mostly equaling to surpassing the distinctly trigonous achene | ||||||
Bolboschoenus | Bristles shorter than to equaling the lenticular or plano-convex achene. | ||||||
Bulbostylis | Inflorescence bracts widened abruptly at its base, the widened portion prominently fimbriate-pectinate; perennial, culms 10-50 cm tall; achene 1-1.3 mm long, white or yellowish, the apex retuse (the three lobes projecting beyond and surrounding the tubercle) | ||||||
Bulbostylis | Inflorescence bracts not widened abruptly at its base, the membranous margins smooth or ciliate; annual, culms 5-35 cm tall; achene 0.5-1.2 mm long, pale brown or gray, the apex rounded or truncate (the three lobes not exceeding the tubercle). | ||||||
Carex | Perigynia smooth; style persistent on the achene | ||||||
Carex | Margins of perigynia flat, at least in the upper ½, flat portion (measured at the tip of the achene and base of beak) > (0.1-) 0.2 mm wider | ||||||
Carex | Achenes rounded at apex (style dehiscing at the surface of the achene); style conspicuously enlarged at the base | ||||||
Carex | Achene tip with persistent, enlarged, circular style base | ||||||
Carex | Achene tip with at most a short apiculus. | ||||||
Carex | Achene tip with persistent, enlarged, circular style base | ||||||
Carex | Achene tip with at most a short apiculus. | ||||||
Carex | Ventral leaf sheath margins with orange-red dots; achene ovate-lanceolate; perigynium wall adhering to achene | Ventral leaf sheath margins with orange-red dots; achene ovate-lanceolate; perigynium wall adhering to achene | |||||
Carex | Ventral leaf sheath margins without orange-red dots; achene broadly ovate to ovate-orbicular; perigynium wall not adhering to the achene (or only slightly so). | ||||||
Carex | Base of perigynium cuneate to rounded; distance from base of perigynium to base of achene 0.1-0.5 mm; [primarily of the Mountains in our area on dry soils] | Base of perigynium cuneate to rounded; distance from base of perigynium to base of achene 0.1-0.5 mm; [primarily of the Mountains in our area on dry soils] | |||||
Carex | Base of perigynium rounded to truncate; distance from base of perigynium to base of achene 0.5-0.9 mm; [widespread in our area, soils typically mesic to wet] | Base of perigynium rounded to truncate; distance from base of perigynium to base of achene 0.5-0.9 mm; [widespread in our area, soils typically mesic to wet] | |||||
Carex | Perigynia mostly nerveless over the achene on the adaxial surface; beak of perigynia conspicuously setulose-serrulate; perigynia often more-or-less convexly tapered from widest point to the beak, thus forming a weak shoulder; [of calcareous sites, in our area restricted to the Mountains of VA] | ||||||
Carex | Perigynia mostly 1-10-nerved over the achene on the adaxial surface; beak of perigynia more sparsely serrulate, with definite spaces between the often single teeth; perigynia more-or-less cuneate or concavely tapered from widest point to the beak, not forming a shoulder; [of a variety of situations, not generally calcareous]. | Perigynia mostly 1-10-nerved over the achene on the adaxial surface; beak of perigynia more sparsely serrulate, with definite spaces between the often single teeth; perigynia more-or-less cuneate or concavely tapered from widest point to the beak, not forming a shoulder; [of a variety of situations, not generally calcareous]. | |||||
Carex | Perigynia (2.5-) 2.6-4 × as long as wide, the body lanceolate, distance from beak tip to top of achene 2.2-5 mm | Perigynia (2.5-) 2.6-4 × as long as wide, the body lanceolate, distance from beak tip to top of achene 2.2-5 mm | |||||
Carex | Perigynia < 2.5 × as long as wide, the body obovate, orbiculate, or ovate; distance from beak tip to top of achene 0.8-2.2 mm. | ||||||
Carex | Perigynia strongly and evenly 4-8-veined over the achene adaxially, (4.5-) 5.1-5.5 mm long; pistillate scales usually (1.0-) 1.4-2.3 mm shorter than the perigynia; anthers (2.4-) 2.8-4.2 mm long | ||||||
Carex | Perigynia veinless or faintly and irregularly 0-4 (-6)-veined over the achene adaxially, 2.5-4.2 mm long; pistillate scales 0.2-1.3 mm shorter than the perigynia; anthers 1.0-2.1 mm long | ||||||
Carex | Perigynia veinless or faintly and irregularly 1-5-veined over the achene adaxially, more-or-less orbicular, the bodies (2-) 2.3-3.2 mm long, (0.7-) 0.9-1.1 (-1.3) × as long as wide; pistillate scales mostly acute, about as long as to 0.7 (-0.9) mm shorter than the subtended perigynium (flattened and measured separately) | Perigynia veinless or faintly and irregularly 1-5-veined over the achene adaxially, more-or-less orbicular, the bodies (2-) 2.3-3.2 mm long, (0.7-) 0.9-1.1 (-1.3) × as long as wide; pistillate scales mostly acute, about as long as to 0.7 (-0.9) mm shorter than the subtended perigynium (flattened and measured separately) | |||||
Carex | Perigynia strongly 4-6-veined over the achene adaxially, broadly ovate to broadly elliptic, (or rarely nearly orbicular), the bodies (2.7-) 3-4 mm long, (0.9-) 1.0-1.6 × as long as wide; pistillate scales mostly obtuse, 0.7-1.7 mm shorter than the subtended perigynium (flattened and measured separately) | Perigynia strongly 4-6-veined over the achene adaxially, broadly ovate to broadly elliptic, (or rarely nearly orbicular), the bodies (2.7-) 3-4 mm long, (0.9-) 1.0-1.6 × as long as wide; pistillate scales mostly obtuse, 0.7-1.7 mm shorter than the subtended perigynium (flattened and measured separately) | |||||
Carex | Perigynia strongly obovoid, 3-4.5 mm long, 2-3 mm wide; achene symmetrical | ||||||
Carex | Perigynia ellipsoid to slightly obovoid, 2-3 (-3.5) mm long, 1-2 mm wide; achene usually shortened on one side, slightly to strongly asymmetrical | ||||||
Carex | Achene sessile in the base of the perigynium; perigynia 3.2-6 mm long; sterile shoots with leaves 5-10 mm wide; [either exotic and rarely naturalized in our area, or native and rare]. | ||||||
Carex | Achene on a stipe 0.5-1.5 mm long; perigynia (4.5-) 5.6-8.0 (-10) mm long; sterile shoots with leaves 2-8 mm wide; [native, collectively common and widespread in our area]. | ||||||
Carex | Perigynia densely white-villous apically, glabrous basally; achene body 2.0-2.7 mm long, long-stipitate | ||||||
Carex | Perigynia densely white-villous apically, glabrous basally; achene body 2.0-2.7 mm long, long-stipitate | ||||||
Carex | Perigynia puberulent throughout; achene body 3.0-3.3 mm long, sessile | ||||||
Carex | Perigynia 3-5 mm wide at the widest point; achenes broadest above the middle, with a pronounced shoulder rounding abruptly to the tip; style of mature achene with a half to full coil in its lower portion; [of high elevations in our area, generally in spruce-fir or northern hardwoods forests] | ||||||
Carex | Perigynia 5-8 mm wide at the widest point; achenes broadest at the middle, smoothly rounded to the tip; style of mature achene straight or arcuate; [widespread in our area] | ||||||
Carex | Achene 1.9-2.5× as long as wide; style persistent, strongly kinked at the base; spikes 1-2 (-3) per stem | Achene 1.9-2.5× as long as wide; style persistent, strongly kinked at the base; spikes 1-2 (-3) per stem | |||||
Carex | Achene 1.2-1.9× as long as wide; style deciduous, straight or slightly curved; spikes (1-) 2-4 (-6) per stem | ||||||
Carex | Body of the perigynium subglobose to obovoid, usually about as wide as long; achene angles broadly rounded. | Body of the perigynium subglobose to obovoid, usually about as wide as long; achene angles broadly rounded. | |||||
Carex | Body of the perigynium ellipsoid, distinctly longer than wide; achene angles narrow to slightly rounded. | Body of the perigynium ellipsoid, distinctly longer than wide; achene angles narrow to slightly rounded. | |||||
Carex | Achene body (1.4-) 1.5-1.7 (-2.0) mm long, biconvex, trigonous, or both; fertile culms 7-17 cm tall, usually much shorter than the leaves; basal sheaths usually very fibrillose; pistillate scales (2.7-) 3.0-3.7 (-4.2) mm long | Achene body (1.4-) 1.5-1.7 (-2.0) mm long, biconvex, trigonous, or both; fertile culms 7-17 cm tall, usually much shorter than the leaves; basal sheaths usually very fibrillose; pistillate scales (2.7-) 3.0-3.7 (-4.2) mm long | |||||
Carex | Achene body (1.1-) 1.2-1.3 (-1.4) mm long, trigonous; fertile culms 20-43 cm tall, equaling or exceeding the leaves; basal sheaths usually not fibrillose; pistillate scales (2.3-) 2.6-3.0 (-3.4) mm long | Achene body (1.1-) 1.2-1.3 (-1.4) mm long, trigonous; fertile culms 20-43 cm tall, equaling or exceeding the leaves; basal sheaths usually not fibrillose; pistillate scales (2.3-) 2.6-3.0 (-3.4) mm long | |||||
Carex | Achene body (1.3-) 1.4-1.6 (-1.7) mm long; fertile culms mostly 2-20 cm tall; pistillate scales 2.6-4.3 mm long. | Achene body (1.3-) 1.4-1.6 (-1.7) mm long; fertile culms mostly 2-20 cm tall; pistillate scales 2.6-4.3 mm long. | |||||
Carex | Achene body (0.9-) 1.2-1.3 (-1.5) mm long; fertile culms mostly 17-35 cm tall; pistillate scales 2.0-3.4 mm long. | Achene body (0.9-) 1.2-1.3 (-1.5) mm long; fertile culms mostly 17-35 cm tall; pistillate scales 2.0-3.4 mm long. | |||||
Cladium | Plants 1-3 m tall, coarse, from short rhizomes, forming dense tussocks; leaves 3-15 dm long, 5-12 mm wide, stiff and flat (or broadly V-shaped), the margins and midrib (beneath) harshly serrate (saw-toothed); inflorescence a narrow panicle 3-9 dm long, the branches bearing several fascicles of spikelets; achene base broadly rounded to truncate; [of tidal freshwater to brackish marshes, outer Coastal Plain calcareous savannas, freshwater marshes over limestone]. | Plants 1-3 m tall, coarse, from short rhizomes, forming dense tussocks; leaves 3-15 dm long, 5-12 mm wide, stiff and flat (or broadly V-shaped), the margins and midrib (beneath) harshly serrate (saw-toothed); inflorescence a narrow panicle 3-9 dm long, the branches bearing several fascicles of spikelets; achene base broadly rounded to truncate; [of tidal freshwater to brackish marshes, outer Coastal Plain calcareous savannas, freshwater marshes over limestone]. | |||||
Cladium | Plants 0.4-1 m tall, relatively delicate, from creeping rhizomes, forming loosely tufted colonies; leaves 1-3 dm long, 1-3 mm wide, flat to channeled (terete apically), margins only slightly scabrous; inflorescence 0.5-3 dm long, of 2-4 umbelliform cymes, the branches rigidly ascending and bearing simple glomerules of spikelets; achene base squarely truncate to slightly flaring; [of Coastal Plain acidic seepages and tidal freshwater to slightly brackish marshes, Mountain fens or bogs] | Plants 0.4-1 m tall, relatively delicate, from creeping rhizomes, forming loosely tufted colonies; leaves 1-3 dm long, 1-3 mm wide, flat to channeled (terete apically), margins only slightly scabrous; inflorescence 0.5-3 dm long, of 2-4 umbelliform cymes, the branches rigidly ascending and bearing simple glomerules of spikelets; achene base squarely truncate to slightly flaring; [of Coastal Plain acidic seepages and tidal freshwater to slightly brackish marshes, Mountain fens or bogs] | |||||
Cyperus | Spikes green; plants cespitose, fibrous-rooted annuals; scale keels denticulate; achene light brown, oblong, 2× as long as wide | ||||||
Eleocharis | Achenes bearing several (6-13) longitudinal ribs with very narrow horizontally elongate cells between, these ribs conspicuously raised from the achene surface; achenes diminutive, < 1.1 mm long; [subgenus Scirpidium] | Achenes bearing several (6-13) longitudinal ribs with very narrow horizontally elongate cells between, these ribs conspicuously raised from the achene surface; achenes diminutive, < 1.1 mm long; [subgenus Scirpidium] | |||||
Eleocharis | Achenes not bearing 6 or more longitudinal ribs; if bearing indistinct ribs, then achenes do not have thin horizontal intervening cells (as in E. tortilis and E. tuberculosa), or if bearing 3 distinct keels, these only along the margins of each achene face (as in E. tricostata); achenes diminutive to large (0.5-2.5 mm long), their surfaces smooth, finely reticulate or veined, rugulose, or honeycomb-reticulate. | Achenes not bearing 6 or more longitudinal ribs; if bearing indistinct ribs, then achenes do not have thin horizontal intervening cells (as in E. tortilis and E. tuberculosa), or if bearing 3 distinct keels, these only along the margins of each achene face (as in E. tricostata); achenes diminutive to large (0.5-2.5 mm long), their surfaces smooth, finely reticulate or veined, rugulose, or honeycomb-reticulate. | |||||
Eleocharis | Achenes not bearing 6 or more longitudinal ribs; if bearing indistinct ribs, then achenes do not have thin horizontal intervening cells (as in E. tortilis and E. tuberculosa), or if bearing 3 distinct keels, these only along the margins of each achene face (as in E. tricostata); achenes diminutive to large (0.5-2.5 mm long), their surfaces smooth, finely reticulate or veined, rugulose, or honeycomb-reticulate. | Achenes not bearing 6 or more longitudinal ribs; if bearing indistinct ribs, then achenes do not have thin horizontal intervening cells (as in E. tortilis and E. tuberculosa), or if bearing 3 distinct keels, these only along the margins of each achene face (as in E. tricostata); achenes diminutive to large (0.5-2.5 mm long), their surfaces smooth, finely reticulate or veined, rugulose, or honeycomb-reticulate. | |||||
Eleocharis | Achenes rufous-brown to reddish-purple to black, (0.3-) 0.4-0.6 mm wide; longer bristles retrorsely barbed, shorter than to equaling achene body | ||||||
Fimbristylis | Style branches 3; achene trigonous or terete; plant an annual. | ||||||
Fimbristylis | Achene trigonous; spikelets linear-oblong to lanceolate, 3-7 mm long; ligule present, as a line of short, pale hairs | ||||||
Fimbristylis | Achene terete; spikelets subglobose to ovoid, 2-4 mm long; ligule absent | ||||||
Fimbristylis | Style branches 2; achene lenticular or terete; plant an annual or perennial. | ||||||
Fimbristylis | Achene cylindrical, 2-4× as long as wide, curved like a tiny banana; inflorescence bracts 1-2 cm long | Achene cylindrical, 2-4× as long as wide, curved like a tiny banana; inflorescence bracts 1-2 cm long | |||||
Fimbristylis | Achene obovate, 1-1.5× as long as wide, not curved; inflorescence bracts 4-10 cm long. | ||||||
Fimbristylis | Plant cespitose, lacking rhizomes; bases of leaves hard, leathery, dark brown, deeply set in the substrate, the base of the plant generally 5-15 cm below the ground surface; achene (1.3-) 1.5-2 mm long | ||||||
Fimbristylis | Plant rhizomatous, the rhizomes either thick and knotty or slender and scaly (rarely with both); bases of leaves often somewhat thickened, hardened, and brownish, the base of the plant not especially deeply set; achene 0.8-1.2 (-1.3) mm long. | ||||||
Fimbristylis | Face (one side) of the achene with 15 or more longitudinal rows of rounded pits, the achene margin noticeably paler | Face (one side) of the achene with 15 or more longitudinal rows of rounded pits, the achene margin noticeably paler | |||||
Fimbristylis | Face (one side) of the achene with 13 or fewer longitudinal rows of rectangular pits, the achene margin not noticeably paler. | Face (one side) of the achene with 13 or fewer longitudinal rows of rectangular pits, the achene margin not noticeably paler. | |||||
Fuirena | Perianth bristles no longer than the achene stipe (not nearly reaching halfway up the achene body), without barbs (sometimes very finely toothed, the teeth ascending); blades of the perianth scales with a blunt or short-apiculate apex | ||||||
Fuirena | Perianth bristles longer than the achene stipe, reaching the middle of or exceeding the achene body, strongly and retrorsely barbed (if smooth as in F. bushii, then scales of the spikelets also with strongly retrorse apical cusps); blades of the perianth scales with an acuminate to awned apex. | ||||||
Isolepis | Achenes with 5-8 longitudinal ridges, cross-linked by many, finer transverse ridges, making a fine reticulum (use at least 10× magnification); scales of the spikelet not gibbous, not clasping the achene when shed; scales reddish to black; [historic waif, but also sometimes cultivated); [subgenus Isolepis, section Isolepis] | Achenes with 5-8 longitudinal ridges, cross-linked by many, finer transverse ridges, making a fine reticulum (use at least 10× magnification); scales of the spikelet not gibbous, not clasping the achene when shed; scales reddish to black; [historic waif, but also sometimes cultivated); [subgenus Isolepis, section Isolepis] | |||||
Isolepis | Achenes finely to coarsely papillate (use at least 10× magnification); scales of the spikelet either gibbous (boat-shaped) tending to clasp the shed achene, or only slightly curved, and not clasping the shed achene; scales greenish, straw-colored, or slightly orange; [collectively widespread]; [subgenus Isolepis, section Cernuae]. | Achenes finely to coarsely papillate (use at least 10× magnification); scales of the spikelet either gibbous (boat-shaped) tending to clasp the shed achene, or only slightly curved, and not clasping the shed achene; scales greenish, straw-colored, or slightly orange; [collectively widespread]; [subgenus Isolepis, section Cernuae]. | |||||
Rhynchospora | Achene surface smooth, minutely pitted, or finely striate (not ridged, rugose, or reticulate); [subgenus Diplostylae; sections Chapmaniae, Fasciculares, and Fuscae] | Achene surface smooth, minutely pitted, or finely striate (not ridged, rugose, or reticulate); [subgenus Diplostylae; sections Chapmaniae, Fasciculares, and Fuscae] | |||||
Rhynchospora | Achene surface transversely ridged, rugose, or honeycombed-reticulate (sometimes faintly so); [subgenus Diplostylae; sections Globulares, Harveyae, Mixtae, Psilocarya, Pusillae, and Rariflorae] | Achene surface transversely ridged, rugose, or honeycombed-reticulate (sometimes faintly so); [subgenus Diplostylae; sections Globulares, Harveyae, Mixtae, Psilocarya, Pusillae, and Rariflorae] | |||||
Rhynchospora | Longest bristles shorter than the achene | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Longest bristles longer than or equaling the achene. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Plants cespitose; primary clusters with 10-50 (rarely 7 or fewer) densely clustered spikelets; achene (4.5-) 5-6 mm long | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Plants rhizomatous; primary clusters with 1-6 loosely clustered spikelets; achene (3.5-) 4.0-4.8 mm long. | Plants rhizomatous; primary clusters with 1-6 loosely clustered spikelets; achene (3.5-) 4.0-4.8 mm long. | |||||
Rhynchospora | Plants rhizomatous; primary clusters with 1-6 loosely clustered spikelets; achene (3.5-) 4.0-4.8 mm long. | Plants rhizomatous; primary clusters with 1-6 loosely clustered spikelets; achene (3.5-) 4.0-4.8 mm long. | |||||
Rhynchospora | Inflorescence bracts 3-6 (-7); basal bract (1.4-) 2-5 mm wide, the white portion (2.5-) 9-25 mm long, tapering gradually into the green portion; rhizomes slender, straight, (0.6-) 0.7-1.7 (-2.1) mm in diameter; achene 1.0-1.2 mm wide; tubercle broadly truncate on achene | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Inflorescence bracts 3-6 (-7); basal bract (1.4-) 2-5 mm wide, the white portion (2.5-) 9-25 mm long, tapering gradually into the green portion; rhizomes slender, straight, (0.6-) 0.7-1.7 (-2.1) mm in diameter; achene 1.0-1.2 mm wide; tubercle broadly truncate on achene | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Inflorescence bracts (5-) 6-10; basal bract 5-12 mm wide, the white portion 22-55 mm long, tapering abruptly into the green portion; rhizomes often bent and swollen at the nodes, 1.4-3.8 mm in diameter; achene 1.2-1.5 mm wide; tubercle decurrent on achene | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Inflorescence bracts (5-) 6-10; basal bract 5-12 mm wide, the white portion 22-55 mm long, tapering abruptly into the green portion; rhizomes often bent and swollen at the nodes, 1.4-3.8 mm in diameter; achene 1.2-1.5 mm wide; tubercle decurrent on achene | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Spikelets borne singly or a few together in loose clusters, some or all spikelets on slender stalks; achene 1.7-2.6 mm long, 1.2-2.0 mm wide. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Spikelets borne singly or a few together in loose clusters, some or all spikelets on slender stalks; achene 1.7-2.6 mm long, 1.2-2.0 mm wide. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Spikelets borne singly or a few together in loose clusters, some or all spikelets on slender stalks; achene 1.7-2.6 mm long, 1.2-2.0 mm wide. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Achene obovoid, 1.7-2.0 mm long, 1.2-1.5 mm wide, the tubercle seated on its summit without a constriction or basal flange; longer bristles < ½ as long as the achene | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Achene broadly elliptic, 1.9-2.6 mm long, 1.5-2.0 mm wide, its summit constricted below a collar-like flange at the base of the tubercle; longer bristles three-fourths to exceeding the length of the achene | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Spikelets borne several to many in clusters, none of the spikelets on slender stalks; achene 1.3-2.2 mm long, 0.9-1.7 mm wide | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Spikelets borne several to many in clusters, none of the spikelets on slender stalks; achene 1.3-2.2 mm long, 0.9-1.7 mm wide | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Leaves (1-) 2-4 mm wide, slightly involute (V-shaped in ×-section) near the base; achene 1.8-2.2 mm long; [FL only]. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Leaves 0.3-1.5 mm wide, strongly involute (and often appearing superficially terete) throughout their length; achene 1.3-2.1 mm long; [collectively more widespread]. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Spikelets with 2-3 florets; bristles 8-12; achene 1.6-2.1 mm long, 0.9-1.3 mm wide | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Spikelets with 2-3 florets; bristles 8-12; achene 1.6-2.1 mm long, 0.9-1.3 mm wide | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Spikelets with 1 floret; bristles 16-25; achene 2.0-2.4 mm long, 1.3-1.5 mm wide | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Spikelets with 1 floret; bristles 16-25; achene 2.0-2.4 mm long, 1.3-1.5 mm wide | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Spikelets 1-fruited, the solitary achene terminating the axis; clusters 1-7, globose to turbinate. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Clusters 7-14, turbinate; achene 1.9-2.1 mm long, 1.1-1.2 mm wide; tubercle 2.3-2.7 mm long, exceeding body length | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Clusters 1-7, globose to hemispheric; achene 1.8-2.6 mm long, 1.1-1.8 mm wide; tubercle 1.4-2.4 mm long, shorter than to equaling body length. | Clusters 1-7, globose to hemispheric; achene 1.8-2.6 mm long, 1.1-1.8 mm wide; tubercle 1.4-2.4 mm long, shorter than to equaling body length. | |||||
Rhynchospora | Achene 1.1-1.2 mm wide, 1.7-1.9 long; tubercle 1.4-1.8 mm long; heads hemispheric | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Achene 1.4-1.6 mm wide, 2.0-2.4 mm long; tubercle to 2.4 mm long; heads globular | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Clusters numerous, usually 20 or more; tubercle 1.3-1.8 mm long; achene 0.9-1.5 mm wide, 1.5-2.0 mm long, the summit narrowly truncate, the faces umbonate, the margin thickened and wire-like; leaves 2.5-7 mm wide. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Clusters 2-8; tubercle 0.4-1.2 mm long; achene 0.6-1.2 mm wide, 1.1-2.0 mm long, the summit more rounded than truncate, the faces lenticular, a wire-like margin narrow or not evident; leaves 0.2-3.5 mm wide. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Achene 0.6-0.8 mm wide, 1.1-1.3 mm long; tubercle 0.4-0.6 mm long; bristles more-or-less equaling the achene; [Endemic to NJ and historically also DE] | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Achene 0.8-1.2 mm wide, 1.3-2.0 mm long; tubercle 0.8-1.6 mm long; bristles more-or-less equaling the tubercle; [collectively widespread]. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Inflorescence typically with 1 terminal and 1 lateral cluster, the clusters ovoid, with 1-10 spikelets each; achene 1.8-2.0 mm long, 0.8-1.0 mm wide, 2-3 × as long as wide; leaves 0.2-0.4 mm wide | Inflorescence typically with 1 terminal and 1 lateral cluster, the clusters ovoid, with 1-10 spikelets each; achene 1.8-2.0 mm long, 0.8-1.0 mm wide, 2-3 × as long as wide; leaves 0.2-0.4 mm wide | |||||
Rhynchospora | Inflorescence typically with 1 terminal and 1 lateral cluster, the clusters ovoid, with 1-10 spikelets each; achene 1.8-2.0 mm long, 0.8-1.0 mm wide, 2-3 × as long as wide; leaves 0.2-0.4 mm wide | Inflorescence typically with 1 terminal and 1 lateral cluster, the clusters ovoid, with 1-10 spikelets each; achene 1.8-2.0 mm long, 0.8-1.0 mm wide, 2-3 × as long as wide; leaves 0.2-0.4 mm wide | |||||
Rhynchospora | Inflorescence typically with 1 terminal and 1 lateral cluster, the clusters ovoid, with 1-10 spikelets each; achene 1.8-2.0 mm long, 0.8-1.0 mm wide, 2-3 × as long as wide; leaves 0.2-0.4 mm wide | Inflorescence typically with 1 terminal and 1 lateral cluster, the clusters ovoid, with 1-10 spikelets each; achene 1.8-2.0 mm long, 0.8-1.0 mm wide, 2-3 × as long as wide; leaves 0.2-0.4 mm wide | |||||
Rhynchospora | Inflorescence with 1-6 lateral clusters, the clusters turbinate with usually > 10 spikelets; achene 1.3-1.8 mm long, 0.9-1.2 mm wide, 1.5-2 × as long as wide; leaves 1.5-3.5 mm wide. | Inflorescence with 1-6 lateral clusters, the clusters turbinate with usually > 10 spikelets; achene 1.3-1.8 mm long, 0.9-1.2 mm wide, 1.5-2 × as long as wide; leaves 1.5-3.5 mm wide. | |||||
Rhynchospora | Longer bristles 0.4 mm shorter than to 0.3 mm longer than the tubercle; tubercle 0.9-1.4 (-1.6) mm long, on average 0.69× as long as achene body; glomerules 3-5 (-6), 6-13 mm wide; [widespread in our area] | Longer bristles 0.4 mm shorter than to 0.3 mm longer than the tubercle; tubercle 0.9-1.4 (-1.6) mm long, on average 0.69× as long as achene body; glomerules 3-5 (-6), 6-13 mm wide; [widespread in our area] | |||||
Rhynchospora | Longer bristles 0.3-1.0 mm longer than the tubercle; tubercle 0.8-1.1 mm long, on average 0.57× as long as achene body; glomerules 4-8, 4-8 mm wide; [of the Coastal Plain] | Longer bristles 0.3-1.0 mm longer than the tubercle; tubercle 0.8-1.1 mm long, on average 0.57× as long as achene body; glomerules 4-8, 4-8 mm wide; [of the Coastal Plain] | |||||
Rhynchospora | Leaves with a short taper at the tip, blunt to acute, but not long-acuminate; achene surface minutely pitted near the margin; [section Chapmaniae]. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Basal leaves 4-6 mm wide, ciliate, rosulate; scales acuminate, the midrib ciliate; bristles 6, < ½ the length of the achene; achenes 1.6-2 mm long; [widespread in mesic to wet pinelands from VA s. to FL, w. to e. LA] | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Leaves long-acuminate at the tip; achene surface smooth or finely striate. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Base of plant not bulb-like, not enclosed in bladeless sheaths; spikelets 2-2.5 (-3) mm long; achene 1.0-1.2 mm long, 0.8-1.0 mm wide | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Base of plant bulb-like, enclosed in bladeless sheaths; spikelets (3.5-) 4-5.5 mm long; achene 1.4-1.8 mm long, 1.2-1.5 mm wide | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Achene 0.6-1.1 mm wide, pyriform, obovoid, or narrowly elliptic, pale to dark brown but not blackish; tubercle margin setose (except R. setosa). | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Achene narrowly elliptic or narrowly obovoid, 1.2-1.5 mm long by 0.6-0.7 mm wide, twice as long as wide; tubercle 0.8-1.2 mm long | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Achene broadly elliptic to obovoid or pyriform, < 2× as long as wide; tubercle 0.4-1.5 mm long. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Leaves 2-4 (-5) mm wide; stipe subtending achene 0.5-1.0 mm long | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Leaves 0.2-1.5 (-2) mm wide; stipe subtending achene < 0.4 mm long. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Leaves to 1.5 (-2) mm wide; achene 1.0-1.7 mm long, 0.9-1.1 mm wide; tubercle 0.5-1.5 mm long, triangular-subulate, the margins typically conspicuously concave. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Culms solitary to loosely cespitose by slender rhizomes; terminal internode straight; clusters turbinate to ovoid; achene 1.0-1.3 mm long, uniformly medium to dark brown; tubercle 0.7-1.5 mm long; bristles usually of two lengths, some equaling the tubercle, and some equaling or shorter than the achene | Culms solitary to loosely cespitose by slender rhizomes; terminal internode straight; clusters turbinate to ovoid; achene 1.0-1.3 mm long, uniformly medium to dark brown; tubercle 0.7-1.5 mm long; bristles usually of two lengths, some equaling the tubercle, and some equaling or shorter than the achene | |||||
Rhynchospora | Culms solitary to cespitose, without slender rhizomes; terminal internode often arched; clusters corymbose to hemispheric; achene 1.3-1.7 mm long, pale to reddish-brown, often translucent centrally, with a distinctly thickened wire-like margin; tubercle 0.5-1.0 mm long; all bristles more-or-less equaling the tubercle | Culms solitary to cespitose, without slender rhizomes; terminal internode often arched; clusters corymbose to hemispheric; achene 1.3-1.7 mm long, pale to reddish-brown, often translucent centrally, with a distinctly thickened wire-like margin; tubercle 0.5-1.0 mm long; all bristles more-or-less equaling the tubercle | |||||
Rhynchospora | Leaves filiform, < 1 mm wide; achene 0.8-1.3 mm long, 0.6-0.9 mm wide; tubercle 0.4-0.8 mm long, deltoid to triangular-subulate, the margins flat to concave. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Plants without rhizomes; spikelets 2.5-5 mm long; achene translucent centrally; tubercle 0.4-0.7 mm long. | Plants without rhizomes; spikelets 2.5-5 mm long; achene translucent centrally; tubercle 0.4-0.7 mm long. | |||||
Rhynchospora | Plants with delicate, long-creeping rhizomes; spikelets 5-7 mm long; achene uniformly opaque; tubercle 0.6-0.8 mm long | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Plants with delicate, long-creeping rhizomes; spikelets 5-7 mm long; achene uniformly opaque; tubercle 0.6-0.8 mm long | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Achene > 1 mm wide (except 0.8 mm wide in R. fernaldii with a blackish surface), suborbicular or broadly ellipsoid; tubercle margin smooth or roughened but not setose; [section Fasciculares]. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Achene 0.9-1.0 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, blackish | Achene 0.9-1.0 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, blackish | |||||
Rhynchospora | Achene 1.3-4.2 mm long, 1.1-3.6 mm wide, brown to dark brown. | Achene 1.3-4.2 mm long, 1.1-3.6 mm wide, brown to dark brown. | |||||
Rhynchospora | Bristles rudimentary to ½ as long as the achene body. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Bristles > ½ as long to exceeding the achene body. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Longer bristles equaling to exceeding the achene body; achene body elliptic, 1.1-1.3 mm wide; tubercle triangular-attenuate; larger basal leaves 1.3-2.5 mm wide | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Longer bristles < ½ as long to exceeding achene body; achene suborbicular, 1.2-1.5 mm wide; tubercle triangular; larger basal leaves 2-4 mm wide | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Bristles absent (or apparently so at 10×); achene 0.5-0.7 mm wide; tubercle 0.1-0.2 mm long, skull-cap like; [section Pusillae]. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Achene including tubercle 1.0-1.2 mm long, the achene surface evidently reticulate and obscurely transversely ridged, the body ellipsoid; bristles present, white, barely visible at 20×, the longest shorter than the achene body | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Achene including tubercle 0.6-0.9 mm long, the body obovoid; bristles absent. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Achene surface smooth, faintly reticulate, not transversely ridged | Achene surface smooth, faintly reticulate, not transversely ridged | |||||
Rhynchospora | Achene surface rough, distinctly transversely ridge | Achene surface rough, distinctly transversely ridge | |||||
Rhynchospora | Bristles present or absent; if absent, then the achene > 1 mm long or > 0.7 mm wide, and tubercle triangular to subulate. | Bristles present or absent; if absent, then the achene > 1 mm long or > 0.7 mm wide, and tubercle triangular to subulate. | |||||
Rhynchospora | Achene including tubercle 1.0-1.2 mm long; tubercle minute, skullcap-like; [section Pusillae] | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Achene including tubercle 1.5-2.9 mm long; tubercle triangular to triangular-acuminate; [section Rariflorae]. | Achene including tubercle 1.5-2.9 mm long; tubercle triangular to triangular-acuminate; [section Rariflorae]. | |||||
Rhynchospora | Bristles shorter than the achene body; tubercle 0.3-1.0 mm long. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Achene 1.3-1.6 mm long, 0.9-1.4 mm wide; tubercle 0.3-0.6 (-0.75) mm long; bristles 1/3-1/2(-4/5) as long as achene body | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Achene 1.6-1.8 mm long, 1.35-1.5 mm wide; tubercle 0.6-1.0 mm long; bristles 2/3 to nearly as long as achene body | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Achene faces flat or concave; when one face is concave, the opposite face is sometimes slightly convex (slightly biconvex R. decurrens and R. microcarpa are keyed here for convenience). | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Achene at least twice as long as wide, elliptic-oblong; tubercle subulate, 0.8-1.2 mm long; [section Mixtae] | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Achene < twice as long as wide, obovate; tubercle triangular, 0.2-0.9 mm long. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Longer bristles exceeding the achene body. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Achene ±2.2 mm long, ±1.8 mm wide; tubercle ±0.9 mm long; [section Globulares] | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Achene 0.8-1.2 mm long, 0.7-1.2 mm wide; tubercle 0.2-0.5 mm long; [section Mixtae]. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Larger leaves (3-) 4-6 mm wide; bristles exceeding tubercle; achene faces flattened | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Larger leaves 1-3 (-4) mm wide, bristles half as long as achene to equaling tubercle; achene faces slightly convex | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Longer bristles shorter than to equaling achene body, or absent. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Larger leaves 3-5 mm wide; achene 1.4-1.6 mm wide; tubercle 0.6-0.8 mm long, abruptly rising from a flaring basal collar; [section Globulares] | Larger leaves 3-5 mm wide; achene 1.4-1.6 mm wide; tubercle 0.6-0.8 mm long, abruptly rising from a flaring basal collar; [section Globulares] | |||||
Rhynchospora | Larger leaves 1-3 (-4) mm wide; achene 0.7-1.3 mm wide; tubercle 0.15-0.5 mm long, without a flaring basal collar; [section Mixtae]. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Bristles evident, at least 1/4 as long to exceeding achene. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Achene 1.3-1.8 mm long, 0.9-1.2 mm wide, the faces flat with 10-12 transverse ridges | Achene 1.3-1.8 mm long, 0.9-1.2 mm wide, the faces flat with 10-12 transverse ridges | |||||
Rhynchospora | Achene 0.8-1.4 mm long, 0.7-1.2 mm wide, the faces slightly biconvex with 6-12 transverse ridges. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Clusters elongate; achene 1.0-1.4 mm long, 0.8-1.0 mm wide, narrowly obovate to elliptic, averaging 8-12 transverse ridges; most tubercle bases convexly seated on the achene summit and somewhat decurrent along the achene margins, the tubercle surface often whitish-waxy | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Clusters elongate; achene 1.0-1.4 mm long, 0.8-1.0 mm wide, narrowly obovate to elliptic, averaging 8-12 transverse ridges; most tubercle bases convexly seated on the achene summit and somewhat decurrent along the achene margins, the tubercle surface often whitish-waxy | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Clusters usually compact; achene 0.8-1.2 mm long, 0.7-1.2 mm wide, suborbicular to elliptic, averaging 6-7 transverse ridges; most tubercle bases flat across the achene summit, not decurrent, the tubercle surface usually dark, not waxy | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Clusters usually compact; achene 0.8-1.2 mm long, 0.7-1.2 mm wide, suborbicular to elliptic, averaging 6-7 transverse ridges; most tubercle bases flat across the achene summit, not decurrent, the tubercle surface usually dark, not waxy | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Achene 1.4-4.2 mm long, 1.2-3.6 mm wide, the summit with a thickened bony to crustaceous rim surrounding the base of the tubercle; [section Harveyae]. | Achene 1.4-4.2 mm long, 1.2-3.6 mm wide, the summit with a thickened bony to crustaceous rim surrounding the base of the tubercle; [section Harveyae]. | |||||
Rhynchospora | Achene lenticular and transversely ridge, ±1.4 mm long, ±1.2 mm wide | Achene lenticular and transversely ridge, ±1.4 mm long, ±1.2 mm wide | |||||
Rhynchospora | Achene tumid, lightly pitted or cancellate in a honeycomb pattern, 1.5-4.2 mm long, 1.4-3.6 mm wide. | Achene tumid, lightly pitted or cancellate in a honeycomb pattern, 1.5-4.2 mm long, 1.4-3.6 mm wide. | |||||
Rhynchospora | Leaves 4-8 mm wide; achene 3.0-4.2 mm long, 3.0-3.6 mm wide | Leaves 4-8 mm wide; achene 3.0-4.2 mm long, 3.0-3.6 mm wide | |||||
Rhynchospora | Leaves 4-8 mm wide; achene 3.0-4.2 mm long, 3.0-3.6 mm wide | Leaves 4-8 mm wide; achene 3.0-4.2 mm long, 3.0-3.6 mm wide | |||||
Rhynchospora | Leaves 2-4 mm wide; achene < 2.7 mm long and < 2.5 mm wide. | Leaves 2-4 mm wide; achene < 2.7 mm long and < 2.5 mm wide. | |||||
Rhynchospora | Achene 2.0-2.7 mm long, 2.0-2.5 mm wide | Achene 2.0-2.7 mm long, 2.0-2.5 mm wide | |||||
Rhynchospora | Achene 1.5-1.9 mm long, 1.4-1.7 mm wide | Achene 1.5-1.9 mm long, 1.4-1.7 mm wide | |||||
Rhynchospora | Achene 0.7-1.8 mm long, 0.7-1.5 mm wide, the summit without a textured rim surrounding the base of the tubercle (if the base of the tubercle is rim-like, then it is distinguished from the summit of the achene by a constriction or articulation). | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Bristles absent; achene 0.7-1.0 mm long; [section Psilocarya]. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Tubercle triangular-lanceolate, as long as broad or longer; achene weakly transversely ridged | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Tubercle depressed, broader than long; style not persistent; achene strongly transversely ridged | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Bristles present (occasionally detached in R. decurrens and R. miliacea with achenes 1.0-1.4 mm long); achene 0.8-1.9 mm long. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Bristles not exceeding the achene body. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Cluster branches flexuous (the branches curved), not uniformly erect and stiff; bristles one-half as long to equaling the achene (or longer in R. microcarpa); [section Mixtae]. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Clusters elongate; spikelets 2.5-3.5 mm long; achene narrowly obovate to elliptic, averaging 8-12 transverse ridges; most tubercle bases convexly seated on the achene summit and somewhat decurrent along the achene margins, the tubercle surface often whitish-waxy | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Clusters elongate; spikelets 2.5-3.5 mm long; achene narrowly obovate to elliptic, averaging 8-12 transverse ridges; most tubercle bases convexly seated on the achene summit and somewhat decurrent along the achene margins, the tubercle surface often whitish-waxy | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Clusters usually compact, branches ascending to spreading (sometimes widely so in R. vernalis); spikelets 1.5-3.0 mm long; achene suborbicular to elliptic, averaging 5-8 (-9) transverse ridges, most tubercle bases flat across the achene summit, not or only slightly decurrent, the tubercle surface usually dark, not waxy. | Clusters usually compact, branches ascending to spreading (sometimes widely so in R. vernalis); spikelets 1.5-3.0 mm long; achene suborbicular to elliptic, averaging 5-8 (-9) transverse ridges, most tubercle bases flat across the achene summit, not or only slightly decurrent, the tubercle surface usually dark, not waxy. | |||||
Rhynchospora | Cluster branches stiff, erect, bristles < 1/3 to ¾ (-1) × as long as achene body; [section Globulares]. | Cluster branches stiff, erect, bristles < 1/3 to ¾ (-1) × as long as achene body; [section Globulares]. | |||||
Rhynchospora | Larger culm leaves to 5 mm wide; achenes (1.2-) 1.4-1.6 (-1.9) mm long, (1.1-) avg. 1.4 (-1.75) mm wide; achene surface alveoli longitudinally narrow; tubercle 0.3-0.7 mm long, base 0.6-1.0 mm wide | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Larger culm leaves to 3 mm wide; achenes (1.0-) avg. 1.3 (-1.5) mm long and wide; if achene surface alveoli longitudinally narrow, then tubercle 0.2-0.4 mm long and base 0.5-0.7 mm wide (R. globularis). | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Longer bristles â…“-½ (-¾)× the length of the achene; achene surface alveoli longitudinally narrow (typically 0.02-0.05 mm wide between the longitudinal walls), the latitudinal walls raised into horizontal ridges; tubercle 0.2-0.4 mm long, the base 0.5-0.7 mm wide | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Longer bristles â…”-1× the length of the achene; achene surface alveoli nearly as wide as long (typically 0.05-0.1 mm wide between the longitudinal walls), the latitudinal walls obscurely or not at all raised into horizontal ridges; tubercle 0.35-0.7 mm long, the base 0.7-0.9 mm wide | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Longer bristles â…”-1× the length of the achene; achene surface alveoli nearly as wide as long (typically 0.05-0.1 mm wide between the longitudinal walls), the latitudinal walls obscurely or not at all raised into horizontal ridges; tubercle 0.35-0.7 mm long, the base 0.7-0.9 mm wide | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Spikelets (4-) 6-9 mm long; achene (body) 1.4-1.7 mm long (including a stipe 0.3-0.6 mm in length); [section Mixtae] | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Spikelets (4-) 6-9 mm long; achene (body) 1.4-1.7 mm long (including a stipe 0.3-0.6 mm in length); [section Mixtae] | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Spikelets < 5 mm long; achene (body) 1.0-1.5 (-1.6) mm long (if ≥ 1.4 mm long, then the achene stipe either absent (R. saxicola) or the stipe ≤ 0.3 mm (R. caduca); [section Mixtae, except R. saxicola in section Globulares]. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Spikelets < 5 mm long; achene (body) 1.0-1.5 (-1.6) mm long (if ≥ 1.4 mm long, then the achene stipe either absent (R. saxicola) or the stipe ≤ 0.3 mm (R. caduca); [section Mixtae, except R. saxicola in section Globulares]. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Spikelets < 5 mm long; achene (body) 1.0-1.5 (-1.6) mm long (if ≥ 1.4 mm long, then the achene stipe either absent (R. saxicola) or the stipe ≤ 0.3 mm (R. caduca); [section Mixtae, except R. saxicola in section Globulares]. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Spikelets < 5 mm long; achene (body) 1.0-1.5 (-1.6) mm long (if ≥ 1.4 mm long, then the achene stipe either absent (R. saxicola) or the stipe ≤ 0.3 mm (R. caduca); [section Mixtae, except R. saxicola in section Globulares]. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Achene obovate to suborbicular, 1.2-1.6 mm wide, latitudinal alveoli walls strongly raised into transverse ridges; achene base with a stipe to 3 mm long | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Achene slenderly obovoid, 0.8-1.0 mm wide, latitudinal alveoli walls weakly or not at all raised into transverse ridges; achene stipe diminuitive or virtually absent | Achene slenderly obovoid, 0.8-1.0 mm wide, latitudinal alveoli walls weakly or not at all raised into transverse ridges; achene stipe diminuitive or virtually absent | |||||
Rhynchospora | Spikelets 3.5-4 mm long; bristles (usually) exceeding the tubercle; achene 1.3-1.5 (-1.6) mm long, 1.2-1.3 mm wide; [section Globulares] | Spikelets 3.5-4 mm long; bristles (usually) exceeding the tubercle; achene 1.3-1.5 (-1.6) mm long, 1.2-1.3 mm wide; [section Globulares] | |||||
Rhynchospora | Spikelets 1.5-3 mm long; longer bristles nearly equaling the tubercle; achene 0.8-1.2 mm long, 0.7-1.2 mm wide; [section Mixtae]. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Inflorescence occupying the upper ¼-½ of the culm, the lowest 2-4 nodes barren; spikelets 2.0-3.0 mm long, ovoid, acute; achene body averaging 6-9 horizontal ridges; tubercle 0.25-0.85 mm long. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Inflorescence occupying the upper ¼-½ of the culm, the lowest 2-4 nodes barren; spikelets 2.0-3.0 mm long, ovoid, acute; achene body averaging 6-9 horizontal ridges; tubercle 0.25-0.85 mm long. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Inflorescence occupying the upper 2/3-3/4 of the length of the culm, the lowest lateral panicle at the first or second node above the base; spikelets 1.5-2.25 mm long, broadly ovoid to suborbicular, apically rounded; achene body averaging 5-6 (-7) horizontal ridges; tubercle 0.2-0.4 mm long | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Inflorescence occupying the upper 2/3-3/4 of the length of the culm, the lowest lateral panicle at the first or second node above the base; spikelets 1.5-2.25 mm long, broadly ovoid to suborbicular, apically rounded; achene body averaging 5-6 (-7) horizontal ridges; tubercle 0.2-0.4 mm long | ||||||
Schoenoplectus | Main involucral bracts 2-8, spreading and foliaceous (the inflorescence thus appearing terminal); rhizomes bearing ovoid tubers; bristles persistent on the achene; achenes 2.5-5 mm long (including body and apiculus) | Main involucral bracts 2-8, spreading and foliaceous (the inflorescence thus appearing terminal); rhizomes bearing ovoid tubers; bristles persistent on the achene; achenes 2.5-5 mm long (including body and apiculus) | |||||
Schoenoplectus | Main involucral bract 1 (rarely with an additional 1-2 lateral bracts), erect and terete or triangular, appearing as a continuation of the culm (the inflorescence thus appearing lateral, though in some species the longer inflorescence branches may overtop the bract); rhizomes not bearing tubers; bristles falling from the achene; achenes 1.0-4.5 mm long (including body and apiculus). | Main involucral bract 1 (rarely with an additional 1-2 lateral bracts), erect and terete or triangular, appearing as a continuation of the culm (the inflorescence thus appearing lateral, though in some species the longer inflorescence branches may overtop the bract); rhizomes not bearing tubers; bristles falling from the achene; achenes 1.0-4.5 mm long (including body and apiculus). | |||||
Scirpus | Perianth bristles (extended) shorter than, equal to, or slightly exceeding the achene; mature culms lax, the inflorescences lopping over to (or nearly to) the ground, with 2-3 lateral inflorescences in addition to the terminal one; rays of the inflorescence scabrous throughout their lengths, ascending to divergent, with axillary bulblets | Perianth bristles (extended) shorter than, equal to, or slightly exceeding the achene; mature culms lax, the inflorescences lopping over to (or nearly to) the ground, with 2-3 lateral inflorescences in addition to the terminal one; rays of the inflorescence scabrous throughout their lengths, ascending to divergent, with axillary bulblets | |||||
Scirpus | Perianth bristles (extended) exceeding the achene by 2-3×; mature culms rigid, nearly upright, with 0-2 lateral inflorescences in addition to the terminal one; rays of the inflorescence glabrous for most of their lengths (moderately scabrous toward outer end), ascending, lacking axillary bulblets | ||||||
Scleria | Base of achene without hypogynium (a circular, angular, lobed, or tuberculate disk differing in texture and structure from the achene body), the achene base constricted, pitted, and/or ribbed, but appearing as a continuation of the achene body. | Base of achene without hypogynium (a circular, angular, lobed, or tuberculate disk differing in texture and structure from the achene body), the achene base constricted, pitted, and/or ribbed, but appearing as a continuation of the achene body. | |||||
Scleria | Triangular base of achene lacking pits in the three concave sides; achene 3-4 mm long | ||||||
Scleria | Triangular base of achene with a pair of pits on each of the three sides; achene 2-3 mm long | ||||||
Scleria | Base of achene with hypogynium. | ||||||
Scleria | Achene body smooth (often longitudinally ribbed); hypogynium with 0, 8, or 9 tubercles. | ||||||
Scleria | Achene 1-2 mm long; culm 1-2 mm wide at base; leaves 1-3 mm wide | ||||||
Scleria | Achene 2-4 mm long; culm 2.5-6 mm wide at base; leaves 5-9 mm wide. | ||||||
Scleria | Achene reticulate or papillose, rarely smooth (most often from apparent abortion or abnormal development); hypogynium with 3 tongue-shaped lobes, or 3 or 6 tubercles. | Achene reticulate or papillose, rarely smooth (most often from apparent abortion or abnormal development); hypogynium with 3 tongue-shaped lobes, or 3 or 6 tubercles. | |||||
Scleria | Hypogynium of 3 tongue-shaped lobes appressed to the underside of the achene (appearing nearly bract-like); achene reticulate, the pits generally squarish or rectangular and arranged regularly in rows, rarely smooth (apparently by abortion or abnormal development); [subgenus Scleria, section Foveolidia]. | Hypogynium of 3 tongue-shaped lobes appressed to the underside of the achene (appearing nearly bract-like); achene reticulate, the pits generally squarish or rectangular and arranged regularly in rows, rarely smooth (apparently by abortion or abnormal development); [subgenus Scleria, section Foveolidia]. | |||||
Scleria | Achene pubescent (occasionally becoming glabrate); lower lateral inflorescences on long, filiform, usually drooping peduncles; bract of the uppermost lateral inflorescence usually reaching from 1/3-3/4 the length of the terminal internode; terminal internode 6-30 cm long | ||||||
Scleria | Achene glabrous; lower lateral inflorescences sessile or on short-erect peduncles; bract of the uppermost lateral panicle usually reaching 3/4 the length of to exceeding the terminal internode; terminal internode 3-8 cm long | ||||||
Scleria | Hypogynium with 3 or 6 tubercles; achene papillose, sometimes reticulate (if so, the pits generally variable in shape and not forming regular rows), or rarely smooth; [subgenus Trachylomia, section Trachylomia]. | Hypogynium with 3 or 6 tubercles; achene papillose, sometimes reticulate (if so, the pits generally variable in shape and not forming regular rows), or rarely smooth; [subgenus Trachylomia, section Trachylomia]. | |||||
Scleria | Leaves 1-2.5 mm wide; hypogynium with 6 tubercles; achene 1.0-2.5 mm long, the body papillate or roughened-reticulate. | Leaves 1-2.5 mm wide; hypogynium with 6 tubercles; achene 1.0-2.5 mm long, the body papillate or roughened-reticulate. | |||||
Scleria | Leaves 1-7 mm wide; hypogynium with 3 (sometimes deeply lobed) tubercles, achene papillate or roughened-reticulate, 2.0-3.5 mm long; or hypogynium tubercles 6 and achene epapillate and smoothish, 2.5-3.4 mm long. | Leaves 1-7 mm wide; hypogynium with 3 (sometimes deeply lobed) tubercles, achene papillate or roughened-reticulate, 2.0-3.5 mm long; or hypogynium tubercles 6 and achene epapillate and smoothish, 2.5-3.4 mm long. | |||||
Scleria | Achene body smoothish with broad low rises, epapillate except for a few retrorse pappi at the very base, sometimes a faint transverse ridge near the base; achene including hypogynium 2.5- 3.2 (-3.4) mm long, 2.3-2.7 mm wide; hypogynium disk 1.4-1.8 (-2.1) mm wide, 0.1-0.2 (-0.3) mm thick; tubercles 6 (rarely 3 deeply lobed); longer cilia on terminal inflorescence primary bract 1.1-2.2 mm; longer pistillate scale keel cilia 0.5-1.0 mm; leaf blades (2.5-) 3-7 mm wide, ciliate with stiff hairs on margins and primary veins, rarely with a few stiff hairs between the veins, lacking fine puberulent hairs | Achene body smoothish with broad low rises, epapillate except for a few retrorse pappi at the very base, sometimes a faint transverse ridge near the base; achene including hypogynium 2.5- 3.2 (-3.4) mm long, 2.3-2.7 mm wide; hypogynium disk 1.4-1.8 (-2.1) mm wide, 0.1-0.2 (-0.3) mm thick; tubercles 6 (rarely 3 deeply lobed); longer cilia on terminal inflorescence primary bract 1.1-2.2 mm; longer pistillate scale keel cilia 0.5-1.0 mm; leaf blades (2.5-) 3-7 mm wide, ciliate with stiff hairs on margins and primary veins, rarely with a few stiff hairs between the veins, lacking fine puberulent hairs | |||||
Scleria | Achene body papillose throughout, often transversely ridge or reticulate (rarely papillae absent in reticulate achenes); achene including hypogynium 2.0-3.3 (-3.5) mm long, 1.7-2.4 (-2.6) mm wide; hypogynium disk (0.6-) 0.8-1.4 (-1.6) mm wide, 0.1-0.4 (-0.5) mm thick; tubercles 3, entire to deeply lobed; longer cilia on terminal inflorescence primary bract 0-1.1 (-1.3) mm; longer pistillate scale keel cilia 0-0.5 mm; leaf blades 1-6 mm wide, glabrous to ciliate on margins and primary veins to puberulent with fine hairs over entire surface, especially adaxially. | Achene body papillose throughout, often transversely ridge or reticulate (rarely papillae absent in reticulate achenes); achene including hypogynium 2.0-3.3 (-3.5) mm long, 1.7-2.4 (-2.6) mm wide; hypogynium disk (0.6-) 0.8-1.4 (-1.6) mm wide, 0.1-0.4 (-0.5) mm thick; tubercles 3, entire to deeply lobed; longer cilia on terminal inflorescence primary bract 0-1.1 (-1.3) mm; longer pistillate scale keel cilia 0-0.5 mm; leaf blades 1-6 mm wide, glabrous to ciliate on margins and primary veins to puberulent with fine hairs over entire surface, especially adaxially. | |||||
Ceratophyllum | Largest leaves forking 1-2× (count branching-nodes from the base of the leaf to the tip of the most-forked division); leaves coarse-textured, stiff, the marginal denticles usually strongly raised on a broad base of green tissue; achene margin wingless, with 2 basal spines or tubercles (these rarely absent), otherwise entire (lacking marginal spines) | Largest leaves forking 1-2× (count branching-nodes from the base of the leaf to the tip of the most-forked division); leaves coarse-textured, stiff, the marginal denticles usually strongly raised on a broad base of green tissue; achene margin wingless, with 2 basal spines or tubercles (these rarely absent), otherwise entire (lacking marginal spines) | |||||
Ceratophyllum | Largest leaves forking 3-4× (count branching nodes from the base of the leaf to the tip of the most-forked division); leaves fine-textured, flaccid, the marginal denticles not raised on a broad base of green tissue, sometimes obscure or obsolete; achene margin winged, with 2-20 lateral spines 0.1-6.5 mm long (occasionally spineless), with 2 basal spines (these rarely absent). | Largest leaves forking 3-4× (count branching nodes from the base of the leaf to the tip of the most-forked division); leaves fine-textured, flaccid, the marginal denticles not raised on a broad base of green tissue, sometimes obscure or obsolete; achene margin winged, with 2-20 lateral spines 0.1-6.5 mm long (occasionally spineless), with 2 basal spines (these rarely absent). | |||||
Ceratophyllum | Achene body (excluding the spines) 3.0-4.5 mm long; first leaves of the plumule simple; [Coastal Plain, NC southward] | ||||||
Ceratophyllum | Achene body (excluding the spines) 4.5-6.0 mm long; first leaves of the plumule forked; [widespread] | ||||||
Ranunculaceae | Fruit an achene (or dehiscent utricle in Trautvetteria), each carpel with 1 ovule. | ||||||
Ranunculaceae | Fruit an achene; cauline leaves opposite or whorled (or alternate in Ranunculus, or reduced to alternate scale-like bracts in Halerpestes). | ||||||
Ranunculaceae | Fruit an achene. | Fruit an achene. | |||||
Thalictrum | Fruit (achene) scimitar-shaped, borne on a stipe 1.5-4 mm long; flowers perfect; [section Physocarpum]. | ||||||
Thalictrum | Achene concave or straight on the upper surface, 4-5.5 mm long, borne on a stipe 1.5-3 mm long; inflorescence branches stiff and diverge at acute angles; [fairly widespread in our area, on a wide variety of moist substrates, especially in the Mountains] | ||||||
Thalictrum | Achene straight on the upper surface, 2.5-4 mm long, borne on a stipe 2.5-4 mm long; inflorescence branches flexuous and divergent; [of sandstone rockhouses of Cumberland Plateau of AL, TN, and KY] | Achene straight on the upper surface, 2.5-4 mm long, borne on a stipe 2.5-4 mm long; inflorescence branches flexuous and divergent; [of sandstone rockhouses of Cumberland Plateau of AL, TN, and KY] | |||||
Thalictrum | Fruit (achene) not scimitar-shaped, not borne on a stipe (except T. coriaceum); flowers unisexual (or sometimes a few or more bisexual). | ||||||
Anemone | Stem densely pubescent above and below the stem leaves; stem leaves borne above the midpoint of the stem at anthesis; plant from a globose, vertically oriented bulb, lacking rhizomes; basal leaves 1-ternate, the 3 lobes sublobed or toothed, but not additionally divided; involucral leaves (1.5-) 3-6 cm long; achene bodies 2.7-3.5 mm long; achene beak sinuous, hidden in the achene indument | Stem densely pubescent above and below the stem leaves; stem leaves borne above the midpoint of the stem at anthesis; plant from a globose, vertically oriented bulb, lacking rhizomes; basal leaves 1-ternate, the 3 lobes sublobed or toothed, but not additionally divided; involucral leaves (1.5-) 3-6 cm long; achene bodies 2.7-3.5 mm long; achene beak sinuous, hidden in the achene indument | |||||
Anemone | Stem densely pubescent above the stem leaves, glabrous to very sparsely pubescent beneath the stem leaves; stem leaves borne at or below the midpoint of the stem at anthesis; plant with slender, horizontal rhizomes; basal leaves 1-3-ternate, the 3 primary lobes usually further divided into linear segments; involucral leaves 1-2.5 (-3) cm long; achene bodies 1.5-2.5 (-3.0) mm long; achene beak straight, extending out of the achene indument | Stem densely pubescent above the stem leaves, glabrous to very sparsely pubescent beneath the stem leaves; stem leaves borne at or below the midpoint of the stem at anthesis; plant with slender, horizontal rhizomes; basal leaves 1-3-ternate, the 3 primary lobes usually further divided into linear segments; involucral leaves 1-2.5 (-3) cm long; achene bodies 1.5-2.5 (-3.0) mm long; achene beak straight, extending out of the achene indument | |||||
Anemone | Achene bodies 2.5-3.0 mm long; lateral leaflets of basal leaves toothed only (rarely lobed); terminal leaflet usually broadest at the middle; styles 0.5-1 mm long; sepals about 8 mm long | ||||||
Anemone | Achene bodies 3.0-4.5 mm long; lateral leaflets of basal leaves lobed or cleft (sometimes only toothed); terminal leaflet usually broadest above the middle; styles 1-2 mm long; sepals 6-15 mm long | ||||||
Clematis | Sepal tips acuminate; achene bodies cobwebby-tomentose toward the tip (C. fremontii) or long pilose (C. baldwinii) | ||||||
Clematis | Leaf blades 0.2-2.5 (-3.5) cm wide, not notably reticulate on the upper surface; beak of the achene plumose with long hairs; [of wet pinelands of n. FL southward] | ||||||
Clematis | Leaf blades 3.5-11 cm wide, prominently reticulate on the upper surface; beak of the achene silky tomentose near the base, nearly glabrous toward the tip; [of prairies of nw. GA and se. TN, disjunct from further west] | ||||||
Clematis | Sepals tips obtuse to acute; achene bodies pilose throughout; [of shale barrens of w. VA and WV]. | ||||||
Clematis | Sepal backs villous; pubescence on the summit of the achene and the base of the style spreading or reflexed; mature styles white to pale yellow, sharply recurved and flexuous | ||||||
Clematis | Sepal backs finely puberulent; pubescence on the summit of the achene and the base of the style closely appressed-ascending; mature styles tawny to deep reddish-brown, loosely spreading-recurved | ||||||
Clematis | Leaf blade coarsely reticulate-veined, the ultimate closed areoles often > 2 mm long in the longer dimension, the tertiary and quaternary veins not prominently raised; achene beak sparsely pubescent to silky, with ascending or appressed hairs | ||||||
Clematis | Leaf blade finely reticulate-veined, the ultimate closed areoles mostly < 2 mm long in the longest dimension, the tertiary and quaternary veins often prominently raised; achene beak plumose, with spreading hairs | ||||||
Ranunculus | Achenes moderately turgid or flattened, 1.5-3.8 mm long, with a pronounced (at 10× or more) marginal rim appearing as a differentiated border or flange, more-or-less flattened, and separated from the central bulge of the achene by a concavity or even a groove, the achenes not corky-thickened at their bases; [of mostly terrestrial habitats or in bottomland forests] | Achenes moderately turgid or flattened, 1.5-3.8 mm long, with a pronounced (at 10× or more) marginal rim appearing as a differentiated border or flange, more-or-less flattened, and separated from the central bulge of the achene by a concavity or even a groove, the achenes not corky-thickened at their bases; [of mostly terrestrial habitats or in bottomland forests] | |||||
Ranunculus | Leaves firm (not collapsing when removed from water); free petioles much shorter than the dilated stipular base; leaves usually much shorter than the internode above; achene beaks 0.7-1.5 mm long | ||||||
Ranunculus | Leaves flaccid (collapsing when removed from water); free petioles about as long as the dilated stipular base; leaves usually about as long as the internode above; achene beaks 0.1-0.3 (-0.5) mm long | ||||||
Ranunculus | Lower stem leaves 6-14 cm long; sepals 4-7 mm long; achene beaks 1.0-1.3 mm long | ||||||
Ranunculus | Lower stem leaves 1-6.5 cm long; sepals 1.5-4 mm long; achene beaks 0.1-0.6 mm long. | ||||||
Ranunculus | Achene beaks (0.6-) 0.7-1.0 mm long; petals < ½ as long as the sepals; sepals hirsute | ||||||
Ranunculus | Achene beaks 0.1-0.3 mm long; petals > ½ as long as the sepals; sepals glabrous to sparsely long-villous. | ||||||
Ranunculus | Achenes bodies 1.5-3 mm long, 30-60 per head; achene beak ca. 0.5 mm long; achene with conical protuberances or short spines, to 0.16 mm long; achene beak 0.1-0.5 mm long; basal leaves compound; [section Polyanthemos]. | ||||||
Ranunculus | Achene with a few conical protuberances; petals (5-)7-10 mm long; plant sparsely to densely hirsute; achenes 30-40 per head | ||||||
Ranunculus | Achene with numerous short spines; petals (3-) 4-5 mm long; plant with a few, widely scattered, long hairs; achenes 40-60 per head | ||||||
Ranunculus | Achenes 2.5-5 mm long, 4-20 per head; achene beak 1.5-3.0 mm long (or 0.8-1 mm long in R. marginatus); achene conspicuously spiny, the longer spines mostly 0.30-0.85 mm long (or only ca. 0.2 mm long in R. marginatus); basal leaves simple (but deeply lobed) or compound. | ||||||
Ranunculus | Achenes 4-9 per head, in a single whorl; achene margins spiny, as also the faces; beak of the achene 2.5-3 mm long; [section Echinella] | ||||||
Ranunculus | Achenes 10-20 per head, in several whorls; achene margins smooth, the spines restricted to the faces; beak of the achene 1.5-2.5 mm long; [section Polyanthemos]. | ||||||
Ranunculus | Achene faces with short protuberances ca. 0.2 mm long; achene beak 0.8-1.0 mm long; peduncle usually longer than the subtending leaf | Achene faces with short protuberances ca. 0.2 mm long; achene beak 0.8-1.0 mm long; peduncle usually longer than the subtending leaf | |||||
Ranunculus | Achene faces with stout spines ca. 0.5 mm long; achene beak 2.0-2.5 mm long; peduncle usually shorter than the subtending leaf | ||||||
Ranunculus | Petals 6-14 mm long; achene body 1.3-2.5 mm long, the beak 0.7-1.5 mm long; plants with submersed leaves dissected into numerous linear segments; [aquatic] | ||||||
Ranunculus | Petals 2-4 (-5) mm long; achene body 0.8-1.2 mm long, the beak 0-0.1 mm long; plants without distinctive, dissected submersed leaves; [terrestrial or semi-aquatic] | ||||||
Ranunculus | Basal leaves simple; achene beak strongly hooked | ||||||
Ranunculus | Basal leaves 3-foliolate; achene beak straight or nearly so. | ||||||
Ranunculus | Petals 4-6 mm long, 3.5-5 mm wide; achene beak 1.0-1.2 mm long; [WV northward] | ||||||
Ranunculus | Petals 2-4 mm long, 1.0-2.5 mm wide; achene beak 0.6-0.8 mm long; [widespread] | ||||||
Ranunculus | Petals 5-15 mm long, (1.3-) 1.5× or more as long as the sepals; achene beak straight, flexuous, slightly curved, or hooked, 0.2-3.0 mm long. | ||||||
Ranunculus | Achene beaks recurved or hooked, the stigmatic surface elongate, along the upper (curved) side of the style (beak) (visible at 10×); [introduced, usually weedy in disturbed habitats]. | ||||||
Ranunculus | Petals (-5) 7-10 mm long; plant a soft-based annual; achene face usually with at least a few conical protuberances (if examined carefully at 10× or more); [section Polyanthemos] | Petals (-5) 7-10 mm long; plant a soft-based annual; achene face usually with at least a few conical protuberances (if examined carefully at 10× or more); [section Polyanthemos] | |||||
Ranunculus | Petals 8-16 mm long; plant a cormose or hard-based perennial; achene face truly smooth. | ||||||
Ranunculus | Achene beaks straight or slightly curved, flexuous, the stigmatic surface limited to the tip of the style (beak); [native, normally in more-or-less natural habitats]; [section Polyanthemos]. | ||||||
Ranunculus | Achenes wide-margined (wider portions of the margin 1/4 to 2/3 as wide as the achene body); plants colonial, sending out stolons (by the time of fruiting) which root at the nodes, forming new plants; sepals reflexed at full anthesis | ||||||
Ranunculus | Achenes narrow-margined (wider portions of the margin 1/8 or less as wide as the achene body); plants usually erect or repent by the time of fruiting (if repent sometimes forming adventitious roots at the nodes, but not generally developing new plants); sepals spreading at full anthesis (sometimes reflexed later). | Achenes narrow-margined (wider portions of the margin 1/8 or less as wide as the achene body); plants usually erect or repent by the time of fruiting (if repent sometimes forming adventitious roots at the nodes, but not generally developing new plants); sepals spreading at full anthesis (sometimes reflexed later). | |||||
Geum | Hairs on the achene extending upward onto the lower portion of the style; pedicel sparsely hirsute with spreading hairs; receptacle densely hispid | ||||||
Geum | Hairs on the achene absent or at least not extending upward onto the lower portion of the style; pedicel densely hirsute with spreading to reflexed hairs; receptacle glabrous to sparsely hispid | ||||||
Parietaria | Achene 0.6-0.9 mm long, with a flanged stipe, the mucro located symmetrically at the pole of the achene; leaf blades 0.7-2.7 cm long | ||||||
Parietaria | Achene 1.0-1.4 mm long, without a flanged stipe, the mucro located asymmetrically; leaf blades 1.0-6.5 cm long | ||||||
Fagopyrum | Flowers white, 3-4 mm long; achene smooth and shiny, mostly 5-7 mm long; inflorescences often flat-topped, borne near the stem tips | Flowers white, 3-4 mm long; achene smooth and shiny, mostly 5-7 mm long; inflorescences often flat-topped, borne near the stem tips | |||||
Fagopyrum | Flowers greenish, 2-3 mm long; achene rough and dull, mostly 4-5.5 mm long; inflorescences elongate, mostly in leaf axils | Flowers greenish, 2-3 mm long; achene rough and dull, mostly 4-5.5 mm long; inflorescences elongate, mostly in leaf axils | |||||
Fallopia | Ocreae reflexed bristly at the base; perianth white; achene glossy black; [of high elevation openings and woodlands] | ||||||
Fallopia | Ocreae smooth; perianth greenish to yellowish or pinkish; achene glossy or dull black; [mostly of lower elevations]. | ||||||
Fallopia | Achene dull black; outer sepals keeled, not expanding into obvious wings in fruit, the fruit therefore 3.5-4.5 mm long (measured from the pedicel joint to the tip); [weedy annual] | ||||||
Fallopia | Achene glossy black; outer sepals expanding into obvious wings in fruit, the fruit therefore 7-15 mm long (measured from the pedicel joint to the tip); [native perennial or weedy annual]. | ||||||
Polygonum | Perianth bottle-shaped, constricted above the achene. | ||||||
Polygonum | Perianth more open, not constricted above the achene. | ||||||
Polygonum | Ocreae not pruinose; mature tepals yellow-green, white, pink, or reddish, appressed to the achene; achenes either smooth and glossy or textured and dull; [mainly of inland and disturbed situations]; [P. aviculare complex]. | ||||||
Petiveriaceae | Inflorescence a spike; fruit an elongate achene, 2-lobed at the tip, each lobe tipped with reflexed spines; plant strongly odorous (garlicky or skunky) when fresh | ||||||
Asteraceae | Receptacles with paleae or well-developed bristles (the pales sometimes modified into specialized perigynia or burs surrounding the achene). | ||||||
Asteraceae | Ray floret (the lamina) persistent on the achene and becoming papery and bleached | ||||||
Asteraceae | Ray floret (the lamina) articulate from the achene and falling, thus the mature heads not appearing papery. | Ray floret (the lamina) articulate from the achene and falling, thus the mature heads not appearing papery. | |||||
Asteraceae | Ray corolla (the lamina) persistent on the achene and becoming papery and bleached. | ||||||
Asteraceae | Ray corolla articulate from the achene and falling after flowering. | ||||||
Asteraceae | Involucre 3-5 mm high; achenes 1.5-2.5 mm long; pappus bristles basally connate (unified basally into a ring-like structure at the junction of achene summit), 2.5-3.5 mm long | ||||||
Boltonia | Achenes with pappus reduced to a short ring of bristles to 0.15 mm long or with occasional slender awns to 0.6 mm; achene wings lacking or up to 0.1 mm wide; faces of achenes glabrous. | ||||||
Boltonia | Achenes with two distinct pappus awns in addition to a shorter ring of bristles, the awns mostly 0.3-1.8 mm long; achene wings obvious, mostly 0.2-0.5 mm wide; faces of achenes pubescent. | ||||||
Coreopsis | Basal/lower leaves (at least 4 nodes) absent at anthesis; mid-cauline leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, or broadly to narrowly elliptical; achene awns 0.2-1.0 mm long; flowering Sep-Oct; [swamp forests and streamside openings, fresh-tidal creek margins; or wet calcareous savannas]; [from se. NC south to n. FL]. | Basal/lower leaves (at least 4 nodes) absent at anthesis; mid-cauline leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, or broadly to narrowly elliptical; achene awns 0.2-1.0 mm long; flowering Sep-Oct; [swamp forests and streamside openings, fresh-tidal creek margins; or wet calcareous savannas]; [from se. NC south to n. FL]. | |||||
Coreopsis | Leaves 8-15+ cm long, 2-7 mm wide, the blades linear to linear-oblanceolate, 20-50× as long as wide; achene awns 0.2-0.4 mm long | ||||||
Coreopsis | Leaves 4-15 cm long, 10-45 mm wide, the blades broadly to narrowly elliptical, 5-15× as long as wide; achene awns 0.7-1.0 mm long | ||||||
Coreopsis | Basal/lower leaves present at anthesis; leaves rapidly reduced upward such that mid-cauline leaves are narrow or slender; achene awns 0.5-1.5 mm long; flowering early May-early Nov; [wet savannas, seepage slopes, pitcher-plant bogs, streamhead ecotones, pocosin ecotones]; [collectively more widespread]. | Basal/lower leaves present at anthesis; leaves rapidly reduced upward such that mid-cauline leaves are narrow or slender; achene awns 0.5-1.5 mm long; flowering early May-early Nov; [wet savannas, seepage slopes, pitcher-plant bogs, streamhead ecotones, pocosin ecotones]; [collectively more widespread]. | |||||
Coreopsis | Leaves (at least one major leaf per plant) with 1-few slender lobes near the base (rarely no lobed leaves present or at least readily visible); achene wing broad, > 3/4 the width of the achene body; achene awns averaging 0.5 mm; leaf texture firm but not thick and leathery; flowering early May-early Jul; [se. VA south to e. GA] | Leaves (at least one major leaf per plant) with 1-few slender lobes near the base (rarely no lobed leaves present or at least readily visible); achene wing broad, > 3/4 the width of the achene body; achene awns averaging 0.5 mm; leaf texture firm but not thick and leathery; flowering early May-early Jul; [se. VA south to e. GA] | |||||
Coreopsis | Leaves without basal lobes; achene wing narrow, < ½ the width of the achene body; achene awns averaging 1.5 mm long; leaf texture thick and leathery; flowering mid Aug-early Nov; [se. NC south to c. FL and west to s. MS; also rarely inland in GA, NC, SC, off the Coastal Plain] | ||||||
Coreopsis | Achene wings fimbriate; [of granitic outcrops of the Piedmont of GA and AL; disjunct in Ozark glades] | ||||||
Coreopsis | Achene wings entire; [collectively more widespread]. | ||||||
Helenium | Midstem leaves barely decurrent on the stem, the decurrency < 0.5 cm; basal leaves often pinnatifid (less commonly merely dentate, repand, or entire), the lower portion of the leaf not contracted so as to be petiolate in form; achene pubescent on the ribs; peduncle pubescent; basal leaves (3.0-) 4.5-8.0 (-19.0) cm long, 0.3-1.1 cm wide, averaging ca. 7-10× as long as wide | Midstem leaves barely decurrent on the stem, the decurrency < 0.5 cm; basal leaves often pinnatifid (less commonly merely dentate, repand, or entire), the lower portion of the leaf not contracted so as to be petiolate in form; achene pubescent on the ribs; peduncle pubescent; basal leaves (3.0-) 4.5-8.0 (-19.0) cm long, 0.3-1.1 cm wide, averaging ca. 7-10× as long as wide | |||||
Helenium | Midstem leaves decurrent on the stem, the decurrency > 2 cm , and usually extending to the next leaf down; basal leaves usually repand or entire (rarely somewhat lobed or pinnatifid), the lower portion narrowed into a petiolate form which enlarges at its base to more-or-less clasp the stem; achene glabrous, or pubescent on the ribs; peduncle pubescent or glabrous; basal leaves averaging narrower or broader in shape (see below). | Midstem leaves decurrent on the stem, the decurrency > 2 cm , and usually extending to the next leaf down; basal leaves usually repand or entire (rarely somewhat lobed or pinnatifid), the lower portion narrowed into a petiolate form which enlarges at its base to more-or-less clasp the stem; achene glabrous, or pubescent on the ribs; peduncle pubescent or glabrous; basal leaves averaging narrower or broader in shape (see below). | |||||
Helenium | Peduncle pubescent to tomentose or lanose between the uppermost leaf and the head; achene pubescent on the ribs; heads 1-4 per plant; basal leaves (2.5-) 4.0-10.5 (-18.0) cm long, (0.8-) 1.2-2.0 (-2.5) cm wide, averaging ca. 4-6× as long as wide | ||||||
Helenium | Peduncle glabrous or glabrate between the uppermost leaf and the head; achene glabrous; heads 1 per plant; basal leaves (3.0-) 6.5-17.0 (-25.0) cm long, (0.4-) 0.6-1.0 (-1.5) cm wide, averaging ca. 10-15× as long as wide | ||||||
Lactuca | Achene beaks stout and short, 0.1-0.5 (-1.0) mm long (< ½ as long as the body of the achene); rays blue to violet (rarely yellow or white). | ||||||
Lactuca | Achene beaks filiform and long, 1-4 mm long (> ½ as long as the body of the achene); rays yellow or blue (sometimes white or drying bluish). | ||||||
Lactuca | Each face of the achene with (3-) 5-9 nerves; stems typically white or pale green; rays yellow (sometimes drying blue); leaf midveins typically prickly on the lower surface (except Lactuca sativa) [exotics]. | ||||||
Lactuca | Each face of the achene with 1 (-3) nerves; stems typically medium to dark green or reddish; rays yellow or blue; leaf midveins not prickly on the lower surface, though sometimes with stiff hairs in some species; [natives, though often weedy]. | ||||||
Plantae | Fruit an achene; perianth absent | ||||||
Plantae | Corolla tubular, campanulate, bilaterally symmetrical; fruit a 1-seeded achene (rarely produced) | ||||||
Plantae | Fruit a berry, drupe, or achene, indehiscent, fleshy at maturity (or dry in Kolkwitzia). | ||||||
Plantae | Fruit an achene (1-seeded), dry at maturity | Fruit an achene (1-seeded), dry at maturity | |||||
Plantae | Flowers radially symmetrical; fruit a silique/silicle, or a schizocarp of mericarps, or an achene. | ||||||
Plantae | Stamens 2, 4, or many; fruit an achene | ||||||
Plantae | Inflorescence a terminal and/or axillary raceme, panicle, or cyme of many small flowers; fruit an achene; perianth uniseriate, of 0, 4-5, or 6 tepals. | Inflorescence a terminal and/or axillary raceme, panicle, or cyme of many small flowers; fruit an achene; perianth uniseriate, of 0, 4-5, or 6 tepals. | |||||
Plantae | Inflorescence a terminal panicle; perianth of 6 cream-colored petaloid sepals; fruit a winged achene; fresh foliage lacking a garlic odor; larger leaves typically > 30 cm in diameter | ||||||
Plantae | Leaflets obviously and sharply serrate; pistils 1 or 5-many; fruit an achene, or an aggregate of achenes, drupelets, or follicles. | ||||||
Plantae | Fruit a single-seeded achene or utricle; [plants of various disturbed or saline, usually sunny habitats] | ||||||
Plantae | Styles 1 or 2; fruit either an achene or a multiple of achenes; inflorescence either an axillary dense cyme (almost a head), or an axillary spike with glomerules, or a terminal or axillary panicle. | ||||||
Plantae | Leaf base cuneate, rounded, or truncate; calyx of 3-4-5 distinct sepals, radially symmetrical, white or yellow; fruit a dry, nutlike drupe or an achene. | ||||||
Plantae | Sepals present, 4 or 5; petaloid, white; carpels 1 to many (-12); stamens 4 to many (-25); fruit a berry or an apically 2-lobed achene (as in Petiveria); leaf bases cuneate or rounded (but not cordate); [Eudicots]. | ||||||
Plantae | Ovary 1-locular; styles 1-3, not bifid; fruit a utricle or achene (1-seeded). | ||||||
Plantae | Pistil 1, with 1-to many carpels (in many MALVACEAE, the carpels loosely united in a ring of more than 5 around the style); fruit a capsule, an achene, a follicle, or a ring of 3 or 5-many 1-seeded mericarps. | ||||||
Plantae | Perianth uniseriate, with only undifferentiated tepals; flowers many and small, greenish or brownish, inconspicuous individually; inflorescence of glomerules that are usually further aggregated into racemes or panicles; fruit an achene or utricle | Perianth uniseriate, with only undifferentiated tepals; flowers many and small, greenish or brownish, inconspicuous individually; inflorescence of glomerules that are usually further aggregated into racemes or panicles; fruit an achene or utricle | |||||
Plantae | Leaves herbaceous, thin in texture, whorls separated; pistil 1, of 2-5 fused carpels; fruit a capsule, achene, or drupe. | ||||||
Plantae | Inflorescence of terminal involucrate clusters; perianth of 6 tepals; fruit an achene; stamens 9; [plants of very dry habitats] | Inflorescence of terminal involucrate clusters; perianth of 6 tepals; fruit an achene; stamens 9; [plants of very dry habitats] | |||||
Plantae | Fruit single-seeded, an achene or utricle. | ||||||
Plantae | Carpels 2, unlobed; fruit a capsule (or an achene in Phryma). | ||||||
Plantae | Inflorescence of 1 or more terminal (and sometimes upper axillary) spikes or racemes; corolla 10-50 mm long (6-8 mm long in Phryma in PHRYMACEAE), white, pink, blue, purple, or yellow; fruit either a loculicidal capsule (OROBANCHACEAE) or a single seeded achene (Phryma in PHRYMACEAE). | Inflorescence of 1 or more terminal (and sometimes upper axillary) spikes or racemes; corolla 10-50 mm long (6-8 mm long in Phryma in PHRYMACEAE), white, pink, blue, purple, or yellow; fruit either a loculicidal capsule (OROBANCHACEAE) or a single seeded achene (Phryma in PHRYMACEAE). | |||||
Plantae | Corolla 6-8 mm long, white to pale pink; fruit a 1-seeded achene contained in the accrescent calyx, this “lopping down” against the inflorescence axis | Corolla 6-8 mm long, white to pale pink; fruit a 1-seeded achene contained in the accrescent calyx, this “lopping down” against the inflorescence axis | |||||
Rhynchospora | Achene face dark brown, body 1.2-1.5 mm wide, the expanded portion above the gynophore 1.3-1.4 mm long, the gynophore thick and short | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Achene face medium brown, body 0.9-1.1 mm wide, the expanded portion above the gynophore 1.0-1.1 mm long, the gynophore slender and long | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Plant cespitose; achene + tubercle 0.8-1.2 mm long; [only FL, OK, TX, and ? AR in our region]. | ||||||
Rhynchospora | Plant rhizomatous; achene + tubercle 1.5-2.0 mm long; [relatively widespread in our region, especially Coastal Plain from se. VA to s. FL and west to s. TX, but also rarely inland]. | Plant rhizomatous; achene + tubercle 1.5-2.0 mm long; [relatively widespread in our region, especially Coastal Plain from se. VA to s. FL and west to s. TX, but also rarely inland]. | |||||
Rhynchospora | Achene 1.3-2.0 mm long, 1.1-1.7 mm wide. | Achene 1.3-2.0 mm long, 1.1-1.7 mm wide. |
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