Flora of the Southeastern United States

Arnoglossum

Basal and low-cauline leaves truncate or subcordate at the base; larger leaves irregularly angulate-lobed or toothed, often somewhat hastate at the base; corolla usually pale lavender

Basal and low-cauline leaves truncate or subcordate at the base; larger leaves irregularly angulate-lobed or toothed, often somewhat hastate at the base; corolla usually pale lavender

Viola

Largest leaf blades in chasmogamous flower narrowly ovate and palmatifid, leaves in fruit ovate, biternately divided into 9-11(13) usually slightly falcate ultimate lobes, these becoming asymmetrically angulate at apex in fruit, outer margins of lobes with 1-3 incurved teeth, primary divisions not narrowed or constricted at base; lower surface of leaf blade not distinctly paler than upper, purple-tinged; lowest sepals acuminate; seeds 1.8-2.1 × 1.2-1.4, dark brown with dense raised black reticulations; [moist loam soils of rich mesic rocky woodlands in Blue Ridge Mountains of w. VA and nw. NC]

Largest leaf blades in chasmogamous flower narrowly ovate and palmatifid, leaves in fruit ovate, biternately divided into 9-11(13) usually slightly falcate ultimate lobes, these becoming asymmetrically angulate at apex in fruit, outer margins of lobes with 1-3 incurved teeth, primary divisions not narrowed or constricted at base; lower surface of leaf blade not distinctly paler than upper, purple-tinged; lowest sepals acuminate; seeds 1.8-2.1 × 1.2-1.4, dark brown with dense raised black reticulations; [moist loam soils of rich mesic rocky woodlands in Blue Ridge Mountains of w. VA and nw. NC]

Viola

Leaves erect or widely spreading in life; leaf blades narrowly ovate-triangular to narrowly ovate or broadly oblong-lanceolate, lateral lobes short and rounded (in V. pedatiloba), short and angulate during chasmogamous flower but elongating to ≥ 1/4 length of the midrib in fruit (in V. edulis), or variously short and elliptical or longer and linear and ≥ 1/4 length of the midrib (in V. viarum); foliage strictly glabrous; lowest sepals linear-lanceolate to ovate-triangular; spurred petal glabrous or sparsely bearded within; [diverse substrates of bottomland sites along streams and rivers, Atlantic and Gulf Coast or central and lower Midwest].

Leaves erect or widely spreading in life; leaf blades narrowly ovate-triangular to narrowly ovate or broadly oblong-lanceolate, lateral lobes short and rounded (in V. pedatiloba), short and angulate during chasmogamous flower but elongating to ≥ 1/4 length of the midrib in fruit (in V. edulis), or variously short and elliptical or longer and linear and ≥ 1/4 length of the midrib (in V. viarum); foliage strictly glabrous; lowest sepals linear-lanceolate to ovate-triangular; spurred petal glabrous or sparsely bearded within; [diverse substrates of bottomland sites along streams and rivers, Atlantic and Gulf Coast or central and lower Midwest].

Viola

Leaf blades narrowly ovate-triangular in chasmogamous flower, broadening to ovate-triangular in cleistogamous fruit; lateral lobes angulate, marginal dentition incurved-serrate; seeds brown with dense minute black spots or reticulations; [e. Atlantic Coastal Plain]

Leaf blades narrowly ovate-triangular in chasmogamous flower, broadening to ovate-triangular in cleistogamous fruit; lateral lobes angulate, marginal dentition incurved-serrate; seeds brown with dense minute black spots or reticulations; [e. Atlantic Coastal Plain]

Viola

Largest leaf blades shallowly to deeply 3- to 7-lobed, lobes linear or angulate, elliptical, ovate or rhombic-ovate, lobes ascending to spreading on blades with 5 or more lobes, lacking a distinct downward-pointing lobe; blade margins incurved-serrate; spurred petal glabrous within (sparsely bearded in V. viarum); cleistogamous capsule unspotted or finely to heavily spotted or blotched with red or purple, on ascending to erect peduncle surpassing some petioles or on prostrate peduncle much shorter than petioles; seeds various; [bottomland sites in diverse substrates along rivers and streams or swamps].

Largest leaf blades shallowly to deeply 3- to 7-lobed, lobes linear or angulate, elliptical, ovate or rhombic-ovate, lobes ascending to spreading on blades with 5 or more lobes, lacking a distinct downward-pointing lobe; blade margins incurved-serrate; spurred petal glabrous within (sparsely bearded in V. viarum); cleistogamous capsule unspotted or finely to heavily spotted or blotched with red or purple, on ascending to erect peduncle surpassing some petioles or on prostrate peduncle much shorter than petioles; seeds various; [bottomland sites in diverse substrates along rivers and streams or swamps].

Viola

Largest leaf blades narrowly triangular to triangular-deltate in outline including lobes, with 2-3 basal narrowly elliptical or angulate oblong lobes on each side; peduncle bracts < 5 mm long; [Atlantic Coastal Plain and Piedmont].

Largest leaf blades narrowly triangular to triangular-deltate in outline including lobes, with 2-3 basal narrowly elliptical or angulate oblong lobes on each side; peduncle bracts < 5 mm long; [Atlantic Coastal Plain and Piedmont].

Viola

Largest leaf blades broadly triangular-deltate in outline, terminal primary division excluding lobes lanceolate to linear-oblong, commonly with a short divergent angulate lanceolate to oblong submedial lobe on each side, each lateral primary division 2-3-cleft or with 2-3 lanceolate or angulate oblong lobes; [Piedmont of c. and w. NC]

Largest leaf blades broadly triangular-deltate in outline, terminal primary division excluding lobes lanceolate to linear-oblong, commonly with a short divergent angulate lanceolate to oblong submedial lobe on each side, each lateral primary division 2-3-cleft or with 2-3 lanceolate or angulate oblong lobes; [Piedmont of c. and w. NC]

Viola

Upper and lateral petals whitish distally with conspicuous darker violet flush near throat, spurred petal whitish distally with broad prominent darker violet flush and dense heavily coalescing purple nectar-guides on proximal half near throat; spurred petal obovate or rhombic-obovate and angulate-rounded or trilobate at apex; [central peninsular Florida]

Upper and lateral petals whitish distally with conspicuous darker violet flush near throat, spurred petal whitish distally with broad prominent darker violet flush and dense heavily coalescing purple nectar-guides on proximal half near throat; spurred petal obovate or rhombic-obovate and angulate-rounded or trilobate at apex; [central peninsular Florida]

Viola

Leaves widely spreading in life; leaf blades narrowly ovate-triangular or broadly oblong-lanceolate, lateral lobes short and rounded (in V. pedatiloba) or short and angulate during chasmogamous flower and elongating during fruit (in V. edulis); lowest sepals ovate-triangular; spurred petal glabrous within; [floodplains of streams and rivers along the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains]

Leaves widely spreading in life; leaf blades narrowly ovate-triangular or broadly oblong-lanceolate, lateral lobes short and rounded (in V. pedatiloba) or short and angulate during chasmogamous flower and elongating during fruit (in V. edulis); lowest sepals ovate-triangular; spurred petal glabrous within; [floodplains of streams and rivers along the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains]