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| Scientific | Lead Number | Lead Position | Lead Characteristics | Lead Characteristics with Glossary | Line result key id | Line result taxon id | result text |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bryodesma | Leaves of the underground (rhizomatous) stems not scalelike; rhizophores mostly aerial; sporophyll base pubescent; leaf and sporophyll apices often pubescent | Leaves of the underground (rhizomatous) stems not scalelike; rhizophores mostly aerial; sporophyll base pubescent; leaf and sporophyll apices often pubescent | |||||
Bryodesma | Leaves of the underground (rhizomatous) stems scalelike; rhizophores mostly subterranean; sporophyll base glabrous; leaf and sporophyll apices glabrous. | Leaves of the underground (rhizomatous) stems scalelike; rhizophores mostly subterranean; sporophyll base glabrous; leaf and sporophyll apices glabrous. | |||||
Sceptridium | Sterile pinna and pinnule apices obtuse to acute (rarely round); ultimate segments mostly rounded at the base, not fan-shaped, ovate or oblong; ultimate segments often crowded and overlapping; [NJ, PA, w. VA, w. NC, WV, and OH northwards] | ||||||
Sceptridium | Sterile pinna and pinnule apices round to obtuse; ultimate segments cuneate, rounded, or truncate at the base; ultimate segments remote or overlapping; [VA and KY southwards] | ||||||
Sceptridium | Sterile pinna and pinnule apices obtuse to rounded (to somewhat acute); ultimate segments mostly ovate, narrowly ovate, or oblong, mostly about 2× as long as broad or less; overwintering leaves green, not bronze | ||||||
Sceptridium | Sterile pinna and pinnule apices acute; ultimate segments mostly oblong or lanceolate-oblong, often > 2× as long as broad; overwintering leaves bronze (or green if covered by leaves). | ||||||
Zamia | Median leaflets 12-16 mm wide, with protruding vein-tips appearing as small teeth at the rounded apices; median leaflets 12-16 mm wide; leaflets averaging 8× as long as wide; leaves to 15 dm long; older plants multistemmed, forming large clumps; [ne. FL, from St. Johns County (or se. GA?) south to Brevard County] | Median leaflets 12-16 mm wide, with protruding vein-tips appearing as small teeth at the rounded apices; median leaflets 12-16 mm wide; leaflets averaging 8× as long as wide; leaves to 15 dm long; older plants multistemmed, forming large clumps; [ne. FL, from St. Johns County (or se. GA?) south to Brevard County] | |||||
Zamia | Median leaflets 12-16 mm wide, with protruding vein-tips appearing as small teeth at the rounded apices; median leaflets 12-16 mm wide; leaflets averaging 8× as long as wide; leaves to 15 dm long; older plants multistemmed, forming large clumps; [ne. FL, from St. Johns County (or se. GA?) south to Brevard County] | Median leaflets 12-16 mm wide, with protruding vein-tips appearing as small teeth at the rounded apices; median leaflets 12-16 mm wide; leaflets averaging 8× as long as wide; leaves to 15 dm long; older plants multistemmed, forming large clumps; [ne. FL, from St. Johns County (or se. GA?) south to Brevard County] | |||||
Zamia | Median leaflets 5-16 mm wide, lacking protruding vein-tips at the acute to obtuse apices; leaflets 10-18× as long as wide; leaves to 10 dm long; older plants variously multi-stemmed or not; [collectively more widespread in FL]. | ||||||
Zamia | Median leaflets 5-16 mm wide, lacking protruding vein-tips at the acute to obtuse apices; leaflets 10-18× as long as wide; leaves to 10 dm long; older plants variously multi-stemmed or not; [collectively more widespread in FL]. | ||||||
Abies | Juvenile-form leaves of young plants with rounded-retuse apices; leaf resin canals 2, marginal; cone bracts exserted and reflexed with elongate apical cusps; [section Abies] | ||||||
Abies | Juvenile-form leaves of young plants with spinose-bifid apices; leaf resin canals 2, median (and usually with up to 2 additional marginal canals); cone bracts exserted and erect with abrupt, short apical cusps; [section Pseudopicea] | ||||||
Tsuga | Most of the leaves 8-13 mm long, those originating from the sides and lower surface of the twig spreading more or less distichously in a horizontal plane, normally sized, those borne on the upper surface of the twig more or less appressed, dwarf, mostly 1/6 to 1/2 as long as the adjacent lateral leaves, 1-3 (-6) mm long, the whitened undersurface (consisting of rows of stomata) exposed upward; leaf margins minutely serrulate; leaf apices obtuse to rounded; seed cones 12-25 mm long, the ovuliferous scales ascending, even at maturity | Most of the leaves 8-13 mm long, those originating from the sides and lower surface of the twig spreading more or less distichously in a horizontal plane, normally sized, those borne on the upper surface of the twig more or less appressed, dwarf, mostly 1/6 to 1/2 as long as the adjacent lateral leaves, 1-3 (-6) mm long, the whitened undersurface (consisting of rows of stomata) exposed upward; leaf margins minutely serrulate; leaf apices obtuse to rounded; seed cones 12-25 mm long, the ovuliferous scales ascending, even at maturity | |||||
Tsuga | Most of the leaves 8-13 mm long, those originating from the sides and lower surface of the twig spreading more or less distichously in a horizontal plane, normally sized, those borne on the upper surface of the twig more or less appressed, dwarf, mostly 1/6 to 1/2 as long as the adjacent lateral leaves, 1-3 (-6) mm long, the whitened undersurface (consisting of rows of stomata) exposed upward; leaf margins minutely serrulate; leaf apices obtuse to rounded; seed cones 12-25 mm long, the ovuliferous scales ascending, even at maturity | Most of the leaves 8-13 mm long, those originating from the sides and lower surface of the twig spreading more or less distichously in a horizontal plane, normally sized, those borne on the upper surface of the twig more or less appressed, dwarf, mostly 1/6 to 1/2 as long as the adjacent lateral leaves, 1-3 (-6) mm long, the whitened undersurface (consisting of rows of stomata) exposed upward; leaf margins minutely serrulate; leaf apices obtuse to rounded; seed cones 12-25 mm long, the ovuliferous scales ascending, even at maturity | |||||
Tsuga | Most of the leaves 10-18 mm long, those originating from the sides and lower surface of the twig spreading more or less distichously in a horizontal plane, normally sized, those borne on the upper surface of the twig not appressed, spreading at a 60-90 degree angle from the twig, mostly 3/4 to fully as long as the adjacent lateral leaves, 8-15 mm long, the whitened undersurface (consisting of rows of stomata) not exposed upward; leaf margins entire; leaf apices minutely retuse (notched), truncate, or rounded; seed cones 20-38 mm long, the ovuliferous scales spreading at a right angle to the axis at maturity | Most of the leaves 10-18 mm long, those originating from the sides and lower surface of the twig spreading more or less distichously in a horizontal plane, normally sized, those borne on the upper surface of the twig not appressed, spreading at a 60-90 degree angle from the twig, mostly 3/4 to fully as long as the adjacent lateral leaves, 8-15 mm long, the whitened undersurface (consisting of rows of stomata) not exposed upward; leaf margins entire; leaf apices minutely retuse (notched), truncate, or rounded; seed cones 20-38 mm long, the ovuliferous scales spreading at a right angle to the axis at maturity | |||||
Tsuga | Most of the leaves 10-18 mm long, those originating from the sides and lower surface of the twig spreading more or less distichously in a horizontal plane, normally sized, those borne on the upper surface of the twig not appressed, spreading at a 60-90 degree angle from the twig, mostly 3/4 to fully as long as the adjacent lateral leaves, 8-15 mm long, the whitened undersurface (consisting of rows of stomata) not exposed upward; leaf margins entire; leaf apices minutely retuse (notched), truncate, or rounded; seed cones 20-38 mm long, the ovuliferous scales spreading at a right angle to the axis at maturity | Most of the leaves 10-18 mm long, those originating from the sides and lower surface of the twig spreading more or less distichously in a horizontal plane, normally sized, those borne on the upper surface of the twig not appressed, spreading at a 60-90 degree angle from the twig, mostly 3/4 to fully as long as the adjacent lateral leaves, 8-15 mm long, the whitened undersurface (consisting of rows of stomata) not exposed upward; leaf margins entire; leaf apices minutely retuse (notched), truncate, or rounded; seed cones 20-38 mm long, the ovuliferous scales spreading at a right angle to the axis at maturity | |||||
Sagittaria | Larger phyllodes 0.8-2.5 cm wide, the apices blunt (rarely acute); longer pistillate pedicels 2-5 (-6.5) cm long; median resin duct of mature achene linear, about as wide as the posterior duct (or ducts absent) | ||||||
Sagittaria | Larger phyllodes to 1 cm wide (except sometimes wider in S. chapmanii), the apices acute; longer pistillate pedicels 1-4 cm long; median resin duct of mature achene club-shaped and 2× the diameter of the posterior duct. | ||||||
Trillium | Anther dehiscence extrorse; bract apices rounded or obtuse, typically mottled only in 2 colors, silver and green | ||||||
Trillium | Anther dehiscence introrse; bract apices obtuse or acute, conspicuously mottled in silver and three or more shades of green | ||||||
Sabal | Tree, with erect trunk (though young plants appear as trunkless shrubs, similar in habit to S. minor); leaves 15-30 per plant; hastula 5.3-18 cm long, acute to acuminate; margins of leaf segments with filamentose fibrils; leaf segment apices 2-cleft. | ||||||
Sabal | Tree, with erect trunk (though young plants appear as trunkless shrubs, similar in habit to S. minor); leaves 15-30 per plant; hastula 5.3-18 cm long, acute to acuminate; margins of leaf segments with filamentose fibrils; leaf segment apices 2-cleft. | ||||||
Sabal | Tree, with erect trunk (though young plants appear as trunkless shrubs, similar in habit to S. minor); leaves 15-30 per plant; hastula 5.3-18 cm long, acute to acuminate; margins of leaf segments with filamentose fibrils; leaf segment apices 2-cleft. | ||||||
Sabal | Shrub, with subterranean, rhizomatous "trunk" (very rarely emerging as much as 1 meter from the ground); leaves 3-10 per plant; hastula 0.8-7.7 cm long, obtuse to acute; margins of leaf segments with or without filamentose fibrils; leaf segment apices either 2-cleft (S. etonia and S. miamiensis) or entire (S. minor). | Shrub, with subterranean, rhizomatous "trunk" (very rarely emerging as much as 1 meter from the ground); leaves 3-10 per plant; hastula 0.8-7.7 cm long, obtuse to acute; margins of leaf segments with or without filamentose fibrils; leaf segment apices either 2-cleft (S. etonia and S. miamiensis) or entire (S. minor). | |||||
Sabal | Margins of leaf segments with filamentose fibrils; hastula acute; fruits 9.0-19.0 mm in diameter; segment apices 2-cleft; leaves yellowish green; [of dry sandy or rocky habitats, ne. FL south through FL peninsula] | ||||||
Sabal | Margins of leaf segments with filamentose fibrils; hastula acute; fruits 9.0-19.0 mm in diameter; segment apices 2-cleft; leaves yellowish green; [of dry sandy or rocky habitats, ne. FL south through FL peninsula] | ||||||
Sabal | Margins of leaf segments without filamentose fibrils; hastula obtuse; fruits 6.4-9.7 mm in diameter; segment apices generally entire; leaves dark green; [of moist to wet habitats, less typically in dry sites, ne. NC south to c. FL peninsula, west to c. TX] | ||||||
Sabal | Margins of leaf segments without filamentose fibrils; hastula obtuse; fruits 6.4-9.7 mm in diameter; segment apices generally entire; leaves dark green; [of moist to wet habitats, less typically in dry sites, ne. NC south to c. FL peninsula, west to c. TX] | ||||||
Sabal | Margins of leaf segments without filamentose fibrils; hastula obtuse; fruits 6.4-9.7 mm in diameter; segment apices generally entire; leaves dark green; [of moist to wet habitats, less typically in dry sites, ne. NC south to c. FL peninsula, west to c. TX] | ||||||
Sparganium | Rachis of inflorescence branched; fruit beak curved; tepals reaching about half or more the length of fruit body; leaves usually keeled only near bases (S. americanum) or from base to at least the middle of leaves (S. androcladum(); perianth segments not translucent, their apices with a dark brown or black pad of tissue. | Rachis of inflorescence branched; fruit beak curved; tepals reaching about half or more the length of fruit body; leaves usually keeled only near bases (S. americanum) or from base to at least the middle of leaves (S. androcladum(); perianth segments not translucent, their apices with a dark brown or black pad of tissue. | |||||
Bulbostylis | Achenes finely transversely rugose or rugulose, tan or brown (when ripe); spikelet scales 1.5-2.5 mm long, with truncate to apiculate apices. | ||||||
Bulbostylis | Achenes very finely papillose and waxy, gray or dark greenish-brown (when ripe); spikelet scales 0.7-1.8 mm long, with obtuse to rounded apices. | ||||||
Carex | Pistillate scales awnless, the sides black or deep purple-brown; perigynia usually divergent, with apices often slightly reflexed at maturity | ||||||
Carex | Pistillate scales awned, the sides dark reddish-brown, light golden-brown, tan, or clear; perigynia divergent or ascendent, the apices straight or slightly reflexed at maturity. | ||||||
Carex | Scales of the median portion of the staminate spike with obtuse apices and with minute teeth rarely present on the midrib; staminate spike (7.8-) 8.0-12.5 (-13.5) mm long with peduncles mostly 1.0-6.0 mm; culms erect, subequal to the leaves; [mostly of loamy or clayey soils of the Piedmont and Mountains] | Scales of the median portion of the staminate spike with obtuse apices and with minute teeth rarely present on the midrib; staminate spike (7.8-) 8.0-12.5 (-13.5) mm long with peduncles mostly 1.0-6.0 mm; culms erect, subequal to the leaves; [mostly of loamy or clayey soils of the Piedmont and Mountains] | |||||
Carex | Scales of the median portion of the staminate spike with acute-acuminate to aristate apices and with minute teeth usually present on the midrib; staminate spike (1.6-) 3.6-8.5 (-9.1) mm long with peduncles mostly 0.3-1.9 mm, exceeding uppermost pistillate spikes by 1.1-5.9 mm; culms lax to erect, often shorter than and curving under the leaves; [mostly of acid, sandy soils of the Coastal Plain] | Scales of the median portion of the staminate spike with acute-acuminate to aristate apices and with minute teeth usually present on the midrib; staminate spike (1.6-) 3.6-8.5 (-9.1) mm long with peduncles mostly 0.3-1.9 mm, exceeding uppermost pistillate spikes by 1.1-5.9 mm; culms lax to erect, often shorter than and curving under the leaves; [mostly of acid, sandy soils of the Coastal Plain] | |||||
Poaceae | Lemma apices obtuse to truncate or emarginate | ||||||
Poaceae | Lemma apices acute | ||||||
Andropogon | Culm internodes glaucous; raceme sheaths (2.8-) 3.3-7.9 (-9.5) cm long, (1.5-) 2.5-4.3 (-5.2) mm wide; peduncles (1-) 3-25 (-50) mm long; racemes 2-4 (-7) per inflorescence unit, at least some inflorescence units (especially at culm and branch apices) with 3 or more racemes. | Culm internodes glaucous; raceme sheaths (2.8-) 3.3-7.9 (-9.5) cm long, (1.5-) 2.5-4.3 (-5.2) mm wide; peduncles (1-) 3-25 (-50) mm long; racemes 2-4 (-7) per inflorescence unit, at least some inflorescence units (especially at culm and branch apices) with 3 or more racemes. | |||||
Andropogon | Stems > 1 m tall; inflorescence units usually > 14 per stem; spikelets (3.0-) 3.5-3.7 (-4.2) mm long; raceme sheaths (2.8-) 3.3-4.7 (-6.7) cm long, (3.0-) 3.2-3.8 (-5.2) mm wide; peduncles (2-) 3-4 (-6) mm long; racemes 2-4 (-7) per inflorescence unit, at least some inflorescence units (especially at culm and branch apices) with 3 or more racemes | Stems > 1 m tall; inflorescence units usually > 14 per stem; spikelets (3.0-) 3.5-3.7 (-4.2) mm long; raceme sheaths (2.8-) 3.3-4.7 (-6.7) cm long, (3.0-) 3.2-3.8 (-5.2) mm wide; peduncles (2-) 3-4 (-6) mm long; racemes 2-4 (-7) per inflorescence unit, at least some inflorescence units (especially at culm and branch apices) with 3 or more racemes | |||||
Calamagrostis | Spikelets 2.5-4 mm long; lemmas usually shorter than the glumes; glumes rounded to broadly keeled, with raised midveins; glume apices usually acute, rarely acuminate | ||||||
Calamagrostis | Spikelets 2-3 mm long; lemmas usually about as long as the glumes; glumes rounded, midveins not raised; glume apices acute | ||||||
Coleataenia | Glumes and sterile lemmas not keeled along midvein; apices of fertile lemmas glabrous; panicle < 1 cm wide, 3-12 cm long; leaf blades 4-19 cm long, 1-4 mm wide, involute at maturity; culms wiry | ||||||
Coleataenia | Glumes and sterile lemmas keeled along midvein; apices of fertile lemmas with a minute tuft of stiff hairs; panicles < 1 to > 20 cm wide, 9-40 cm long; leaf blades 8-50 cm long, 2-12 mm wide, flat (sometimes drying involute); culms wiry to stout. | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Spikelet bases strongly attenuate, apices blunt to beaked; first glume (2/5-) ½-2/3 (-4/5) as long as spikelet, attached 0.3-0.5 (-0.7) mm belong expansion of second glume and sterile lemma; larger vernal blades 3-6 (-7) mm wide | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Spikelet bases not noticeably attenuate, apices rounded to obtuse; first glume < ½ as long as spikelet, attached < 0.3 mm below expansion of second glume and sterile lemma; larger vernal blades 5-12 mm wide. | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Spikelet bases strongly attenuate, apices blunt to beaked; first glume (2/5-) ½-2/3 (-4/5) as long as spikelet, attached 0.3-0.5 (-0.7) mm below expansion of second glume and sterile lemma | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Spikelet bases not noticeably attenuate, apices rounded to acute; first glume < ½ as long as spikelet, attached < 0.3 mm below expansion of second glume and sterile lemma. | ||||||
Sporobolus | Flag blades (the last leaf below the panicle) nearly perpendicular to the culm; sheath apices with a tuft of white hairs; [section Cryptandri] | ||||||
Sporobolus | Flag blades ascending to appressed; sheath apices glabrous or with few and scattered hairs. | ||||||
Wisteria | Legume and ovary glabrous; pedicels 5-10 (-15) mm long; standard reflexed near the middle; seeds reniform; leaflet margins plane; leaflet apices acute to slightly acuminate; [native species of swamps and bottomland forests and thickets] | ||||||
Wisteria | Legume and ovary velvety pubescent; pedicels 15-20 mm long; standard reflexed at the base; seeds lenticular; leaflet margins undulate; leaflet apices mainly strongly acuminate; [introduced species, naturalized in a wide variety of situations]. | ||||||
Rosaceae | Inflorescence a dense, umbel-like corymb; leaf apices rounded to acute; fruit an aggregate of 5 follicles; [tribe Neillieae] | ||||||
Rosaceae | Inflorescence a dense, umbel-like corymb; leaf apices rounded to acute; fruit an aggregate of 5 follicles; [tribe Neillieae] | ||||||
Rosaceae | Inflorescence a dense, umbel-like corymb; leaf apices rounded to acute; fruit an aggregate of 5 follicles; [tribe Neillieae] | ||||||
Rosaceae | Inflorescence a raceme or a leafy panicle; leaf apices acuminate. | ||||||
Rosa | Sepals either lobed or with broadened apices, or if entire then spreading, reflexed, or deciduous from fruit; flowers solitary or corymbose. | ||||||
Prunus | Youngest twigs minutely and densely puberulent (use 10× magnification); leaf blades ca 2.6× as long as wide; plants erect, stones mostly orbicular, (5-) 6-8 (-9) mm long, 5-6 mm wide; leaf apices usually obtuse, sometimes acute or rounded; [plants of acid sandy or rocky upland barrens, savannas, or woodlands] | Youngest twigs minutely and densely puberulent (use 10× magnification); leaf blades ca 2.6× as long as wide; plants erect, stones mostly orbicular, (5-) 6-8 (-9) mm long, 5-6 mm wide; leaf apices usually obtuse, sometimes acute or rounded; [plants of acid sandy or rocky upland barrens, savannas, or woodlands] | |||||
Prunus | Youngest twigs usually glabrous, sometimes sparsely puberulent; leaf blades ca. 3.3-3.7× as long as wide; plants decumbent or erect; stones fusiform, ovoid, or subglobose, 6-9.5 mm long, 4.5-5 mm wide (P. pumila var. depressa) or 6-7 mm wide (P. pumila var. pumila); leaf apices short-acuminate, acute, or obtuse; [usually in open, sandy or gravelly habitats]. | Youngest twigs usually glabrous, sometimes sparsely puberulent; leaf blades ca. 3.3-3.7× as long as wide; plants decumbent or erect; stones fusiform, ovoid, or subglobose, 6-9.5 mm long, 4.5-5 mm wide (P. pumila var. depressa) or 6-7 mm wide (P. pumila var. pumila); leaf apices short-acuminate, acute, or obtuse; [usually in open, sandy or gravelly habitats]. | |||||
Prunus | Leaf serrations attenuate; tree with upright form; leaf apices attenuate-caudate; twigs, petioles, and leaf blades glabrous; [subgenus Cerasus, section Sargentiella] | ||||||
Prunus | Twigs and pedicels pubescent, often densely so; leaf apices acute to obtuse, rarely rounded; leaf blades mostly < 2× as long as wide; shrubs to 2.5 m tall; [Coastal Plain of e. VA, and northward] | ||||||
Prunus | Twigs and pedicels usually glabrous, but occasionally pubescent; leaf apices acute, sometimes acuminate; leaf blades mostly > 2× as long as wide; shrubs or small trees, 2-6 m tall; [either inland in the Mountains and Piedmont from nw. NC northward, or Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and Mountains of s. NC, SC, GA, FL, AL, MS, LA, and westward]. | Twigs and pedicels usually glabrous, but occasionally pubescent; leaf apices acute, sometimes acuminate; leaf blades mostly > 2× as long as wide; shrubs or small trees, 2-6 m tall; [either inland in the Mountains and Piedmont from nw. NC northward, or Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and Mountains of s. NC, SC, GA, FL, AL, MS, LA, and westward]. | |||||
Prunus | Plants often suckering and forming thickets, less often single plants, shrubs or less often trees; leaf apices short acuminate (to merely acute); pedicels usually < 10 mm long; [Mountains and Piedmont from nw. NC and e. TN northward] | ||||||
Prunus | Plants usually not suckering, often single plants but sometimes in small colonies, generally trees; leaf apices mostly acute; pedicels usually > 10 mm long; [Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and Mountains of s. NC, SC, GA, FL, AL, MS, LA, and westward] | ||||||
Pyracantha | Leaf blades oblanceolate or obovate, the apices obtuse, emarginate, or short-apiculate; hypanthium and pedicels glabrate | Leaf blades oblanceolate or obovate, the apices obtuse, emarginate, or short-apiculate; hypanthium and pedicels glabrate | |||||
Pyracantha | Leaf blades lanceolate, oblong, oblanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, elliptic, or ovate, the apices usually acute or short-apiculate; hypanthium and pedicels finely hairy | Leaf blades lanceolate, oblong, oblanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, elliptic, or ovate, the apices usually acute or short-apiculate; hypanthium and pedicels finely hairy | |||||
Pyracantha | Leaf blades widest near the middle (elliptic, oblong, or oblong-obovate); leaf apices obtuse, apiculate, or aristate; leaf undersurface glaucescent | ||||||
Pyracantha | Leaf blades widest towards the tip (oblanceolate to oblong-obovate); leaf apices notched or truncate; leaf undersurface pale green but not glaucescent | Leaf blades widest towards the tip (oblanceolate to oblong-obovate); leaf apices notched or truncate; leaf undersurface pale green but not glaucescent | |||||
Boehmeria | Leaves opposite (upper leaves sometimes subopposite or alternate); leaf lower surface glabrous, puberulent, or short-pilose, the pubescence not obscuring the green leaf surface; inflorescences (axillary) spikes, often leafy at their apices; herb to 1.5 m tall; [subgenus Duretia] | Leaves opposite (upper leaves sometimes subopposite or alternate); leaf lower surface glabrous, puberulent, or short-pilose, the pubescence not obscuring the green leaf surface; inflorescences (axillary) spikes, often leafy at their apices; herb to 1.5 m tall; [subgenus Duretia] | |||||
Boehmeria | Leaves alternate; leaf lower surface white-tomentose, the pubescence obscuring the green leaf surface; inflorescences (axillary) paniculately branched, never leafy at their apices; herb or shrub to 4 m tall; [subgenus Tilocnide] | Leaves alternate; leaf lower surface white-tomentose, the pubescence obscuring the green leaf surface; inflorescences (axillary) paniculately branched, never leafy at their apices; herb or shrub to 4 m tall; [subgenus Tilocnide] | |||||
Castanea | Leaves elliptic to oblanceolate, mostly < 15 cm long, the apices acute to obtuse; twigs puberulent; spine-covered husk of fruit splitting into 2 sections, enclosing 1 nut; nut circular in cross-section, 7-19 mm in diameter; pistillate dichasia of 1 flower; leaves with stellate trichomes, with few bulbous-based trichomes when young, puberulent, pilose, tomentulose, or tomentose in age (usually rather densely so). | Leaves elliptic to oblanceolate, mostly < 15 cm long, the apices acute to obtuse; twigs puberulent; spine-covered husk of fruit splitting into 2 sections, enclosing 1 nut; nut circular in cross-section, 7-19 mm in diameter; pistillate dichasia of 1 flower; leaves with stellate trichomes, with few bulbous-based trichomes when young, puberulent, pilose, tomentulose, or tomentose in age (usually rather densely so). | |||||
Castanea | Leaves elliptic to oblanceolate, mostly < 15 cm long, the apices acute to obtuse; twigs puberulent; spine-covered husk of fruit splitting into 2 sections, enclosing 1 nut; nut circular in cross-section, 7-19 mm in diameter; pistillate dichasia of 1 flower; leaves with stellate trichomes, with few bulbous-based trichomes when young, puberulent, pilose, tomentulose, or tomentose in age (usually rather densely so). | Leaves elliptic to oblanceolate, mostly < 15 cm long, the apices acute to obtuse; twigs puberulent; spine-covered husk of fruit splitting into 2 sections, enclosing 1 nut; nut circular in cross-section, 7-19 mm in diameter; pistillate dichasia of 1 flower; leaves with stellate trichomes, with few bulbous-based trichomes when young, puberulent, pilose, tomentulose, or tomentose in age (usually rather densely so). | |||||
Castanea | Leaves elliptic, oblanceolate or lanceolate, 8-30 cm long, the apices acuminate, sometimes only shortly so; spine-covered husk of fruit splitting into 4 sections, enclosing 1-3 (-5) nuts; nut flattened on at least one side, 18-30 mm in diameter; pistillate dichasia of 3 flowers; leaves with or without stellate trichomes; twigs puberulent or glabrous. | Leaves elliptic, oblanceolate or lanceolate, 8-30 cm long, the apices acuminate, sometimes only shortly so; spine-covered husk of fruit splitting into 4 sections, enclosing 1-3 (-5) nuts; nut flattened on at least one side, 18-30 mm in diameter; pistillate dichasia of 3 flowers; leaves with or without stellate trichomes; twigs puberulent or glabrous. | |||||
Quercus | Apices of the lobes or teeth obtuse (rarely acute), lacking bristle tips; scales of the acorn cup thickened and tuberculate, not obviously imbricate; [“white oaks” of section Quercus] | ||||||
Quercus | Apices of the lobes or teeth obtuse (rarely acute), lacking bristle tips; scales of the acorn cup thickened and tuberculate, not obviously imbricate; [“white oaks” of section Quercus] | ||||||
Quercus | Apices of the lobes or teeth obtuse (rarely acute), lacking bristle tips; scales of the acorn cup thickened and tuberculate, not obviously imbricate; [“white oaks” of section Quercus] | ||||||
Quercus | Apices of the lobes or teeth acuminate (rarely acute), and with bristle tips; scales of the acorn cup flat and imbricate; [“red oaks” of section Lobatae] | ||||||
Quercus | Apices of the lobes or teeth acuminate (rarely acute), and with bristle tips; scales of the acorn cup flat and imbricate; [“red oaks” of section Lobatae] | ||||||
Quercus | Apices of the lobes or teeth acuminate (rarely acute), and with bristle tips; scales of the acorn cup flat and imbricate; [“red oaks” of section Lobatae] | ||||||
Quercus | Mature leaves entirely glabrous below; leaves mostly with acute apices and bristle tips (rarely a few rounded), mostly 2.5-8 cm long and 1-2 (-3) cm wide, the upper surface shiny, the vein network not readily visible when backlit; leaves evergreen (persisting until spring); petiole 0.5-2 mm long; leaves of vigorous growth often with dentate lobes; [trees of dry sandy habitats, such as sandhills, maritime forests, and dry hammocks] | Mature leaves entirely glabrous below; leaves mostly with acute apices and bristle tips (rarely a few rounded), mostly 2.5-8 cm long and 1-2 (-3) cm wide, the upper surface shiny, the vein network not readily visible when backlit; leaves evergreen (persisting until spring); petiole 0.5-2 mm long; leaves of vigorous growth often with dentate lobes; [trees of dry sandy habitats, such as sandhills, maritime forests, and dry hammocks] | |||||
Quercus | Mature leaves with tufts of stellate trichomes in the vein axils; leaves mostly with rounded apices (rarely a few acute and then bristle-tipped), mostly 5-10 cm long and (1.8-) 2-4 cm wide, the upper surface dull, the vein network readily visible when backlit; leaves tardily deciduous (at least northwards in the Southeast); petiole 2-6 mm long; leaves of vigorous growth rarely lobed, and then not dentate; [trees of moist habitats, such as floodplain forests, mesic slopes, and moist hammocks] | Mature leaves with tufts of stellate trichomes in the vein axils; leaves mostly with rounded apices (rarely a few acute and then bristle-tipped), mostly 5-10 cm long and (1.8-) 2-4 cm wide, the upper surface dull, the vein network readily visible when backlit; leaves tardily deciduous (at least northwards in the Southeast); petiole 2-6 mm long; leaves of vigorous growth rarely lobed, and then not dentate; [trees of moist habitats, such as floodplain forests, mesic slopes, and moist hammocks] | |||||
Quercus | Leaf lobes with acute apices; sinuses often both broad and "flat-bottomed" (with portions parallel to the midrib); acorn cup covering 2/3 to 3/4 of acorn; [section Quercus; subsection Prinoideae] | ||||||
Quercus | Leaf lobes with obtuse apices; sinuses narrow (often notch-like), narrowly to broadly rounded or triangular (lacking portions parallel to the midrib); acorn cup covering < 1/4 to 1/2 of acorn. | ||||||
Quercus | Lower surfaces of mature leaves whitish to pale green, with a mixture of minute, sessile, stellate hairs with horizontal tips and longer stellate hairs with erect ascending tips; leaves shallowly lobed (if so, the lobes 9-19) to deeply lobed (if so, the lobes with acute apices), the sinuses extending 1/4 to 4/5 of the way to the midrib; [section Quercus; subsection Prinoideae]. | Lower surfaces of mature leaves whitish to pale green, with a mixture of minute, sessile, stellate hairs with horizontal tips and longer stellate hairs with erect ascending tips; leaves shallowly lobed (if so, the lobes 9-19) to deeply lobed (if so, the lobes with acute apices), the sinuses extending 1/4 to 4/5 of the way to the midrib; [section Quercus; subsection Prinoideae]. | |||||
Quercus | Leaves mostly shallowly lobed at the base, the sinuses extending 1/4 to 1/2 of the way to midrib, grading into mere crenations toward the tip of the leaf, the total number of lobes/crenations usually 9-19; acorns borne on peduncles 2-10 cm long; acorn cup covering 1/3 to 1/2 of acorn, the upper scales with long-acuminate apices | Leaves mostly shallowly lobed at the base, the sinuses extending 1/4 to 1/2 of the way to midrib, grading into mere crenations toward the tip of the leaf, the total number of lobes/crenations usually 9-19; acorns borne on peduncles 2-10 cm long; acorn cup covering 1/3 to 1/2 of acorn, the upper scales with long-acuminate apices | |||||
Quercus | Leaves mostly relatively deeply lobed throughout the length of the leaf, the sinuses extending 1/2 to 4/5 of the way to the midrib, the total number of lobes 3-13; acorns sessile or borne on peduncles up to 1 cm long; acorn cup covering 1/3 to 3/4 of acorn, the upper scales with acute, long-acuminate, to long-awned apices. | Leaves mostly relatively deeply lobed throughout the length of the leaf, the sinuses extending 1/2 to 4/5 of the way to the midrib, the total number of lobes 3-13; acorns sessile or borne on peduncles up to 1 cm long; acorn cup covering 1/3 to 3/4 of acorn, the upper scales with acute, long-acuminate, to long-awned apices. | |||||
Quercus | Leaf lobes with acute apices; acorn cup covering 2/3 to 3/4 of acorn; [section Quercus; subsection Prinoideae] | ||||||
Quercus | Leaf lobes with obtuse to rounded apices; acorn cup covering 1/3 to 1/2 of acorn; [section Quercus; subsection Stellatae]. | ||||||
Oxalis | Abaxial leaf surface sparsely but evenly strigose with fine hairs; leaflet margins glabrous to sparsely irregularly ciliate with loose, fine hairs; outer bulb scales 5-8 (-13)-nerved; sepal apices without orange tubercles; aerial propagules sometimes produced at bracteole region of scape | ||||||
Oxalis | Abaxial leaf surface strongly strigose to hirsute-strigose; leaflet margins prominently ciliate with stiff, sharp-pointed hairs; outer bulb scales 3- (-5)-nerved; sepal apices with a pair of elongate orange tubercles; aerial propagules never produced | ||||||
Hypericum | Sepals 3-6 mm long; styles (2.5-) 5.4-7.4 (-9.0) mm long; petals (6.0-) 9.2-12.2 (-14.0) mm long; leaf apices acute | ||||||
Hypericum | Sepals 1.5-4.0 mm long; styles (1.0-) 1.4-2.4 (-3.0) mm long; petals (3.0-) 4.3-5.9 (-9.0) mm long; leaf apices obtuse to slightly retuse | ||||||
Euphorbia | Leaves sparsely pilose, usually with acute apices; plants usually with 5 terminal pleiochasial branches; [non-native waif, disturbed areas] | Leaves sparsely pilose, usually with acute apices; plants usually with 5 terminal pleiochasial branches; [non-native waif, disturbed areas] | |||||
Euphorbia | Leaves glabrous, usually with obtuse or rounded apices; plants usually with 3 terminal pleiochasial branches; [natives of intact and disturbed areas]. | Leaves glabrous, usually with obtuse or rounded apices; plants usually with 3 terminal pleiochasial branches; [natives of intact and disturbed areas]. | |||||
Ammannia | Style included (when in fruit), thick, 0.5-1.0 mm long (much shorter than the ovary); calyx lobes obtuse, often with the apices minutely mucronate; petals 0, 1, or 4, pale pink to white, to 1 mm long and 1 mm wide | ||||||
Ammannia | Style exserted (when in fruit), filiform, 1.5-3.0 mm long (equal to or longer than the ovary); calyx lobes triangular, with acute apices; petals 4 (-5), deep rose-purple or pale lavender, ca. 2-3 mm long and 2-3 mm wide. | Style exserted (when in fruit), filiform, 1.5-3.0 mm long (equal to or longer than the ovary); calyx lobes triangular, with acute apices; petals 4 (-5), deep rose-purple or pale lavender, ca. 2-3 mm long and 2-3 mm wide. | |||||
Hudsonia | Sepals obtuse to acute, lacking long-acuminate apices; stamens 10-20; leaves 3-4.5 (-6) mm long, sparsely villous; fruits cylindric; [of the Coastal Plain of SC, MD, DE, and NJ, and northwards] | ||||||
Hudsonia | Sepals acuminate, with attenuate apices 1-2 mm long; stamens 20-30; leaves 5-7 mm long, glabrate to sparsely villous; fruits urceolate to campanulate; [of the Mountains of NC] | ||||||
Brassicaceae | Petal apices strongly bifid; [tribe Alysseae] | ||||||
Brassicaceae | Petal apices rounded, retuse, or emarginate. | ||||||
Paronychia | Stem spreading or ascending, the branching unevenly dichotomously, the flowers therefore in diffuse cymes, flowers 1.2-2.2 mm long; glabrous portion of the sepal 0.8 mm long, sepal lobes oblong, the apices broad to nearly truncate (besides the mucro) | ||||||
Paronychia | Stem erect, the branching symmetrical and dichotomous, the flowers therefore in weirdly geometric, tight square cymes, flowers 2.3-3.5 mm long; glabrous portion of the sepal > 1.1 mm long, sepal lobes long acuminate and slender, the apices acute to narrowly rounded (besides the mucro) | ||||||
Paronychia | Stems glabrous; sepals herbaceous, 0.5-1 mm long; sepal apices mucronate; leaves oval-elliptic, 5-25 mm long, 2-8 (-10) mm wide, obtuse (rarely sub-obtuse or acute), very thin in texture, deep-green | ||||||
Styrax | Leaves generally broadly obovate, sometimes broadly ovate, 5-14 cm long, 4-10 cm wide, the apices acute to short-acuminate, densely and finely pubescent beneath, giving the underside of the leaf a pale color; inflorescence usually of 5-20 flowers | ||||||
Styrax | Leaves narrowly elliptic to ovate or obovate, usually 2-8 cm long, 1-4 cm wide, the apices short- to long-acuminate, glabrous or sparsely pubescent beneath (to densely pubescent and then giving the underside of the leaf a rusty color in var. pulverulentus); inflorescence usually of 1-7 flowers. | ||||||
Styrax | Leaves oblong-elliptic, glabrous or sparsely pubescent on the undersurfaces and petioles, the margins usually distantly toothed toward the apices; pedicels 10-14 mm long; calyces essentially glabrous; new growth glabrous to sparsely pubescent | ||||||
Gaylussacia | Leaves membranaceous, medium-green, with acuminate apices; [section Decamerium, subsection Ursinae] | ||||||
Gaylussacia | Leaves subcoriaceous, yellow-green to glaucous, with obtuse to emarginate apices; [section Decamerium, subsection Frondosae]. | Leaves subcoriaceous, yellow-green to glaucous, with obtuse to emarginate apices; [section Decamerium, subsection Frondosae]. | |||||
Andersonglossum | Nutlets 3.5-5 mm long; calyx lobes 1.5-3 mm long (from the pedicel insertion point to the apices of the lobes); corolla 2.5-6.3 (-7.6) mm wide; some stem leaves petiolate | ||||||
Cuscuta | Bracts lanceolate, the apices reflexed or spreading (squarrose) | ||||||
Cuscuta | Bracts ovate or orbicular, the apices erect, appressed and imbricate. | ||||||
Cuscuta | Pedicels absent, the flowers in compact clusters sessile on the stem; bracts tightly subtending the flower, orbicular with rounded apices; styles not exserted in flower, and only 1.5-1.8 mm long in fruit; corolla lobes 0.9-1.1 mm long | ||||||
Cuscuta | Pedicels 0.5-3 mm long, the flowers in loose panicles; bracts loosely subtending the flower, ovate with bluntly pointed apices; styles long-exserted, 2.5-3.5 mm long in flower and fruit; corolla lobes 1.8-2.0 mm long | ||||||
Stylisma | Bracteoles (2-) 10-20 mm long; stylar branches usually fused more than 5/6 of the total length (occasionally fused less than ½ of length), the free portion of the stylar branches usually less than 3 mm long; sepals villous, 4-6 (-7) mm long, ovate-elliptic with obtuse to acute apices; leaves 1-3 mm wide. | Bracteoles (2-) 10-20 mm long; stylar branches usually fused more than 5/6 of the total length (occasionally fused less than ½ of length), the free portion of the stylar branches usually less than 3 mm long; sepals villous, 4-6 (-7) mm long, ovate-elliptic with obtuse to acute apices; leaves 1-3 mm wide. | |||||
Stylisma | Bracteoles 1-3 (-5) mm long; stylar branches free nearly to base, the free portion more than 5 mm long; sepals villous or glabrous, 6-9 mm long, ovate-lanceolate with acuminate apices; leaves 2-10 mm wide. | Bracteoles 1-3 (-5) mm long; stylar branches free nearly to base, the free portion more than 5 mm long; sepals villous or glabrous, 6-9 mm long, ovate-lanceolate with acuminate apices; leaves 2-10 mm wide. | |||||
Ligustrum | Leaf blades hirsutulous abaxially, rarely only along the nerves, sparsely hirsute-strigose adaxially, sometimes mostly near the margins, primary lateral veins (5-) 6-8 pairs, apices sharply acute (to slightly acuminate, or rarely obtuse) | ||||||
Ligustrum | Leaf blades glabrous on both surfaces or sometimes sparsely hairy along the abaxial midvein, primary lateral veins (2-) 3-6 pairs, apices obtuse to acute (in L. vulgare) or obtuse to rounded. | ||||||
Veronica | Lobes of the capsule with apices diverging at ca. 90 degrees, the apical notch of the capsule > 90°; corolla > 8 mm wide | ||||||
Veronica | Lobes of the capsule with apices parallel or diverging at an acute angle, the apical notch of the capsule < 90°; corolla < 8 mm wide. | ||||||
Lantana | Stems, leaves, and inflorescence bracts sparsely to densely covered with (sometimes grayed by) erect, spreading, or curled soft hairs; inflorescence bract apices obtuse or acute | Stems, leaves, and inflorescence bracts sparsely to densely covered with (sometimes grayed by) erect, spreading, or curled soft hairs; inflorescence bract apices obtuse or acute | |||||
Lantana | Stems, leaves, and inflorescence bracts moderately to densely covered with (and whitened or yellowed by) strongly appressed, stiff, usually straight hairs; inflorescence bract apices attenuate or caudate (abruptly tapered to a long tail-like tip) | Stems, leaves, and inflorescence bracts moderately to densely covered with (and whitened or yellowed by) strongly appressed, stiff, usually straight hairs; inflorescence bract apices attenuate or caudate (abruptly tapered to a long tail-like tip) | |||||
Lamiaceae | Calyx lobes with thickened spinescent apices. | ||||||
Lamiaceae | Calyx lobes without spinescent apices (although lobes may be pointed or acute). | ||||||
Stachys | Annuals from fibrous roots, typically freely branching from the base or from lower nodes; leaf blades 1-5 cm long, with rounded or obtuse apices (except acute to acuminate in S. annua); [exotics, except S. agraria]. | ||||||
Stachys | Perennials from rhizomes, not branching in the lower portion (unless damaged); leaf blades often > 5 cm long, with acute apices; [natives, except S. floridana and S. palustris]. | ||||||
Pycnanthemum | Calyx lobes broadly triangular, their apices obtuse, acute, or somewhat acuminate; calyx tube > 2× as long as the longest (lower) calyx lobes. | Calyx lobes broadly triangular, their apices obtuse, acute, or somewhat acuminate; calyx tube > 2× as long as the longest (lower) calyx lobes. | |||||
Pycnanthemum | Calyx lobes narrowly triangular, their apices acuminate to attenuate; calyx tube 1-2× as long as the longest (lower) calyx lobes. | Calyx lobes narrowly triangular, their apices acuminate to attenuate; calyx tube 1-2× as long as the longest (lower) calyx lobes. | |||||
Asteraceae | Beak of the cypsela with a ring of soft white reflexed hairs at the summit (just below the pappus); phyllary apices usually with keel-like flap | ||||||
Asteraceae | Beak of the cypsela with a ring of soft white reflexed hairs at the summit (just below the pappus); phyllary apices usually with keel-like flap | ||||||
Asteraceae | Beak of the cypsela lacking a ring of hairs as described; phyllary apices lacking keel (phyllary bases can be keeled in Crepis) | ||||||
Asteraceae | Heads smaller, the involucres (excluding phyllary apices) 0.8-7.5 mm in diameter. | ||||||
Baccharis | All leaf blades entire (marginal teeth extremely rare); leaf apices broadly rounded to truncate or even retuse; pappi 3-6 mm long in fruit; [s. FL, s. LA] | ||||||
Baccharis | At least some leaf blades toothed or lobed, rarely all entire, sometimes the distal ones especially entire; leaf apices acuminate, acute, or obtuse; pappi 3-12 mm long in fruit; [collectively widespread]. | ||||||
Boltonia | Phyllaries spatulate, oblanceolate, or linear-oblanceolate, apices cuspidate, pappus awns 0.6-1.0× as long as the achenes; inflorescence diffusely branched, with numerous heads. | Phyllaries spatulate, oblanceolate, or linear-oblanceolate, apices cuspidate, pappus awns 0.6-1.0× as long as the achenes; inflorescence diffusely branched, with numerous heads. | |||||
Boltonia | Plants reproducing vegetatively by basal offsets, culms ascending, leaves elliptic to obovate with rounded or blunt apices, held at various angles from culm and inflorescence branches, plants with weak apical dominance; [of the Susquehanna River of MD and PA] | ||||||
Boltonia | Plants reproducing vegetatively by elongate stolons, culms more strictly erect, leaves lanceolate with acute apices, the leaves oriented at an acute angle to the culm and inflorescence branches, plants with relatively strong apical dominance; [more widespread in our area] | Plants reproducing vegetatively by elongate stolons, culms more strictly erect, leaves lanceolate with acute apices, the leaves oriented at an acute angle to the culm and inflorescence branches, plants with relatively strong apical dominance; [more widespread in our area] | |||||
Coreopsis | Leaves extending >1/2 way up the stem; bracts subtending the phyllaries 6-9 (-12) mm long; disc corollas with apices red-brown to purplish; cypselae wingless | ||||||
Coreopsis | Leaves extending <1/2 way up the stem; bracts subtending the phyllaries 4-6 (-8) mm long; disc corollas with apices yellow; cypselae winged. | ||||||
Eupatorium | Stems 3-6 (-7) dm tall, often erectly branching from near the base; involucres 3-4 mm high, the bracts with rounded apices | Stems 3-6 (-7) dm tall, often erectly branching from near the base; involucres 3-4 mm high, the bracts with rounded apices | |||||
Eupatorium | Stems (6-) 10-15 dm tall, not branching near the base; involucres 5-7 mm high, at least some of the inner bracts with acute apices | Stems (6-) 10-15 dm tall, not branching near the base; involucres 5-7 mm high, at least some of the inner bracts with acute apices | |||||
Gamochaeta | Involucres 2.5-3 mm high, seated in tomentum; capitulescence initially cylindric and uninterrupted, at least distally, the main axis obscured by clustered heads; phyllaries in 3-4 (-5) series, the outer and middle ovate-lanceolate with narrowly to broadly acute apices, the outer ½-2/3 as long as the inner, at least the innermost commonly tinged with purple at the stereome-lamina junction; flowering (Feb-) Mar-May (sometimes later because of moisture or disturbance) | Involucres 2.5-3 mm high, seated in tomentum; capitulescence initially cylindric and uninterrupted, at least distally, the main axis obscured by clustered heads; phyllaries in 3-4 (-5) series, the outer and middle ovate-lanceolate with narrowly to broadly acute apices, the outer ½-2/3 as long as the inner, at least the innermost commonly tinged with purple at the stereome-lamina junction; flowering (Feb-) Mar-May (sometimes later because of moisture or disturbance) | |||||
Gamochaeta | Involucres 3-3.5 mm high, lightly arachnose only at the base if at all; capitulescence interrupted at least distally, the main axis visible up to the terminal heads; phyllaries in 5-7 series, the outer and middle ovate-triangular with sharply acute-acuminate apices, the outer 1/3-½ as long as the inner, slightly brown, none with purplish color; flowering May-Jul | Involucres 3-3.5 mm high, lightly arachnose only at the base if at all; capitulescence interrupted at least distally, the main axis visible up to the terminal heads; phyllaries in 5-7 series, the outer and middle ovate-triangular with sharply acute-acuminate apices, the outer 1/3-½ as long as the inner, slightly brown, none with purplish color; flowering May-Jul | |||||
Gamochaeta | Basal and proximal cauline leaves usually withering before anthesis (clusters of smaller leaves usually present in cauline axils); stems erect or ascending; plants (30-) 50-85 cm; apices of inner phyllaries acute-acuminate; flowering mostly Jul-Aug | ||||||
Gamochaeta | Basal and proximal cauline leaves present or not at anthesis; stems erect to decumbent-ascending; plants mostly 10-50 cm; apices of inner phyllaries acute to obtuse, rounded, or blunt; flowering mostly Apr-Jun (-Jul in G. calviceps). | ||||||
Gamochaeta | Upper leaf surfaces glabrous or glabrate; involucres 2.5-3.0 mm high, more-or-less purplish, the bases glabrous; outer phyllaries elliptic-obovate to broadly ovate-elliptic, apices rounded to obtuse; bisexual florets 2-3 | ||||||
Gamochaeta | Upper leaf surfaces sparsely arachnose (hairs persistent, evident at 10× magnification); involucres 3.0-4.5 (-5) mm high, sometimes purplish, bases (imbedded in tomentum) often sparsely arachnose on the lower 1/5-1/2; outer phyllaries ovate, ovate-triangular, or ovate-lanceolate, apices acute to acuminate; bisexual florets 2-6. | Upper leaf surfaces sparsely arachnose (hairs persistent, evident at 10× magnification); involucres 3.0-4.5 (-5) mm high, sometimes purplish, bases (imbedded in tomentum) often sparsely arachnose on the lower 1/5-1/2; outer phyllaries ovate, ovate-triangular, or ovate-lanceolate, apices acute to acuminate; bisexual florets 2-6. | |||||
Gamochaeta | Stems not pannose (indument whitish, like closely appressed, polished cloth, hairs usually not individually evident); involucres 3.0-3.5(-4.0) mm high; apices of inner phyllaries acute to acute-acuminate; bisexual florets 2-4; cypselas purple | ||||||
Gamochaeta | Stems usually ± pannose or pannose-tomentose (hairs individually evident, longitudinally arranged); involucres 3.0-4.5 mm high; apices of inner phyllaries acute, obtuse, or truncate-rounded, sometimes apiculate; bisexual florets 3-6; cypselas tan to brownish. | ||||||
Gamochaeta | Blades of cauline leaves oblanceolate to oblanceolate-oblong or oblanceolate-obovate; involucres 3.0-3.5 mm high; laminae of inner phyllaries elliptic-oblong to oblong, apices truncate-rounded or obtuse and apiculate; bisexual florets (3-) 4-6; plants usually fibrous-rooted, rarely taprooted | Blades of cauline leaves oblanceolate to oblanceolate-oblong or oblanceolate-obovate; involucres 3.0-3.5 mm high; laminae of inner phyllaries elliptic-oblong to oblong, apices truncate-rounded or obtuse and apiculate; bisexual florets (3-) 4-6; plants usually fibrous-rooted, rarely taprooted | |||||
Gamochaeta | Blades of cauline leaves oblanceolate to spatulate (basal cells of hairs on adaxial faces persistent, expanded, glassy); involucres 4.0-4.5 mm high; laminae of inner phyllaries triangular, apices acute (not apiculate); bisexual florets 3-4; plants fibrous-rooted or taprooted | Blades of cauline leaves oblanceolate to spatulate (basal cells of hairs on adaxial faces persistent, expanded, glassy); involucres 4.0-4.5 mm high; laminae of inner phyllaries triangular, apices acute (not apiculate); bisexual florets 3-4; plants fibrous-rooted or taprooted | |||||
Liatris | Inner phyllaries with apices prolonged, slightly dilated, and petaloid (white to yellow, pink, or purplish); heads 3-5 mm in diameter, with 4-6 flowers per head. | Inner phyllaries with apices prolonged, slightly dilated, and petaloid (white to yellow, pink, or purplish); heads 3-5 mm in diameter, with 4-6 flowers per head. | |||||
Liatris | Lower stem leaves with slender petioles and blades elliptic to lance-elliptic, the blades (8-) 11-22 (-27) mm wide (bracts subtending proximal heads 2+ mm wide, grading gradually from distal cauline leaves); phyllary apices usually acuminate to acute, rarely obtuse | ||||||
Liatris | Lower stem leaves usually lanceolate, linear, linear-oblanceolate, or oblanceolate, sometimes narrowly spatulate, 2-8 (-10) mm wide (bracts subtending proximal heads to 2 mm wide, abruptly differentiated from distal cauline leaves); phyllary apices usually rounded or obtuse-truncate, rarely acute | Lower stem leaves usually lanceolate, linear, linear-oblanceolate, or oblanceolate, sometimes narrowly spatulate, 2-8 (-10) mm wide (bracts subtending proximal heads to 2 mm wide, abruptly differentiated from distal cauline leaves); phyllary apices usually rounded or obtuse-truncate, rarely acute | |||||
Marshallia | Lower stem leaves (and basal leaves) erect, narrowly lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, with attenuate or long-acuminate apices, relatively thick in texture, the 2-4 lateral nerves (parallel to the midnerve) prominent; caudex with fibrous remnants of the previous year's leaves (if not burned off); phyllaries thick, ovate-attenuate, gradually narrowing to the next series; [NC, SC, and extreme e. GA] | Lower stem leaves (and basal leaves) erect, narrowly lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, with attenuate or long-acuminate apices, relatively thick in texture, the 2-4 lateral nerves (parallel to the midnerve) prominent; caudex with fibrous remnants of the previous year's leaves (if not burned off); phyllaries thick, ovate-attenuate, gradually narrowing to the next series; [NC, SC, and extreme e. GA] | |||||
Marshallia | Lower stem leaves (and basal leaves) spreading, oblanceolate or spatulate, with rounded or obtuse apices, relatively thin in texture, the 2 lateral nerves (parallel to the midnerve) often obscure; caudex lacking fibrous remnants of the previous year's leaves; phyllaries thin, linear-subulate, abruptly narrowing to the next series; [e. GA southward and westward; disjunct in Eastern Highland Rim of TN] | Lower stem leaves (and basal leaves) spreading, oblanceolate or spatulate, with rounded or obtuse apices, relatively thin in texture, the 2 lateral nerves (parallel to the midnerve) often obscure; caudex lacking fibrous remnants of the previous year's leaves; phyllaries thin, linear-subulate, abruptly narrowing to the next series; [e. GA southward and westward; disjunct in Eastern Highland Rim of TN] | |||||
Marshallia | Phyllaries with rounded to acute apices; paleae (receptacular bracts, interspersed with the flowers) slightly to strongly broadened or clavate-thickened just below the acute to obtuse apex; plants with 1 head (or more in M. mohrii, M. ramosa, and M. caespitosa var. caespitosa); flowering in late Apr-Jul. | Phyllaries with rounded to acute apices; paleae (receptacular bracts, interspersed with the flowers) slightly to strongly broadened or clavate-thickened just below the acute to obtuse apex; plants with 1 head (or more in M. mohrii, M. ramosa, and M. caespitosa var. caespitosa); flowering in late Apr-Jul. | |||||
Symphyotrichum | Heads usually dense in an elongate, pyramidal-paniculate arrangement; inner phyllaries 6-7 mm long, phyllary apices linear-acuminate, distal margins often inrolled/involute, green zone of phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, usually extending the entire length of the phyllary, chartaceous bases short or absent; pappus accrescent, 4-5.5 mm long at maturity and usually longer than coiled ray corollas; [habitats wet, saline] | Heads usually dense in an elongate, pyramidal-paniculate arrangement; inner phyllaries 6-7 mm long, phyllary apices linear-acuminate, distal margins often inrolled/involute, green zone of phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, usually extending the entire length of the phyllary, chartaceous bases short or absent; pappus accrescent, 4-5.5 mm long at maturity and usually longer than coiled ray corollas; [habitats wet, saline] | |||||
Symphyotrichum | Heads corymbiform to thyrsiform, diffusely paniculate, or secund to subsecund and paniculiform arrangements or at the tips of long, bracteate branches; inner phyllaries 4-6.5 mm long, phyllary apices acute to acuminate, distal margins inrolled/involute or not, green zone of phyllaries lanceolate to elliptic, chartaceous bases usually conspicuous; pappus not accrescent, 3.5-4 (-5) mm long at maturity, longer or shorter than ray corollas; [habitats moist to wet, rarely saline]. | Heads corymbiform to thyrsiform, diffusely paniculate, or secund to subsecund and paniculiform arrangements or at the tips of long, bracteate branches; inner phyllaries 4-6.5 mm long, phyllary apices acute to acuminate, distal margins inrolled/involute or not, green zone of phyllaries lanceolate to elliptic, chartaceous bases usually conspicuous; pappus not accrescent, 3.5-4 (-5) mm long at maturity, longer or shorter than ray corollas; [habitats moist to wet, rarely saline]. | |||||
Symphyotrichum | Heads usually corymbiform to thyrsiform in arrangement (borne primarily on distal branches, distally clustered); inner phyllaries 4-5.5 (-6) mm long; phyllary apices acute to abruptly short-acuminate or long-acuminate, the distal margins inrolled/involute or not; ray flowers in 1 (-2) series, corollas 2-3 mm long, the blades 0.1-0.3 mm wide (dried), white to light pinkish or slightly blue, coiling back in 1-2 coils or less commonly remaining straight; disc flowers (6-) 8-15; [peninsular FL to s. AL] | Heads usually corymbiform to thyrsiform in arrangement (borne primarily on distal branches, distally clustered); inner phyllaries 4-5.5 (-6) mm long; phyllary apices acute to abruptly short-acuminate or long-acuminate, the distal margins inrolled/involute or not; ray flowers in 1 (-2) series, corollas 2-3 mm long, the blades 0.1-0.3 mm wide (dried), white to light pinkish or slightly blue, coiling back in 1-2 coils or less commonly remaining straight; disc flowers (6-) 8-15; [peninsular FL to s. AL] | |||||
Symphyotrichum | Heads diffusely paniculiform to pyramidal-paniculiform to corymbiform or second to subsecund and paniculiform; inner phyllaries 5-6.5 mm long; phyllary apices long-acuminate, the distal margins usually inrolled/involute; ray flowers in 1-3 series, corollas 2-7 mm long, the blades 0.2-0.8 mm wide (dried), white to blue or purple, coiling back in 2-5 coils; disc flowers either 11-23 or (20-) 33-45 (-50). | Heads diffusely paniculiform to pyramidal-paniculiform to corymbiform or second to subsecund and paniculiform; inner phyllaries 5-6.5 mm long; phyllary apices long-acuminate, the distal margins usually inrolled/involute; ray flowers in 1-3 series, corollas 2-7 mm long, the blades 0.2-0.8 mm wide (dried), white to blue or purple, coiling back in 2-5 coils; disc flowers either 11-23 or (20-) 33-45 (-50). | |||||
Symphyotrichum | Phyllaries appressed, apices acute to acuminate (also keyed in Key F); plants 1.5-4 (-6) dm; [ultramafic outcrop barrens, Clay co., NC]; [series Punicei] | Phyllaries appressed, apices acute to acuminate (also keyed in Key F); plants 1.5-4 (-6) dm; [ultramafic outcrop barrens, Clay co., NC]; [series Punicei] | |||||
Diervilla | Inflorescences lax, few-flowered (axillary: 1-3 flowers; terminal: 2-13 flowers); leaf blades broadly ovate with short-lanceolate apices; petioles 5-10 mm long (median = 6 mm); twigs below peduncles puberulent with very short, soft hairs that are curled antrorsely (upward) toward the stem; persistent sepal lobes 3-5 mm long (median = 3.5 mm); [northern parts of our region south to south to Buncombe and McDowell counties, NC] | Inflorescences lax, few-flowered (axillary: 1-3 flowers; terminal: 2-13 flowers); leaf blades broadly ovate with short-lanceolate apices; petioles 5-10 mm long (median = 6 mm); twigs below peduncles puberulent with very short, soft hairs that are curled antrorsely (upward) toward the stem; persistent sepal lobes 3-5 mm long (median = 3.5 mm); [northern parts of our region south to south to Buncombe and McDowell counties, NC] | |||||
Diervilla | Inflorescences congested, many-flowered (axillary: 18+ flowers; terminal: 30-100 flowers); leaf blades narrowly ovate with long-lanceolate apices; petioles 0-8 mm long (median = 2 mm); twigs below peduncles glabrous or pubescent with long hairs; persistent sepal lobes 1-3 mm long; [Southern Cumberland Plateau of n. AL and GA and Western Highland Rim of TN and Mountains of NC and TN, north to Mitchell and Yancey counties, NC]. | Inflorescences congested, many-flowered (axillary: 18+ flowers; terminal: 30-100 flowers); leaf blades narrowly ovate with long-lanceolate apices; petioles 0-8 mm long (median = 2 mm); twigs below peduncles glabrous or pubescent with long hairs; persistent sepal lobes 1-3 mm long; [Southern Cumberland Plateau of n. AL and GA and Western Highland Rim of TN and Mountains of NC and TN, north to Mitchell and Yancey counties, NC]. | |||||
Sanicula | Calyx lobes 0.4-0.7 mm long, deltoid, flexible or weak in texture, the apices acute to obtuse; petals yellowish green, much longer than the calyx | ||||||
Sanicula | Calyx lobes 0.7-2.0 mm long, narrowly triangular to subulate, rigid in texture, the apices acute-acuminate; petals white or greenish-white, equal to or slightly longer than the calyx. | Calyx lobes 0.7-2.0 mm long, narrowly triangular to subulate, rigid in texture, the apices acute-acuminate; petals white or greenish-white, equal to or slightly longer than the calyx. | |||||
Plantae | Fertile leaf woody, with bead-like segments; margins of sterile pinnae entire, often wavy or the lowermost even somewhat lobed; pinnae mostly with obtuse apices, tending to be borne oppositely | ||||||
Plantae | Fertile leaf stiff but herbaceous, the pinnae linear, not at all bead-like; margins of sterile pinnae finely serrulate, otherwise slightly wavy or straight; pinnae mostly with acute apices, tending to be borne alternately | ||||||
Plantae | Fertile leaf woody, with bead-like segments; margins of sterile pinnae entire, often wavy or the lowermost even somewhat lobed; pinnae mostly with obtuse apices, tending to be borne opposite | ||||||
Plantae | Fertile leaf woody, with bead-like segments; margins of sterile pinnae entire, often wavy or the lowermost even somewhat lobed; pinnae mostly with obtuse apices, tending to be borne opposite | ||||||
Plantae | Fertile leaf woody, with bead-like segments; margins of sterile pinnae entire, often wavy or the lowermost even somewhat lobed; pinnae mostly with obtuse apices, tending to be borne opposite | ||||||
Plantae | Fertile leaf stiff but herbaceous, the pinnae linear, not at all bead-like; margins of sterile pinnae finely serrulate, otherwise slightly wavy or straight; pinnae mostly with acute apices, tending to be borne alternate | ||||||
Plantae | Fertile leaf stiff but herbaceous, the pinnae linear, not at all bead-like; margins of sterile pinnae finely serrulate, otherwise slightly wavy or straight; pinnae mostly with acute apices, tending to be borne alternate | ||||||
Plantae | Fertile leaf stiff but herbaceous, the pinnae linear, not at all bead-like; margins of sterile pinnae finely serrulate, otherwise slightly wavy or straight; pinnae mostly with acute apices, tending to be borne alternate | ||||||
Plantae | Leaflets acuminate at the apex (except Cupaniopsis with leaflet apices rounded or retuse; fruit a drupe or capsule; inflorescence a panicle with many, small, radially symmetrical flowers. | ||||||
Plantae | Leaves not aromatic when fresh, lacking pellucid punctate glands; leaves never with prickles on the rachis; leaflet apices rounded | ||||||
Plantae | Leaves strongly aromatic when fresh, with conspicuous pellucid punctate glands; leaves often with prickles on the rachis; leaflet apices usually acuminate | ||||||
Plantae | Leaves strongly aromatic when fresh, with conspicuous pellucid punctate glands; leaves often with prickles on the rachis; leaflet apices usually acuminate | ||||||
Plantae | Leaves linear, > 15× as long as wide, usually sharply pointed at the apices (Ilex can have pointed apices, but leaves are not linear and marginal teeth often also present); [Monocots] | ||||||
Plantae | Leaves broader, < 15× as long as wide, leaf apices variously shaped, if pointed usually not conspicuously sharpened; [Eudicots, Basal Angiosperms, or Monocots]. | Leaves broader, < 15× as long as wide, leaf apices variously shaped, if pointed usually not conspicuously sharpened; [Eudicots, Basal Angiosperms, or Monocots]. | |||||
Drypetes | Ovaries 1-carpellate; drupes 15-20 mm long, white at maturity, the endocarp 1-2 mm thick and bony (fruits long-persistent and conspicuous); stamens 8 (10); leaf apices rounded to obtuse (or rarely acute and then not abruptly so); buds glabrous, resinous | ||||||
Drypetes | stigmas 2; drupes 10-13 mm long, red-orange at maturity, the endocarp 0.5 mm thick, brittle (fruits rarely seen); stamens 4 (-5); leaf apices abruptly acute to acuminate; buds hairy, not resinous | ||||||
Euphorbia | Leaf blades 1.5-3.5 (-4.5) mm wide, 15-20 (-50)× as long as wide; leaf apices short-acute to acuminate; [FL peninsula] | ||||||
Euphorbia | Leaf blades (3-) 4-15 (-15) mm wide, 5-10 (-25)× as long as wide; leaf apices obtuse to short-acute; [ne. FL west to s. MS] | ||||||
Anacardiaceae | Leaves suborbicular, 1-1.5× as long as wide; leaf apices broadly rounded | Leaves suborbicular, 1-1.5× as long as wide; leaf apices broadly rounded | |||||
Anacardiaceae | Leaves oblong-lanceolate, > 4× as long as wide; leaf apices acuminate | ||||||
Trillium | Leaf apices acute; leaf upper surface lacking stomates (or present only near apex); stamens ca. 2× as long as the ovary | ||||||
Trillium | Leaf apices blunt to rounded; leaf upper surface with numerous stomates across the surface (visible as white dots with 10× magnification); stamens ca. 1.5× as long as the ovary | ||||||
Glinus | Seeds papillate, dull to slightly glossy, 0.4-0.6 mm × 0.3-0.4 mm; sepal apices rounded to acute | ||||||
Glinus | Seeds smooth, strongly glossy, 0.4-0.5 mm × 0.2-0.3 mm; sepal apices long-acuminate to attenuate | ||||||
Dioscorea | Leaf apex caudate; leaf lateral lobe apices acuminate; petiole base clasping; leaves 7-42 cm wide | ||||||
Dioscorea | Leaf apex mucronate or acuminate; leaf lateral lobe apices rounded; petiole base not clasping; leaves 3-9 cm wide | ||||||
Dioscorea | Leaf apex mucronate or acuminate; leaf lateral lobe apices rounded; petiole base not clasping; leaves 3-9 cm wide | ||||||
Spiranthes | Lateral sepals sweeping upward, apices pointing toward dorsal sepal and petals. | ||||||
Spiranthes | Lateral sepals downwardly falcate, apices pointing toward the labellum apex | ||||||
Spiranthes | Lateral sepal apices linear-lanceolate, (6-)10-11(-14) mm long | ||||||
Spiranthes | Lateral sepal apices bluntly acuminate, 7.7-10.2 mm long | ||||||
Viburnum | Peduncle usually 33-44 mm long; fruits pale green to white in late Jul-Aug (later turning dark blue or black); leaves larger (usually 20-30 square cm); leaf blade avg. 8.3 × 3.8 cm; leaf apices acute to obtuse | ||||||
Viburnum | Peduncle usually 16-29 mm long; fruits pink to dark blue or black in late Jul-Aug; leaves smaller (usually 10-18 square cm); leaf blade avg. 6.1 × 2.0 cm; leaf apices acuminate to acute | ||||||
Blephilia | Plants variously pubescent, but not canescent (typically sparse), pubescence of stem spreading or nearly absent; leaf apices acute to acuminate, typically glabrate to sparsely hirsute; sterile stems erect and numerous; live plants typically with minty odor or odor absent. | ||||||
Blephilia | Plants densely canescent, pubescence of stem typically short and retrorse or short and spreading; leaf apices obtuse; sterile stems prostrate and stolon-like forming clonal patches; live plants typically without minty odor (or tending towards oregano-like) | ||||||
Carex | Proximalmost spike usually basal; longest vegetative shoot (0.8-) 1.4-4.4× as tall as the culms; proximal bracts with sheath front apices concave or truncate. | ||||||
Persicaria | Leaves rhombic, bases cuneate, apices acute, adaxial and abaxial surfaces glabrous, purple blotch absent or faint, marginal bristles 0.1-0.3 mm long; inflorescences dense, fascicles congested (interrupted basally); pedicels included; proximal bracteole bristles surpassing the adjacent flowers; tepals dark pink, closed at anthesis; achenes < 2 mm long | Leaves rhombic, bases cuneate, apices acute, adaxial and abaxial surfaces glabrous, purple blotch absent or faint, marginal bristles 0.1-0.3 mm long; inflorescences dense, fascicles congested (interrupted basally); pedicels included; proximal bracteole bristles surpassing the adjacent flowers; tepals dark pink, closed at anthesis; achenes < 2 mm long | |||||
Persicaria | Leaves elliptic, bases rounded and abruptly cuneate to the petiole, apices caudate, adaxial and abaxial surfaces strigose, purple lunate blotch conspicuous and present at maturity, marginal bristles 0.5 mm long; inflorescences lax, fascicles remote; pedicels exserted; proximal bracteole bristles scarcely reaching the base of the tepals; tepals pale pink to white, open at anthesis; achenes > 2 mm long | Leaves elliptic, bases rounded and abruptly cuneate to the petiole, apices caudate, adaxial and abaxial surfaces strigose, purple lunate blotch conspicuous and present at maturity, marginal bristles 0.5 mm long; inflorescences lax, fascicles remote; pedicels exserted; proximal bracteole bristles scarcely reaching the base of the tepals; tepals pale pink to white, open at anthesis; achenes > 2 mm long | |||||
Jacquemontia | Outer sepal apices acute; [beach dunes, coastal strands, and rockland hammocks, Florida Keys and Miami-Dade County] | ||||||
Jacquemontia | Outer sepal apices rounded; [pine rocklands of the Miami Rock Ridge, n. Broward County, and Big Cypress] | ||||||
Sedum | Plant perennial, mat-forming by trailing stems; leaves yellow-green; petals 5-9 mm long, with acute to acuminate apices; [exotic, usually in urban or suburban areas] | ||||||
Sedum | Plant annual, stems solitary; leaves pal- or bluish green; petals 2-4 mm long, with mucronate apices; [native, of shallow soils over rock] | ||||||
Liatris | Phyllaries 11-18 in (4-) 5-6 series, mostly oblong-obovate, unequal (the inner 7-9 mm long), apices obtuse to truncate-rounded (each tipped by thick, often indurate apicula or mucros), lateral veins usually not evident beyond middle or 2/3s point; flowering mostly mid-late Aug (-Oct) | ||||||
Liatris | Phyllaries 6-11, in 2-3 series, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate-triangular, subequal (the inner 11-12 mm long), the apices acute to acute-attenuate (sometimes with narrow tips), lateral veins usually evident beyond middle, continuing nearly to tips); flowering mid Jul-Aug (-Sep) | Phyllaries 6-11, in 2-3 series, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate-triangular, subequal (the inner 11-12 mm long), the apices acute to acute-attenuate (sometimes with narrow tips), lateral veins usually evident beyond middle, continuing nearly to tips); flowering mid Jul-Aug (-Sep) | |||||
Liatris | Phyllaries in 3-4 (-5) series, the apices acuminate; [dolomite glades, Bibb County, AL] | ||||||
Liatris | Phyllaries in 6-7 series, the apices rounded or obtuse; [Florida scrub, c. peninsular FL] | ||||||
Liatris | Phyllary apices obtuse to rounded. | ||||||
Liatris | Phyllary apices acuminate or acute. | ||||||
Liatris | Phyllary apices reflexed to spreading, somewhat dilated and often slightly petaloid; florets (4-) 5-8 per head | ||||||
Liatris | Phyllary apices erect and appressed; florets (2-) 3-4 (-5) per head | ||||||
Liatris | Stems glabrous (rarely sparsely hirtellous); leaves and phyllaries sparsely or not at all gland-dotted; involucres 11-15 mm high; inner phyllaries with acute apices | Stems glabrous (rarely sparsely hirtellous); leaves and phyllaries sparsely or not at all gland-dotted; involucres 11-15 mm high; inner phyllaries with acute apices | |||||
Liatris | Stems minutely puberulent-hirtellous; leaves and phyllaries gland-dotted; involucres 7-10 (-14) mm high; inner phyllaries with abruptly acuminate apices, often apiculate or mucronulate | Stems minutely puberulent-hirtellous; leaves and phyllaries gland-dotted; involucres 7-10 (-14) mm high; inner phyllaries with abruptly acuminate apices, often apiculate or mucronulate | |||||
Dinebra | Glumes linear to narrowly lanceolate, exceeding the florets; lemmas 0.9-1.2 mm long; caryopses without a ventral groove, often somewhat coarsely rugose, the apices broadly obtuse | ||||||
Dinebra | Glumes lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, not or only slightly exceeding the florets; lemmas 1.3-1.7 mm long; caryopses usually with a narrow, shallow ventral groove, smooth, the apices broadly obtuse to acute | ||||||
Chevreulia | Leaves basal and on the stem; leaf blades lanceolate, with acuminate apices | ||||||
Chevreulia | Leaves in a basal rosette (or a few low on the stem); leaf blades spathulate, with rounded apices | ||||||
Gentianopsis | Principal leaves of the mid-stem ovate to ovate-lanceolate, < 4× as long as wide and/or > 1 cm wide; petals fringed across their apices, the "fringe segments" mostly > 5× as long as wide | ||||||
Gentianopsis | Principal leaves of the mid-stem linear to linear lanceolate, (5-) 6-21× as long as wide and < 1 cm wide; petals erose-serrulate across their apices, the "fringe segments" mostly < 2× as long as wide (the petals are more deeply fringed on their sides) | ||||||
Juncus | Capsule apices acute (rarely obtuse); inner tepals acute to acuminate; inflorescence branches widely ascending to spreading | ||||||
Juncus | Capsule apices rounded or obtuse, mucronate; inner tepals acute to obtuse; inflorescence branches strictly ascending | ||||||
Populus | Glands at leaf blade base 3-6; leaf apices short-acuminate; fruiting pedicels grading from short at the base of the catkin to longer near the apex, 1-13 (-17) mm long; [widespread in our area] | ||||||
Populus | Glands at leaf blade base 2; leaf apices long-acuminate; fruiting pedicels relatively uniform in length, 1-6 (-8) mm long; [PA, OH, IN, IL, MO, OK, and TX and northwards and westwards] | ||||||
Neottia | Lip usually cleft about one-third its length, the two lobes oblong, with rounded apices | ||||||
Neottia | Lip usually cleft about two-thirds its length, the two lobes linear, with acute apices. | ||||||
Scutellaria | Leaves lanceolate to oblong-cordate, apices acute-acuminate; [NC, KY, and MO northwards, in wetlands] | ||||||
Scutellaria | Leaves deltate, apices obtuse; [sc. US, c. AR and se. OK south to w. LA and e. TX, in sandy woodlands and ravines] | ||||||
Marshallia | Outer phyllaries oblong-obovate, apices conspicuously rounded (though often apiculate); [s. VA, NC, SC, GA, AL, and e. TN]. | Outer phyllaries oblong-obovate, apices conspicuously rounded (though often apiculate); [s. VA, NC, SC, GA, AL, and e. TN]. | |||||
Marshallia | Outer phyllaries lanceolate, apices conspicuously tapered and apiculate; [se. TX, w. LA, e. OK, se. KS, nw. AR, and sw. MO] | Outer phyllaries lanceolate, apices conspicuously tapered and apiculate; [se. TX, w. LA, e. OK, se. KS, nw. AR, and sw. MO] | |||||
Symphyotrichum | Peduncles long (usually many on plant > 2 cm long), with copious (5-15+) small, closely-spaced, oblong or linear-subulate bracts mostly 1-4 mm long, abruptly smaller than the stem and branch leaves; plants single or somewhat cespitose (rhizomes short); phyllary apices acute to obtuse, green zones broadened near apex (oblanceolate or diamond-shaped). | Peduncles long (usually many on plant > 2 cm long), with copious (5-15+) small, closely-spaced, oblong or linear-subulate bracts mostly 1-4 mm long, abruptly smaller than the stem and branch leaves; plants single or somewhat cespitose (rhizomes short); phyllary apices acute to obtuse, green zones broadened near apex (oblanceolate or diamond-shaped). | |||||
Symphyotrichum | Peduncles short (< 2 cm long), bracts gradually reduced, foliaceous; plants strongly colonial from creeping rhizomes (except S. lateriflorum and S. tradescantii); phyllary apices various, acuminate with longer or less distinct green zones in many species. | ||||||
Clematis | Leaflets distinctly membranaceous to subcoriaceous, average areole area large (0.36-) 0.61-0.94 (-2.69) mm2, raised reticulate venation forming a sparsely concentrated network; widest adaxial leaflet veins (not including mid-vein) (0.04-) 0.07-0.09 (-0.14) mm wide; leaflet apices acute to acuminate, rarely rounded; sepal trichomes puberulent with longest trichomes (0.45-) 0.52-0.66 (-0.84) mm long; achene rim (sum of both ends) to achene width ratio (0.30-) 0.32-0.46 (-0.50); [n. and c. AL (mostly north of the Alabama River), wc. GA, ne. MS, and extreme sc. TN] | Leaflets distinctly membranaceous to subcoriaceous, average areole area large (0.36-) 0.61-0.94 (-2.69) mm2, raised reticulate venation forming a sparsely concentrated network; widest adaxial leaflet veins (not including mid-vein) (0.04-) 0.07-0.09 (-0.14) mm wide; leaflet apices acute to acuminate, rarely rounded; sepal trichomes puberulent with longest trichomes (0.45-) 0.52-0.66 (-0.84) mm long; achene rim (sum of both ends) to achene width ratio (0.30-) 0.32-0.46 (-0.50); [n. and c. AL (mostly north of the Alabama River), wc. GA, ne. MS, and extreme sc. TN] | |||||
Clematis | Leaflets distinctly coriaceous with dense network of raised reticulate venation, average areole area small, (0.19-) 0.37-0.44 (-0.84) mm2; widest adaxial leaflet veins (not including mid-vein) (0.09-) 0.13-0.15 (-0.28) mm wide; leaflet apices usually rounded to broadly acute; sepal trichomes short with longest trichomes (0.27-) 0.32-0.39 (-0.47) mm long; achene rim (sum of both ends) to achene width ratio (0.22-) 0.26-0.32 (-0.38); [lower Coastal Plain of AL, FL, GA, MS, SC] | Leaflets distinctly coriaceous with dense network of raised reticulate venation, average areole area small, (0.19-) 0.37-0.44 (-0.84) mm2; widest adaxial leaflet veins (not including mid-vein) (0.09-) 0.13-0.15 (-0.28) mm wide; leaflet apices usually rounded to broadly acute; sepal trichomes short with longest trichomes (0.27-) 0.32-0.39 (-0.47) mm long; achene rim (sum of both ends) to achene width ratio (0.22-) 0.26-0.32 (-0.38); [lower Coastal Plain of AL, FL, GA, MS, SC] | |||||
Clematis | Leaflet undersurface glabrate to moderately pubescent; leaflets lanceolate to ovate, never rotund or elliptic-oblong, generally with distinctly acute or acuminate apices, rarely rounded; leaflets membranaceous to subcoriaceous; raised reticulate venation forming a sparsely concentrated network, average closed areole area (0.59-) 0.98-1.21 (-2.4) / mm2; widest adaxial leaflet veins (not including the midvein) (0.03-) 0.06-0.08 (-0.12) mm wide; [inland sedimentary rock provinces: Ouachita Mountains of sw. AR and se. OK, or Cumberland/Eastern Highland Rim/Central Basin of ec. TN]. | Leaflet undersurface glabrate to moderately pubescent; leaflets lanceolate to ovate, never rotund or elliptic-oblong, generally with distinctly acute or acuminate apices, rarely rounded; leaflets membranaceous to subcoriaceous; raised reticulate venation forming a sparsely concentrated network, average closed areole area (0.59-) 0.98-1.21 (-2.4) / mm2; widest adaxial leaflet veins (not including the midvein) (0.03-) 0.06-0.08 (-0.12) mm wide; [inland sedimentary rock provinces: Ouachita Mountains of sw. AR and se. OK, or Cumberland/Eastern Highland Rim/Central Basin of ec. TN]. | |||||
Clematis | Leaflet undersurface usually densely puberulent (occasionally glabrous or sparsely puberulent); leaflets elliptic-oblong to rotund, occasionally ovate, with generally rounded apices; leaflets coriaceous; raised reticulate venation forming a densely concentrated network, the average closed areole area (0.19-) 0.33-0.46 (-1.22) mm2; widest adaxial leaflet veins (not including the midvein) (0.07-) 0.11-0.14 (-0.21) mm wide; [West Gulf Coastal Plain of sw. AR, w. LA, and e. TX] | Leaflet undersurface usually densely puberulent (occasionally glabrous or sparsely puberulent); leaflets elliptic-oblong to rotund, occasionally ovate, with generally rounded apices; leaflets coriaceous; raised reticulate venation forming a densely concentrated network, the average closed areole area (0.19-) 0.33-0.46 (-1.22) mm2; widest adaxial leaflet veins (not including the midvein) (0.07-) 0.11-0.14 (-0.21) mm wide; [West Gulf Coastal Plain of sw. AR, w. LA, and e. TX] | |||||
Bignoniaceae | Leaflets 1.3-5× as long as wide, the venation pinnate; leaf bases cordate, subcordate, auriculate, truncate, rounded, or cuneate; leaf apices abruptly to gradually acuminate; corollas red, orange, bright yellow, or pink; fruit linear or ellipsoid, > 6× as long as wide, the surface smooth; tendrils narrowing to pointed tips. | Leaflets 1.3-5× as long as wide, the venation pinnate; leaf bases cordate, subcordate, auriculate, truncate, rounded, or cuneate; leaf apices abruptly to gradually acuminate; corollas red, orange, bright yellow, or pink; fruit linear or ellipsoid, > 6× as long as wide, the surface smooth; tendrils narrowing to pointed tips. | |||||
Bignoniaceae | Leaflets <1.5× as long as wide, the venation subpalmate (usually with 5 veins palmate or nearly so at the blade base); leaf bases cordate to subcordate; leaf apices abruptly acuminate; corollas white or cream, with a yellow throat; fruit ellipsoid, 1.5-2.5× as long as wide, the surface strongly echinate; tendrils terminating in expanded adhesive disks | Leaflets <1.5× as long as wide, the venation subpalmate (usually with 5 veins palmate or nearly so at the blade base); leaf bases cordate to subcordate; leaf apices abruptly acuminate; corollas white or cream, with a yellow throat; fruit ellipsoid, 1.5-2.5× as long as wide, the surface strongly echinate; tendrils terminating in expanded adhesive disks | |||||
Rudbeckia | Blades of basal leaves 15-60 cm long, 2-8 cm wide, avg. 7× as long as wide; paleae 5-6 mm long, the apices acute to acuminate; achenes 3-5.5 mm long; [native of pitcherplant bogs and wet flatwoods of e. GA and ne. FL west to s. AL] | ||||||
Rudbeckia | Blades of basal leaves 15-50 cm long, 3-9 cm wide, avg. 5× as long as wide; paleae 6-8 mm long, the apices acute; achenes 5-7.5 mm long;; [native of coastal prairies and wetlands in LA and TX] | ||||||
Rayjacksonia | Heads essentially sessile, often surpassed by distal leaves that continue to very base of heads; phyllaries subequal, 1.3-1.7 mm wide, their apices erect to spreading; [Gulf Coastal Plain]. | Heads essentially sessile, often surpassed by distal leaves that continue to very base of heads; phyllaries subequal, 1.3-1.7 mm wide, their apices erect to spreading; [Gulf Coastal Plain]. | |||||
Rayjacksonia | Heads on short, leafless or bracteate peduncles, not surpassed by distal leaves; phyllaries strongly unequal, ca. 0.9-1 mm wide, their apices broadly spreading to squarrose; [ec. OK westwards] | ||||||
Linum | Perennials; styles 2-12 mm; capsule apices acute | ||||||
Linum | Annuals; styles 1-3 mm; capsule apices obtuse | ||||||
Rhododendron | Leaf apices mostly acute to acuminate; leaves mostly 6-11 cm long, 2.0-4.0 cm wide, flat or only slightly revolute; petioles (5-) 6-20 mm long; branches spreading, not notably erect and rigid; seeds somewhat ornamented at one end; [c. GA northward]. | ||||||
Rhododendron | Leaf apices mostly obtuse to rounded; leaves mostly 4.5-6.0 cm long, 1.7-2.4 cm wide, in the sun clearly revolute; petioles 2-6 (-7) mm long; branches erect and rigid; seeds moderately to elaborately ornamented with flared protrusions at both ends; [n. FL] | ||||||
Lygodesmia | Involucres 10-16 mm long; phyllary apices not appendaged; corollas 18-20 mm long, ligules 3-4 mm wide; cypselae 6-10 mm long; pappi 6-9 mm long | ||||||
Lygodesmia | Involucres 14-25 mm long; phyllary apices appendaged; corollas 30-40 mm long, ligules 4-6 mm wide; cypselae 11-17 mm long; pappi 10-18 mm long. | ||||||
Gutierrezia | Stems glabrous; cypsela hair apices acute; pappi of scales or absent. | ||||||
Xanthisma | Inner phyllaries (at least) stalklike below and enlarged into an ovate to orbiculate or elliptic blade, 2-5 mm wide; phyllary apices acuminate to obtuse or broadly rounded, not bristle-tipped; [section Xanthisma]. | Inner phyllaries (at least) stalklike below and enlarged into an ovate to orbiculate or elliptic blade, 2-5 mm wide; phyllary apices acuminate to obtuse or broadly rounded, not bristle-tipped; [section Xanthisma]. | |||||
Xanthisma | Phyllaries not markedly expanded above, linear to broadly oblong or lanceolate, 1-2 mm wide; phyllary apices narrowly obtuse to long-attenuate, usually bristle-tipped; [section Sideranthus]. | Phyllaries not markedly expanded above, linear to broadly oblong or lanceolate, 1-2 mm wide; phyllary apices narrowly obtuse to long-attenuate, usually bristle-tipped; [section Sideranthus]. | |||||
Liatris | Phyllary apices white to cream or light yellow | ||||||
Liatris | Phyllary apices lavender to pink or magenta | ||||||
Liatris | Corms depressed-globose, flat or rounded at the base; phyllary apices white to cream or light yellow (rarely lavender to pink or magenta); [e. TX, from c. Bastrop County and Travis County northeastwards] | ||||||
Liatris | Corms elongate and tapering downwards (napiform or turnip-like); phyllary apices lavender to pink or magenta; [s. and se. TX, from s. Bastrop County, Fayette County, and Calhoun County southwestwards]. | ||||||
Liatris | Phyllary apices spreading to recurving, many or most spreading at more than 30 degrees from the axis of the head; colored portions of the phyllaries either white to cream or light yellow or lavender to pink or magenta; [e., se., and s. TX]. | Phyllary apices spreading to recurving, many or most spreading at more than 30 degrees from the axis of the head; colored portions of the phyllaries either white to cream or light yellow or lavender to pink or magenta; [e., se., and s. TX]. | |||||
Liatris | Phyllary apices loosely erect, few if any diverging > 30 degrees from the axis of the head; colored portions of the phyllaries lavender to pink or magenta (rarely mainly green with whitish margins); [widespread in w. and s. AR, e. and se. OK, w. LA, and e. TX] | Phyllary apices loosely erect, few if any diverging > 30 degrees from the axis of the head; colored portions of the phyllaries lavender to pink or magenta (rarely mainly green with whitish margins); [widespread in w. and s. AR, e. and se. OK, w. LA, and e. TX] | |||||
Eugenia | Twigs puberulent with pale, recurved or erect hairs to 0.4 mm long; leaf blades widest at or past their midpoints (elliptic to obovate or oblanceolate); leaf apices obtuse to rounded | Twigs puberulent with pale, recurved or erect hairs to 0.4 mm long; leaf blades widest at or past their midpoints (elliptic to obovate or oblanceolate); leaf apices obtuse to rounded | |||||
Eugenia | Twigs glabrous or glabrate (hairs, if present at all, widely scattered); leaf blades widest at or below their midpoints (elliptic to ovate); leaf apices acute, acuminate, to attenuate-caudate. | ||||||
Paronychia | Sepal lobes with a long (0.5-2.1+ mm long) awn attached at or below their apices. | ||||||
Paronychia | Leaf apices not conspicuously mucronate (if submucronate as in P. lindheimeri, then leaves also linear to filiform), but otherwise obtuse, acute, or minutely cuspidate; leaves linear or subulate, 0.3-1 mm wide, 10-20+× as long as wide; [west of the Mississippi River, or disjunct eastwards in the inland provinces of AL, GA, VA, WV, MD, and DC]. | Leaf apices not conspicuously mucronate (if submucronate as in P. lindheimeri, then leaves also linear to filiform), but otherwise obtuse, acute, or minutely cuspidate; leaves linear or subulate, 0.3-1 mm wide, 10-20+× as long as wide; [west of the Mississippi River, or disjunct eastwards in the inland provinces of AL, GA, VA, WV, MD, and DC]. | |||||
Paronychia | Leaf apices conspicuously mucronate; leaves elliptic to ovate or spatulate, 1-6 mm wide, 2-4× as long as wide; [Coastal Plain of NC, SC, GA, AL, and FL] | ||||||
Sageretia | Leaf apices acute to acuminate; primary axes of inflorescences 5-15 cm long, glabrous | ||||||
Sageretia | Leaf apices acute to obtuse or wounded; primary axes of inflorescences 2-5 cm long, puberulent | ||||||
Manihot | Leaf lobe apices acute, obtuse, or rounded | ||||||
Manihot | Leaf lobe apices acuminate | ||||||
Orchidaceae | Leaf not long petiolate, orbicular; lateral sepals reflexed or slightly spreading without long acuminate apices, rather, typically blunt or rounded; [widespread; NC and TN northward] | ||||||
Orchidaceae | Leaf not long petiolate, orbicular; lateral sepals reflexed or slightly spreading without long acuminate apices, rather, typically blunt or rounded; [widespread; NC and TN northward] | ||||||
Orchidaceae | Leaf long petiolate, lanceolate-elliptic; lateral sepals conspicuously spreading with long acuminate apices; [s. FL] | ||||||
Orchidaceae | Leaf long petiolate, lanceolate-elliptic; lateral sepals conspicuously spreading with long acuminate apices; [s. FL] | ||||||
Platanthera | Anther sacs oriented upright, the apices parallel and not almost touching; lateral petals and lip greenish-white; lip slightly dilated at base; flowers with sweet fragrance; plants to 100 cm tall | ||||||
Platanthera | Anther sacs oriented horizontally from one another, the apices almost touching; lateral petals and lip green; lip not dilated at base; flowers essentially scentless; plants to 60 cm tall | Anther sacs oriented horizontally from one another, the apices almost touching; lateral petals and lip green; lip not dilated at base; flowers essentially scentless; plants to 60 cm tall | |||||
Cyperus | Spikelets mostly broader, not filiform distally; scales apices reaching or exceeding the base of the next scale on the same side of the rachilla; rachilla wings present or absent. | ||||||
Cyperus | Scales acute, midrib not notably projecting, apices not excurved; plants erect, rhizomatous, stoloniferous, cormose-based, or cespitose perennials, vegetative parts not viscid, leaves plane or V-shaped (cuspidate perennial species also keyed above). | ||||||
Cyperus | Longest inflorescence bract vertical, appearing as a continuation of the culm; scales with stout, excurved, mucronate apices at most 0.3 mm long; scales with 1 central keel, bicarinate in the basal 1/3, otherwise nerveless or with 2 obscure lateral ribs; [subgenus Pycnostachys, section Luzuloidei] | ||||||
Cyperus | Scales yellowish green or straw-colored, sometimes with an orange tinge, apices incurved to straight; stems and rays scabridulous with retrorse prickles, rough to the touch (rarely with only a few prickles); spikelet clusters mostly loosely and irregularly fasciculate. | Scales yellowish green or straw-colored, sometimes with an orange tinge, apices incurved to straight; stems and rays scabridulous with retrorse prickles, rough to the touch (rarely with only a few prickles); spikelet clusters mostly loosely and irregularly fasciculate. | |||||
Cyperus | Spikelets lanceolate to linear, usually > 5 mm long, heads usually looser; achenes narrowly to broadly ovoid or ellipsoid, not falcate, < 4× as long as wide; scales ovate to lanceolate, to 2 (-2.3) mm long, apices straight to incurved (excurved in C. eragrostis). | ||||||
Cyperus | Spikelets elliptic to orbiculate-ovate, ≤ 5 mm long, very densely packed in subglobose, lobulate heads; achenes linear, 4-5× as long as wide, falcate; scales oblong-spatulate, (1.5-) 2-2.5 mm long, apices often excurved | ||||||
Fabaceae | Leaflets (2-) 4-8 cm long, 0.8-1.5 cm wide, 5-6× as long as wide; leaflet apices acute to obtuse; fruits not flanged or winged | ||||||
Fabaceae | Leaflets 6-14 cm long, 4-10 cm wide, 1-1.3× as long as wide; leaflet apices strongly acuminate; fruits with a flange or wing along the ventral suture | ||||||
Rubus | Leaves softly pubescent beneath, usually with prickles on the midveins of the leaflets; canes with many and strong prickles; leaflets of the primocanes with acute to acuminate apices | ||||||
Rubus | Leaves glabrous (or very nearly so) beneath, sometimes with prickles on the midveins of the leaflets; canes with at most few and weak prickles; leaflets of the primocanes with attenuate to caudate apices | ||||||
Rubus | Primocane leaves with central leaflets acute to short-acuminate; inflorescences widened towards their apices | ||||||
Condalia | Leaf apices variable (on a plant), at least some acute; leaf blades (excluding the 3-10 mm long attenuated 'petiole') 5-11 (-21) mm long, 2.5-6 (-10) mm wide | ||||||
Condalia | Leaf apices consistently rounded to truncate or emarginate; leaf blades (excluding the 3-10 mm long attenuated 'petiole') (10-) 15-20 (-31) mm long, (5-) 9-12 (-19) mm wide | Leaf apices consistently rounded to truncate or emarginate; leaf blades (excluding the 3-10 mm long attenuated 'petiole') (10-) 15-20 (-31) mm long, (5-) 9-12 (-19) mm wide | |||||
Clematis | Inflorescence short-pendulous; inflorescence cymose-paniculate (3-7-flowered); foliose bracts positioned at the base of the peduncle; sepals solidly colored, the sepal exterior dusky purple, the interior the same color; sepal apices long-reflexed, the sepal body cylindrical/conic. | Inflorescence short-pendulous; inflorescence cymose-paniculate (3-7-flowered); foliose bracts positioned at the base of the peduncle; sepals solidly colored, the sepal exterior dusky purple, the interior the same color; sepal apices long-reflexed, the sepal body cylindrical/conic. | |||||
Clematis | Inflorescence long-arcuate; inflorescence of a solitary flower borne in the leaf axil; foliose bracts positioned 1/4 to 1/2 the way up the peduncle from its base; sepals bicolored, the sepal exterior red, the interior white; sepal apices short-reflexed, the sepal body broadly ovoid. | ||||||
Amphiachyris | Plants typically 20-40 cm tall; leaves 0.2-1 (-2) mm wide; flowering heads arranged in open panicles (heads sometimes borne singly at branch apices); cypselae 4-6 ribbed | ||||||
Moeroris | Pistillate nectaries deeply 6-9-lobed; styles ascending to erect; ultimate branchlets scabridulous; stems usually angled; leaf apices rounded; [subgenus Swartziani] | Pistillate nectaries deeply 6-9-lobed; styles ascending to erect; ultimate branchlets scabridulous; stems usually angled; leaf apices rounded; [subgenus Swartziani] | |||||
Moeroris | Pistillate nectaries subentire; styles ± appressed; ultimate branchlets smooth or essentially so; main stems not conspicuously angled; leaf apices acute to narrowly obtuse; [subgenus Moeroris] | Pistillate nectaries subentire; styles ± appressed; ultimate branchlets smooth or essentially so; main stems not conspicuously angled; leaf apices acute to narrowly obtuse; [subgenus Moeroris] | |||||
Pilea | Leaf apices acuminate; leaves usually variegated with silver and/or brown | ||||||
Pilea | Leaf apices rounded; leaves green, not variegated | Leaf apices rounded; leaves green, not variegated | |||||
Malpighia | Leaf apices acuminate (to acute); sepal glands 6 (very rarely 7-10, and then the 'extra' glands much reduced) | ||||||
Malpighia | Leaf apices rounded, obtuse, or emarginate (notched); sepal glands 7-10 | ||||||
Pyrola | Calyx lobes ovate, ovate-oblong, or obovate, apices obtuse to acute; petals white, often suffused with pink; [NC and e. TN northwards] | ||||||
Pyrola | Calyx lobes ovate, ovate-oblong, or obovate, apices obtuse to acute; petals white, often suffused with pink; [NC and e. TN northwards] | ||||||
Pyrola | Calyx lobes triangular, apices acute to acuminate; petals white proximally and pinkish distally, or pink to purplish red throughout; [NY (Long Island) northwards] | Calyx lobes triangular, apices acute to acuminate; petals white proximally and pinkish distally, or pink to purplish red throughout; [NY (Long Island) northwards] | |||||
Brickellia | Outer and middle phyllaries graduate in length, with apices apices appressed, acute to short-acuminate, similar to the inner. | ||||||
Brickellia | Outer and middle phyllaries often nearly equaling the inner in length, with apices long-attenuate into falcate or twisted, filiform tips | Outer and middle phyllaries often nearly equaling the inner in length, with apices long-attenuate into falcate or twisted, filiform tips | |||||
Brickellia | Outer and middle phyllaries graduated in length, with apices appressed, acute to short-acuminate | ||||||
Brickellia | Outer and middle phyllaries often nearly equaling the inner in length, with apices long-attenuate into loose and spreading, falcate or twisted, filiform tips | ||||||
Argentina | Epicalyx equal to calyx; epicalyx bract apices 2-fid or dentate; flowers 1-1.5 (-2) cm in diameter; carpels (10-) 20-60 | ||||||
Euphorbia | Stems 6-13 cm tall; leaf blades linear to slightly lanceolate, apices acute; dichasial bracts broadly ovate-lanceolate, bases rounded; seeds 1.4-1.5 × 1-1.1 mm, the surfaces with irregular, not obviously concave depressions; [Jim Hogg, Kenedy counties, TX] | ||||||
Euphorbia | Stems 10-22 cm tall; leaf blades linear-oblanceolate, apices rounded; dichasial bracts reniform-ovate to subdeltate-ovate, bases truncate; seeds 1.6-1.7 × 1.1-1.3 mm, the surfaces with regular concave depressions; [Atascosa, Bexar, Wilson counties, TX]. | ||||||
Eleocharis | Spikelet mostly broadly ovoid (sometimes ellipsoid/lanceoloid), apex usually rounded (sometimes acute); scales elliptic with rounded apices; tubercle 0.7-0.9 mm wide; styles 2-fid AND 3-fid; culms 3-50(-90) cm long; [widespread e. and w. of MS river] | ||||||
Eleocharis | Spikelet narrowly lanceoloid, apex acute; scales ovate with acute apices; styles 2-fid only; tubercle 0.5-0.7 mm wide; culms typically 20-35 cm long; [west of MS river, disjunct and rare in TN] | ||||||
Eleocharis | Proximal scale with subacute to acute apex, the scale ovate or lanceolate, the tip free; scale apices attenuate to acute throughout spikelet; perianth bristles vestigial to equaling achene or sometimes absent; tubercles pyramidal, semicircular, or birettaform; culms 2-40 cm long. | ||||||
Eleocharis | Proximal scale with rounded apex, the scale elliptic or lanceolate, the tip appressed; scale apices rounded throughout spikelet; perianth bristles shorter than achene or absent; tubercle birettaform (with 3-4 small peaks; resembling a biretta); culms 7-37 cm long | ||||||
Potamogeton | Leaves 0.2-2.5 mm wide, usually green colored, with apices obtuse, apiculate, or acute; fruits rounded, without keels; [widespread in US, throughout our flora region]. | ||||||
Potamogeton | Leaves 1-3.5 mm wide, often reddish-brown colored, with rounded or slightly apiculate apices; fruits with abaxial or lateral keels; [ne. PA, n. NJ, northward] | ||||||
Ipomoea | Leaves (the larger) 3-7-lobed, the lobe apices rounded, truncate, or emarginate; [plant of dunes and beaches] | ||||||
Ipomoea | Sepals more-or-less equal in length, oblong-lanceolate, with acuminate apices; leaves 2-5 cm wide; [native, widespread in the southern portion of our region, especially in the Coastal Plain]. | Sepals more-or-less equal in length, oblong-lanceolate, with acuminate apices; leaves 2-5 cm wide; [native, widespread in the southern portion of our region, especially in the Coastal Plain]. | |||||
Ipomoea | Sepals unequal in length, oblong-ovate, with acute to caudate apices; leaves mostly 10-15 cm wide; [cultivated, rarely persistent] | ||||||
Eleocharis | Scale apices subacute to acute throughout (sometimes a few obscurely rounded), typically with red-tinging on the scale margins; proximal scale free (i.e. not tightly appressed to basal scales); tubercle pyramidal, semicircular, or birettaform; bristles 0.2-1.0 mm long (shorter than or equaling achene, rarely absent) | Scale apices subacute to acute throughout (sometimes a few obscurely rounded), typically with red-tinging on the scale margins; proximal scale free (i.e. not tightly appressed to basal scales); tubercle pyramidal, semicircular, or birettaform; bristles 0.2-1.0 mm long (shorter than or equaling achene, rarely absent) | |||||
Eleocharis | Scale apices rounded throughout, typically more uniform white-colored; proximal scale tip appressed to basal scales; tubercle birettaform; bristles to 0.3 mm long (distinctly shorter than achene) or absent | ||||||
Sphenopholis | Spikelets pedicellate; if awns present, then arising from just below the lemma apices; lemma apices bifid or not; plants usually perennial, rarely winter annuals. | Spikelets pedicellate; if awns present, then arising from just below the lemma apices; lemma apices bifid or not; plants usually perennial, rarely winter annuals. | |||||
Sphenopholis | Spikelets often in pairs with one subsessile and one pedicellate floret (or a mix of both if 3 florets present within a spikelet); awns of the lemma arising from midway to just below the lemma apices; lemma apices bifid; plants annual | ||||||
Koeleria | Awns of the lemmas 3-8 mm long (therefore conspicuous and not merely a minute midvein extension), bent or geniculate and often basally-twisted and exceeding lemma apices; lemma apices bifid or bicuspidate; spikelets 5-7.5 mm long; ligule 0.5-4 mm long; [cool, moist northern sites, rare and disjunct in high elevation areas s. to VA] | Awns of the lemmas 3-8 mm long (therefore conspicuous and not merely a minute midvein extension), bent or geniculate and often basally-twisted and exceeding lemma apices; lemma apices bifid or bicuspidate; spikelets 5-7.5 mm long; ligule 0.5-4 mm long; [cool, moist northern sites, rare and disjunct in high elevation areas s. to VA] | |||||
Koeleria | Awns of the lemmas 1 mm long, essentially a minute prolonged extension of the lemma midvein; lemma apices acute; spikelets 2.5-6.5 mm long; ligule 0.5-2 mm long; [upland prairies, glades, other often dry to mesic, sandy habitats; primarily midwestern, scattered further south and east] | ||||||
Poaceae | Awns of the lemmas 2-8 mm long, therefore conspicuous and not merely a minute midvein extension, bent or geniculate and often basally-twisted and exceeding lemma apices; lemma apices bifid or bicuspidate. | Awns of the lemmas 2-8 mm long, therefore conspicuous and not merely a minute midvein extension, bent or geniculate and often basally-twisted and exceeding lemma apices; lemma apices bifid or bicuspidate. | |||||
Poaceae | Awns of the lemmas 1 mm long, essentially a minute prolonged extension of the lemma midvein; lemma apices acute | ||||||
Rumex | Tubercles oblong-ovate with obtuse apices, similar in width to inner tepals (excluding the marginal teeth), cream to white-yellow (on fresh plants); teeth of inner tepal margins ± equal to inner tepal width; [rare, saline-influenced coastal wetlands, Long Island (historical) northward] | ||||||
Rumex | Tubercles linear-lanceolate to fusiform with acute to subacute apices, ½ the width of the inner tepals (excluding the marginal teeth), brown to red-brown (on fresh plants); teeth of inner tepal margins 1.5-2.5x as long as inner tepal width; [scattered throughout our area] | ||||||
Salix | Leaf abaxial surface thickly or conspicuously glaucous, sometimes densely obscured by short-silky hairs; leaf margins usually a mix of crenate, crenulate, or serrulate teeth, the apices acute, acuminate or convex; petioles convex, flat, or shallowly grooved; branches highly brittle; [sandy or cobbly river and lake shores, swamps, ditches, fens, other various habitats] | Leaf abaxial surface thickly or conspicuously glaucous, sometimes densely obscured by short-silky hairs; leaf margins usually a mix of crenate, crenulate, or serrulate teeth, the apices acute, acuminate or convex; petioles convex, flat, or shallowly grooved; branches highly brittle; [sandy or cobbly river and lake shores, swamps, ditches, fens, other various habitats] | |||||
Salix | Leaf abaxial surface thinly glaucous; leaf margins consistently serrate, the apices acuminate, caudate or acute; petioles deeply grooved; branches flexible and sometimes brittle; [plants of rich alkaline wetlands] | ||||||
Salix | Stipule apices acute or acuminate; mature leaves glabrous or pilose abaxially, usually strongly glaucous; leaf apices usually acute, sometimes rounded or short-acuminate; leaf margins usually crenulate or crenulate-serrulate; floral bracts 1.5-3 mm long (avg. 1.8 mm), with straight hairs; anthers 0.52-0.76 mm long; styles 0.5-1.3 mm long; [PA northward, section Hastatae] | Stipule apices acute or acuminate; mature leaves glabrous or pilose abaxially, usually strongly glaucous; leaf apices usually acute, sometimes rounded or short-acuminate; leaf margins usually crenulate or crenulate-serrulate; floral bracts 1.5-3 mm long (avg. 1.8 mm), with straight hairs; anthers 0.52-0.76 mm long; styles 0.5-1.3 mm long; [PA northward, section Hastatae] | |||||
Salix | Stipule apices rounded or acute; mature leaves glabrous or glabrescent abaxially; leaf apices usually acute or acuminate (occasionally rounded); leaf margins serrate or serrulate; floral bracts 0.8-1.5 mm long, with wavy pubescence; anthers 0.4-0.64 mm long; styles 0.3-0.6 mm long; [widespread, section Cordatae] | Stipule apices rounded or acute; mature leaves glabrous or glabrescent abaxially; leaf apices usually acute or acuminate (occasionally rounded); leaf margins serrate or serrulate; floral bracts 0.8-1.5 mm long, with wavy pubescence; anthers 0.4-0.64 mm long; styles 0.3-0.6 mm long; [widespread, section Cordatae] | |||||
Paronychia | Sepal apices mucronate; sepals not forming a broadly rounded or dilated hood. Pubescent portion of the sepal <1/3 its length; sepals narrowed toward the apex, with a short tooth or awn; stem uniformly pubescent with retrorse hairs. | ||||||
Paronychia | Sepal apices not mucronate, instead broadly rounded or truncate; sepals forming a broadly rounded or dilated hood; CHECK THIS BUT: Pubescent portion of the sepal nearly ½ its length; sepals broadly rounded and hooded; stem glabrous to glabrate, finely retrorse-pubescent, or one side with curly hairs. | Sepal apices not mucronate, instead broadly rounded or truncate; sepals forming a broadly rounded or dilated hood; CHECK THIS BUT: Pubescent portion of the sepal nearly ½ its length; sepals broadly rounded and hooded; stem glabrous to glabrate, finely retrorse-pubescent, or one side with curly hairs. | |||||
Linum | Inner sepals conspicuously glandular-toothed; leaf apices minutely apiculate (and translucent); leaves relatively translucent, [widespread in our region] | Inner sepals conspicuously glandular-toothed; leaf apices minutely apiculate (and translucent); leaves relatively translucent, [widespread in our region] | |||||
Linum | Inner sepals sparsely glandular-toothed (or entire); leaf apices obtuse, opaque; leaf blade relatively opaque; [questionably present in n. PA northwards] | ||||||
Selaginella | Megaspores 0.33-0.40 mm in diameter, shiny, more loosely reticulated; apices of median leaves long-attenuate to bristled, veined, the apices frequently recurved; lateral leaves ca. 1-2 mm × 0.5-1.3 mm | ||||||
Selaginella | Megaspores 0.29-0.35 (-0.38) mm in diameter, dull, closely reticulated; apices of median leaves acute to attenuated, usually keeled but with vein not extending almost to tip; lateral leaves 1.4-2.2 mm × 0.8-1.3 mm | ||||||
Cactaceae | Plants mat-forming, spine sheaths deciduous only at apices of spines to expose the spine tips | ||||||
Senega | Flowers bright yellow or yellowish-green; plants 3-18 cm tall; inflorescence typically surpassing the leaves; leaves oblanceolate to obovate (rarely elliptic); wing sepal tips 0.7-1.6 mm long, the apices involute; [mesic to scrubby flatwoods and similar open, wet habitats; widespread in se. US] | Flowers bright yellow or yellowish-green; plants 3-18 cm tall; inflorescence typically surpassing the leaves; leaves oblanceolate to obovate (rarely elliptic); wing sepal tips 0.7-1.6 mm long, the apices involute; [mesic to scrubby flatwoods and similar open, wet habitats; widespread in se. US] | |||||
Canavalia | Leaflet apices obtuse; lower calyx lip with central lobe longer than the acute or subacute lateral lobes; seeds brown to dark olive, or white to off-white. | ||||||
Canavalia | Leaflet apices acuminate; lower calyx lip with central lobe equaling the obtuse lateral lobes; seeds red to red-brown (rarely white). | ||||||
Urochloa | Spikelets solitary, in 2 rows, the apices acute or rounded; glumes 0.3-0.5 mm apart; leaf blades 3-10 mm wide | ||||||
Urochloa | Spikelets paired, in 2-4 rows, the apices abruptly acuminate; glumes not spaced apart; leaf blades 7-20 mm wide | ||||||
Symphyotrichum | Phyllary apices spinose, either tightly involute or tipped with a white spine; flowers white (except S. kentuckiense). | ||||||
Asteraceae | Receptacles fungiform to obovoid (0.4-1.6× as tall as the diameter); most pistillate paleae ± saccate, each ± enclosing a floret, apices blunt; innermost paleae spreading in fruit; cypselae dimorphic (the outer longer than the inner) | Receptacles fungiform to obovoid (0.4-1.6× as tall as the diameter); most pistillate paleae ± saccate, each ± enclosing a floret, apices blunt; innermost paleae spreading in fruit; cypselae dimorphic (the outer longer than the inner) | |||||
Asteraceae | Receptacles cylindric to clavate (5-15× as tall as the diameter); most pistillate paleae open to ± folded (at most each enfolding, not enclosing a floret; apices acuminate to aristate); innermost paleae erect to ascending in fruit; cypselae mono- morphic (the outer ± equaling the inner) | ||||||
Asteraceae | Paleae of the bisexual flowers saccate, each enclosing a floret, apices 2-fid or 3-fid; cypselae (at least the outer) strigose; [se. Texas] | ||||||
Asteraceae | Paleae of the bisexual or staminate flowers flat to concave, not enclosing florets, apices entire; cypselae glabrous; [mainly west of the Mississippi River, rarely east (as in MS, AL, GA, and SC] | ||||||
Asteraceae | Heads ovoid, 10-21 mm long; flowers 15-40 mm long, with long, narrow lobes; phyllaries >30, in 6+ series, and the apices often with a fringe of appendages and/or a spine tip; basal and lower stem leaves usually pinnately lobed (to entire and unlobed); [widespread in our region, especially northwards] | Heads ovoid, 10-21 mm long; flowers 15-40 mm long, with long, narrow lobes; phyllaries >30, in 6+ series, and the apices often with a fringe of appendages and/or a spine tip; basal and lower stem leaves usually pinnately lobed (to entire and unlobed); [widespread in our region, especially northwards] | |||||
Asteraceae | Receptacles obovoid (0.4-1.6× as tall as the diameter); most paleae of pistillate flowers ± saccate, each ± enclosing a floret, apices blunt; innermost paleae spreading in fruit; cypselae dimorphic (the outer longer than the inner) | Receptacles obovoid (0.4-1.6× as tall as the diameter); most paleae of pistillate flowers ± saccate, each ± enclosing a floret, apices blunt; innermost paleae spreading in fruit; cypselae dimorphic (the outer longer than the inner) | |||||
Asteraceae | Receptacles cylindric to clavate (5-15× as tall as the diameter); most paleae of pistillate flowers open to ± folded (at most each enfolding, not enclosing a floret; apices acuminate to aristate); innermost paleae erect to ascending in fruit; cypselae monomorphic (the outer ± equaling the inner) | Receptacles cylindric to clavate (5-15× as tall as the diameter); most paleae of pistillate flowers open to ± folded (at most each enfolding, not enclosing a floret; apices acuminate to aristate); innermost paleae erect to ascending in fruit; cypselae monomorphic (the outer ± equaling the inner) |
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