Flora of the Southeastern United States

Tofieldiaceae

Bracts of the inflorescence large, spathe-like, acuminate-aristate at the tip; tepals 9-17 mm long; stamens (6-) 9 (-12)

Bracts of the inflorescence large, spathe-like, acuminate-aristate at the tip; tepals 9-17 mm long; stamens (6-) 9 (-12)

Tofieldiaceae

Bracts of the inflorescence large, spathe-like, acuminate-aristate at the tip; tepals 9-17 mm long; stamens (6-) 9 (-12)

Bracts of the inflorescence large, spathe-like, acuminate-aristate at the tip; tepals 9-17 mm long; stamens (6-) 9 (-12)

Carex

Perigynia (4.5-) avg. 5.6 (-7) mm long, broadest near the middle, tapering with concave sides to a short beak lacking a hyaline tip; pistillate scales acute to acuminate (the lowest sometimes aristate); [of dry to moist upland forests and openings in the Mountains]

Perigynia (4.5-) avg. 5.6 (-7) mm long, broadest near the middle, tapering with concave sides to a short beak lacking a hyaline tip; pistillate scales acute to acuminate (the lowest sometimes aristate); [of dry to moist upland forests and openings in the Mountains]

Carex

Scales of the median portion of the staminate spike with acute-acuminate to aristate apices and with minute teeth usually present on the midrib; staminate spike (1.6-) 3.6-8.5 (-9.1) mm long with peduncles mostly 0.3-1.9 mm, exceeding uppermost pistillate spikes by 1.1-5.9 mm; culms lax to erect, often shorter than and curving under the leaves; [mostly of acid, sandy soils of the Coastal Plain]

Scales of the median portion of the staminate spike with acute-acuminate to aristate apices and with minute teeth usually present on the midrib; staminate spike (1.6-) 3.6-8.5 (-9.1) mm long with peduncles mostly 0.3-1.9 mm, exceeding uppermost pistillate spikes by 1.1-5.9 mm; culms lax to erect, often shorter than and curving under the leaves; [mostly of acid, sandy soils of the Coastal Plain]

Rhynchospora

Largest basal leaves 2.5-3 mm wide, eciliate, not rosulate; scales aristate, the midrib eciliate; bristles 3-4, 1 or more equaling or exceeding the tubercle; achenes (1.4-) 1.5-1.7 (-1.9) mm long; [rare, s. GA, disjunct in se. SC]

Largest basal leaves 2.5-3 mm wide, eciliate, not rosulate; scales aristate, the midrib eciliate; bristles 3-4, 1 or more equaling or exceeding the tubercle; achenes (1.4-) 1.5-1.7 (-1.9) mm long; [rare, s. GA, disjunct in se. SC]

Rhynchospora

Largest basal leaves 2.5-3 mm wide, eciliate, not rosulate; scales aristate, the midrib eciliate; bristles 3-4, 1 or more equaling or exceeding the tubercle; achenes (1.4-) 1.5-1.7 (-1.9) mm long; [rare, s. GA, disjunct in se. SC]

Largest basal leaves 2.5-3 mm wide, eciliate, not rosulate; scales aristate, the midrib eciliate; bristles 3-4, 1 or more equaling or exceeding the tubercle; achenes (1.4-) 1.5-1.7 (-1.9) mm long; [rare, s. GA, disjunct in se. SC]

Robinia

Leaflets usually 13-21, permanently but inconspicuously appressed-pubescent beneath; bracts (evident only before anthesis) aristate; plants never with long, hispid pubescence.

Leaflets usually 13-21, permanently but inconspicuously appressed-pubescent beneath; bracts (evident only before anthesis) aristate; plants never with long, hispid pubescence.

Robinia

Leaflets usually 9-13, initially appressed-silky but later glabrate beneath; bracts (evident only before anthesis) not aristate; plants with or without sparse, long, hispid pubescence.

Leaflets usually 9-13, initially appressed-silky but later glabrate beneath; bracts (evident only before anthesis) not aristate; plants with or without sparse, long, hispid pubescence.

Pyracantha

Leaf blades widest near the middle (elliptic, oblong, or oblong-obovate); leaf apices obtuse, apiculate, or aristate; leaf undersurface glaucescent

Leaf blades widest near the middle (elliptic, oblong, or oblong-obovate); leaf apices obtuse, apiculate, or aristate; leaf undersurface glaucescent

Rhexia

Calyx lobes acuminate-aristate; hypanthium nearly glabrous except along the calyx lobes; surface of seeds pebbled; [widespread in the Coastal Plain from se. VA southward to s. FL and west to e. TX, and rarely inland]

Calyx lobes acuminate-aristate; hypanthium nearly glabrous except along the calyx lobes; surface of seeds pebbled; [widespread in the Coastal Plain from se. VA southward to s. FL and west to e. TX, and rarely inland]

Rhexia

Sepal lobes aristate, the awn-tip 0.5-1.5 mm long, and also with flaring, yellowish, stiff hairs 3-5 mm long

Sepal lobes aristate, the awn-tip 0.5-1.5 mm long, and also with flaring, yellowish, stiff hairs 3-5 mm long

Rhexia

Sepal lobes aristate, the awn-tip 0.5-1.5 mm long, and also with flaring, yellowish, stiff hairs 3-5 mm long

Sepal lobes aristate, the awn-tip 0.5-1.5 mm long, and also with flaring, yellowish, stiff hairs 3-5 mm long

Rhexia

Sepal lobes obtuse to acuminate, not aristate, the hairs shorter and not yellowish or stiff.

Sepal lobes obtuse to acuminate, not aristate, the hairs shorter and not yellowish or stiff.

Polygonella

Perennial, much-branched from near the distinctly woody base; leaves with hyaline margins toward the tip, persistent through fruiting; ocreae obtuse, acute, acuminate, or aristate-attenuate; achenes (0.7-) 0.8-1.0 (-1.2) mm wide.

Perennial, much-branched from near the distinctly woody base; leaves with hyaline margins toward the tip, persistent through fruiting; ocreae obtuse, acute, acuminate, or aristate-attenuate; achenes (0.7-) 0.8-1.0 (-1.2) mm wide.

Polygonella

Vernal leaves (larger leaves toward the base of the plant) 4-13 mm long, 0.5-1.2 (-2.1) mm wide, linear to linear-spatulate; leaf ocreae tips 1-1.5 mm long, acuminate to aristate-attenuate; floral ocreolae orange-reddish to orange-brownish throughout or pale distally, the pale portion no more than 1/5 the length of the ocreolae; longitudinal grooves evident in ocreolae

Vernal leaves (larger leaves toward the base of the plant) 4-13 mm long, 0.5-1.2 (-2.1) mm wide, linear to linear-spatulate; leaf ocreae tips 1-1.5 mm long, acuminate to aristate-attenuate; floral ocreolae orange-reddish to orange-brownish throughout or pale distally, the pale portion no more than 1/5 the length of the ocreolae; longitudinal grooves evident in ocreolae

Amaranthus

Tepals of the pistillate flowers long-aristate at the tip, usually reflexed outward; seeds 1.0-1.4 mm in diameter

Tepals of the pistillate flowers long-aristate at the tip, usually reflexed outward; seeds 1.0-1.4 mm in diameter

Amaranthus

Tepals of pistillate flowers acute, acuminate, or aristate at the tip; plants slightly pubescent when young, becoming glabrous or nearly so.

Tepals of pistillate flowers acute, acuminate, or aristate at the tip; plants slightly pubescent when young, becoming glabrous or nearly so.

Phlox

Calyx lobes with short glandular hairs, the tips aristate and somewhat reflexed.

Calyx lobes with short glandular hairs, the tips aristate and somewhat reflexed.

Rhododendron

Shrubs to 7 m tall; floral winter bud scales 15-20, at least the inner acute and aristate; corolla tube glabrous within, > 2× as long as the lobes; [primarily Coastal Plain]

Shrubs to 7 m tall; floral winter bud scales 15-20, at least the inner acute and aristate; corolla tube glabrous within, > 2× as long as the lobes; [primarily Coastal Plain]

Rhododendron

Shrubs to 7 m tall; floral winter bud scales 15-20, at least the inner acute and aristate; corolla tube glabrous within, > 2× as long as the lobes; [primarily Coastal Plain]

Shrubs to 7 m tall; floral winter bud scales 15-20, at least the inner acute and aristate; corolla tube glabrous within, > 2× as long as the lobes; [primarily Coastal Plain]

Acanthaceae

Calyx lobes linear-aristate; anther sacs awned or pointed at the base

Calyx lobes linear-aristate; anther sacs awned or pointed at the base

Pycnanthemum

Longer calyx lobes 1.5-5 mm long, attenuate-aristate, stiff, whitened; [Coastal Plain pinelands, rarely in Mountain bogs with Coastal Plain affinities].

Longer calyx lobes 1.5-5 mm long, attenuate-aristate, stiff, whitened; [Coastal Plain pinelands, rarely in Mountain bogs with Coastal Plain affinities].

Asteraceae

Pappus either of outer scales and inner bristles or entirely of aristate scales.

Pappus either of outer scales and inner bristles or entirely of aristate scales.

Asteraceae

Pappus either of outer scales and inner bristles or entirely of aristate scales.

Pappus either of outer scales and inner bristles or entirely of aristate scales.

Asteraceae

Pappus of aristate scales; leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate; plants annual

Pappus of aristate scales; leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate; plants annual

Asteraceae

Pappus absent, or of crowns (coroniform) or scales (the scales entire, erose, aristate, or occasionally lacerate, but ultimately with broadened bases compared to bristles).

Pappus absent, or of crowns (coroniform) or scales (the scales entire, erose, aristate, or occasionally lacerate, but ultimately with broadened bases compared to bristles).

Helenium

Disc flowers predominately 4-lobed and with 4 stamens; heads 5-50 (-80) per plant; pappus scales aristate

Disc flowers predominately 4-lobed and with 4 stamens; heads 5-50 (-80) per plant; pappus scales aristate

Helianthus

Leaf margins conspicuously undulate, the blades narrowly lanceolate to ovate (occasionally linear, if so, usually < 10 cm long), mostly 3-veined (at mid-stem); inflorescences usually with 1-6 heads; plants rhizomatous; pappus scales aristate; [wet habitats, s. SC southward]

Leaf margins conspicuously undulate, the blades narrowly lanceolate to ovate (occasionally linear, if so, usually < 10 cm long), mostly 3-veined (at mid-stem); inflorescences usually with 1-6 heads; plants rhizomatous; pappus scales aristate; [wet habitats, s. SC southward]

Helianthus

Leaf margins not conspicuously undulate, the blades linear to lanceolate, mostly with a single prominent mid vein (at mid stem, sometimes the lowest leaves 3-veined); inflorescences with 1-16+ heads; plants rhizomatous or not; pappus scales aristate or not; [habitats various, collectively widespread]

Leaf margins not conspicuously undulate, the blades linear to lanceolate, mostly with a single prominent mid vein (at mid stem, sometimes the lowest leaves 3-veined); inflorescences with 1-16+ heads; plants rhizomatous or not; pappus scales aristate or not; [habitats various, collectively widespread]

Lespedeza

Leaflets 1.3× as long as wide; calyx lobes aristate; [rare waif]

Leaflets 1.3× as long as wide; calyx lobes aristate; [rare waif]

Lespedeza

Leaves 1-1.3× as long as wide; calyx lobes aristate; [rare waif]

Leaves 1-1.3× as long as wide; calyx lobes aristate; [rare waif]

Bonnaya

Leaves sharply serrate, each serration aristate

Leaves sharply serrate, each serration aristate

Stachys

Calyx lobes aristate, with a linear tip 1-2 mm long.

Calyx lobes aristate, with a linear tip 1-2 mm long.

Primulaceae

Fruits 30-40 mm in diameter; seeds 9-11 mm long, flattened; leaves 2.5-4× as long as wide, widest near the midpoint, the apex acute to acuminate and also aristate; corollas yellow to orange or red

Fruits 30-40 mm in diameter; seeds 9-11 mm long, flattened; leaves 2.5-4× as long as wide, widest near the midpoint, the apex acute to acuminate and also aristate; corollas yellow to orange or red

Tetraneuris

Pappus scales aristate; leaves hairy; leaves of the middle stem (0.9-) 1.4-3 (-4.8) mm wide; involucres (7-) 8-11 (-12) mm in diameter

Pappus scales aristate; leaves hairy; leaves of the middle stem (0.9-) 1.4-3 (-4.8) mm wide; involucres (7-) 8-11 (-12) mm in diameter

Tetraneuris

Pappus scales not aristate; leaves densely hairy; leaves of the middle stem (2.5-) 3.9-9.5 (-16) mm wide; involucres 12-15 in diameter

Pappus scales not aristate; leaves densely hairy; leaves of the middle stem (2.5-) 3.9-9.5 (-16) mm wide; involucres 12-15 in diameter

Thymophylla

Leaves with 7-15 linear lobes; pappus of 3-5 aristate or erose scales.

Leaves with 7-15 linear lobes; pappus of 3-5 aristate or erose scales.

Thymophylla

Leaves entire (linear to spatulate) or with 1-5 toothlike lobes; pappus of 10-12 unequal aristate scales

Leaves entire (linear to spatulate) or with 1-5 toothlike lobes; pappus of 10-12 unequal aristate scales

Thymophylla

Pappus of 3-5 aristate scales; [heavy soils or loams, often on limestone or in disturbed areas in c. TX to the Rio Grande, adventive further east]

Pappus of 3-5 aristate scales; [heavy soils or loams, often on limestone or in disturbed areas in c. TX to the Rio Grande, adventive further east]

Sida

Stems not glandular-viscid; petals yellowish to orange or salmon, usually with a dark orange or reddish base, fading rose-pink; calyces setose, the lobes trullate, attenuate-aristate (beaked in bud)

Stems not glandular-viscid; petals yellowish to orange or salmon, usually with a dark orange or reddish base, fading rose-pink; calyces setose, the lobes trullate, attenuate-aristate (beaked in bud)

Cyperus

Plants perennial, ≥ 3 dm tall; culm 1.8-3 mm in diameter; floral scales not aristate

Plants perennial, ≥ 3 dm tall; culm 1.8-3 mm in diameter; floral scales not aristate

Cyperus

Plants annual, 2-3 dm tall; culm 0.5-1 (-1.5) mm in diameter; floral scales with excurved aristate apex

Plants annual, 2-3 dm tall; culm 0.5-1 (-1.5) mm in diameter; floral scales with excurved aristate apex

Asteraceae

Receptacles cylindric to clavate (5-15× as tall as the diameter); most pistillate paleae open to ± folded (at most each enfolding, not enclosing a floret; apices acuminate to aristate); innermost paleae erect to ascending in fruit; cypselae mono- morphic (the outer ± equaling the inner)

Receptacles cylindric to clavate (5-15× as tall as the diameter); most pistillate paleae open to ± folded (at most each enfolding, not enclosing a floret; apices acuminate to aristate); innermost paleae erect to ascending in fruit; cypselae mono- morphic (the outer ± equaling the inner)

Asteraceae

Receptacles cylindric to clavate (5-15× as tall as the diameter); most paleae of pistillate flowers open to ± folded (at most each enfolding, not enclosing a floret; apices acuminate to aristate); innermost paleae erect to ascending in fruit; cypselae monomorphic (the outer ± equaling the inner)

Receptacles cylindric to clavate (5-15× as tall as the diameter); most paleae of pistillate flowers open to ± folded (at most each enfolding, not enclosing a floret; apices acuminate to aristate); innermost paleae erect to ascending in fruit; cypselae monomorphic (the outer ± equaling the inner)

Asteraceae

Heads 1-5+ per secondary cluster, borne in spiciform arrays; bracts subtending clusters 1-2, linear, lanceolate, or spatulate; pappus of 6-10 scales, laciniate or aristate

Heads 1-5+ per secondary cluster, borne in spiciform arrays; bracts subtending clusters 1-2, linear, lanceolate, or spatulate; pappus of 6-10 scales, laciniate or aristate

Asteraceae

Heads (1-) 10-40 per secondary cluster, borne in corymbiform arrays; bracts subtending clusters (2-) 3, deltate; pappus of 5 (-6) scales, each aristate

Heads (1-) 10-40 per secondary cluster, borne in corymbiform arrays; bracts subtending clusters (2-) 3, deltate; pappus of 5 (-6) scales, each aristate

Asteraceae

Disc florets with hairy staminal filaments; pappus of 4-6 aristate to lacerate scales; [TX westward]

Disc florets with hairy staminal filaments; pappus of 4-6 aristate to lacerate scales; [TX westward]

Asteraceae

Plants not sweet-scented; cypselae ca. 4-angled but lacking numerous prominent ribs; pappus scale apices often aristate; heads borne singly; ray florets (the laminae) often bicolored; phyllaries usually strongly reflexed in fruit

Plants not sweet-scented; cypselae ca. 4-angled but lacking numerous prominent ribs; pappus scale apices often aristate; heads borne singly; ray florets (the laminae) often bicolored; phyllaries usually strongly reflexed in fruit

Asteraceae

Plants sweet-scented; cypselae prominently 10-ribbed; pappus scale apices rounded to acuminate but never aristate; heads borne singly or in paniculiform arrays; ray florets (the laminae) yellow; phyllaries usually not strongly reflexed in fruit

Plants sweet-scented; cypselae prominently 10-ribbed; pappus scale apices rounded to acuminate but never aristate; heads borne singly or in paniculiform arrays; ray florets (the laminae) yellow; phyllaries usually not strongly reflexed in fruit

Helianthus

Plants usually > 1 m tall at maturity, not rhizomatous (from crowns or caudices); mid-stem leaves 8-20 cm long, alternate or opposite; inflorescences usually of 3-16+ heads; disc florets yellow, red, or purple; pappus scales narrowly lanceolate to aristate (0.1-0.3 mm wide, ≥7x as long as wide), lacking additional irregularly-shaped scales; [widespread]

Plants usually > 1 m tall at maturity, not rhizomatous (from crowns or caudices); mid-stem leaves 8-20 cm long, alternate or opposite; inflorescences usually of 3-16+ heads; disc florets yellow, red, or purple; pappus scales narrowly lanceolate to aristate (0.1-0.3 mm wide, ≥7x as long as wide), lacking additional irregularly-shaped scales; [widespread]