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Scientific Lead Number Lead Position Lead Characteristics Lead Characteristics with Glossary Line result key id Line result taxon id result text
Zamia
Petiole armed with stout prickles; leaflets 25-50 mm wide, thick and rigid; seed cone cylindrical, > 3× as long as wide
Petiole armed with stout prickles; leaflets 25-50 mm wide, thick and rigid; seed cone cylindrical, > 3× as long as wide
Zamia
Petiole armed with stout prickles; leaflets 25-50 mm wide, thick and rigid; seed cone cylindrical, > 3× as long as wide
Petiole armed with stout prickles; leaflets 25-50 mm wide, thick and rigid; seed cone cylindrical, > 3× as long as wide
Arecaceae
Petioles armed with sharp broad-based sharp teeth or linear spines; [tribe Trachycarpeae].
Petioles armed with sharp broad-based sharp teeth or linear spines; [tribe Trachycarpeae].
Arecaceae
Petioles unarmed (though the leaf sheaths are strongly armed with long needle-like spines in Rhapidophyllum hystrix).
Petioles unarmed (though the leaf sheaths are strongly armed with long needle-like spines in Rhapidophyllum hystrix).
Actaea
Carpels 1 (-3), sessile; flowering Apr-Aug; petiole of basal leaves terete, not grooved (or with a shallow, narrow groove early, obscure or absent on fully expanded leaves); roots with vascular tissue in a central (3-) 4 (-5)-armed cross or star; [section Actaea].
Carpels 1 (-3), sessile; flowering Apr-Aug; petiole of basal leaves terete, not grooved (or with a shallow, narrow groove early, obscure or absent on fully expanded leaves); roots with vascular tissue in a central (3-) 4 (-5)-armed cross or star; [section Actaea].
Rosaceae
Lateral leaflets alternating between small and large, the terminal leaflet similar in size and shape to the larger lateral leaflets; terminal leaflet < 3 cm wide; hypanthium either conical or turbinate, armed with hooked bristles, the pistils 2, or hemispheric, the pistils >5.
Lateral leaflets alternating between small and large, the terminal leaflet similar in size and shape to the larger lateral leaflets; terminal leaflet < 3 cm wide; hypanthium either conical or turbinate, armed with hooked bristles, the pistils 2, or hemispheric, the pistils >5.
Rosaceae
Leaves glabrous or sparsely pubescent beneath; flowers many in racemes; hypanthium conical or turbinate, armed with hooked bristles, the pistils 2; [tribe Sanguisorbeae]
Leaves glabrous or sparsely pubescent beneath; flowers many in racemes; hypanthium conical or turbinate, armed with hooked bristles, the pistils 2; [tribe Sanguisorbeae]
Rosaceae
Leaves glabrous or sparsely pubescent beneath; flowers many in racemes; hypanthium conical or turbinate, armed with hooked bristles, the pistils 2; [tribe Sanguisorbeae]
Leaves glabrous or sparsely pubescent beneath; flowers many in racemes; hypanthium conical or turbinate, armed with hooked bristles, the pistils 2; [tribe Sanguisorbeae]
Rosaceae
Styles usually connate at base; exocarps leather or papery and easily opened to expose seeds; small trees, unarmed, or armed with sharp spur branches.
Styles usually connate at base; exocarps leather or papery and easily opened to expose seeds; small trees, unarmed, or armed with sharp spur branches.
Rosaceae
Leaves palmately or 1-pinnately compound, generally with < 11 leaflets; inflorescences axillary or terminal panicles or corymbs with few (<15) flowers, the petals white, pink, or purplish (rarely yellow) and > 6 mm long; fruit a hip or aggregate of drupelets; arching or upright shrubs or climbing or sprawling woody vines, the stems usually armed with prickles.
Leaves palmately or 1-pinnately compound, generally with < 11 leaflets; inflorescences axillary or terminal panicles or corymbs with few (<15) flowers, the petals white, pink, or purplish (rarely yellow) and > 6 mm long; fruit a hip or aggregate of drupelets; arching or upright shrubs or climbing or sprawling woody vines, the stems usually armed with prickles.
Rosa
Fertile branches armed with straight, thin or rarely stout, circular or somewhat flattened infrastipular prickles, lacking internodal prickles or aciculi (or if these present , few and scattered); stems mostly thin, pendent or upright; hypanthia (later hips) and pedicels stipitate-glandular (rarely eglandular)
Fertile branches armed with straight, thin or rarely stout, circular or somewhat flattened infrastipular prickles, lacking internodal prickles or aciculi (or if these present , few and scattered); stems mostly thin, pendent or upright; hypanthia (later hips) and pedicels stipitate-glandular (rarely eglandular)
Rosa
Fertile branches armed with straight, thin or often stout, circular or flattened infrastipular prickles, with internodal prickles of small prickles, aciculi, or stipitate glands, usually densely covering branches and adjacent stems; stems mostly thick, or upright; hypanthia (later hips) and pedicels stipitate-glandular or eglandular
Fertile branches armed with straight, thin or often stout, circular or flattened infrastipular prickles, with internodal prickles of small prickles, aciculi, or stipitate glands, usually densely covering branches and adjacent stems; stems mostly thick, or upright; hypanthia (later hips) and pedicels stipitate-glandular or eglandular
Rosa
Fertile branches armed with straight, thin or rarely stout, circular or somewhat flattened infrastipular prickles, lacking internodal prickles or aciculi (or if these present , few and scattered); stems mostly thin, pendent or upright; hypanthia (later hips) and pedicels stipitate-glandular (rarely eglandular)
Fertile branches armed with straight, thin or rarely stout, circular or somewhat flattened infrastipular prickles, lacking internodal prickles or aciculi (or if these present , few and scattered); stems mostly thin, pendent or upright; hypanthia (later hips) and pedicels stipitate-glandular (rarely eglandular)
Rosa
Fertile branches armed with straight, thin or often stout, circular or flattened infrastipular prickles, with internodal prickles of small prickles, aciculi, or stipitate glands, usually densely covering branches and adjacent stems; stems mostly thick, upright; hypanthia (later hips) and pedicels stipitate-glandular or eglandular
Fertile branches armed with straight, thin or often stout, circular or flattened infrastipular prickles, with internodal prickles of small prickles, aciculi, or stipitate glands, usually densely covering branches and adjacent stems; stems mostly thick, upright; hypanthia (later hips) and pedicels stipitate-glandular or eglandular
Rubus
Leaves 3-9-foliolate (reduced simple leaves may also be present in the inflorescence); stems generally armed with prickles (sparsely so in a few species).
Leaves 3-9-foliolate (reduced simple leaves may also be present in the inflorescence); stems generally armed with prickles (sparsely so in a few species).
Rubus
Upright stems woody, biennial, differentiated into primocanes and floricanes, these usually well-armed with bristles and/or curved prickles; stipules linear; [collectively widespread].
Upright stems woody, biennial, differentiated into primocanes and floricanes, these usually well-armed with bristles and/or curved prickles; stipules linear; [collectively widespread].
Rubus
Canes very coarse, scrambling, often 2-5 m long, heavily armed; inflorescence cymose-paniculate; branches and pedicels of the floricanes armed with strong, flattened prickles (recurved cat’s-claw, or nearly straight in R. bifrons); [exotic, generally in disturbed habitats]; [Eurasian blackberries].
Canes very coarse, scrambling, often 2-5 m long, heavily armed; inflorescence cymose-paniculate; branches and pedicels of the floricanes armed with strong, flattened prickles (recurved cat’s-claw, or nearly straight in R. bifrons); [exotic, generally in disturbed habitats]; [Eurasian blackberries].
Rubus
Canes delicate to coarse, arching or trailing, 0-4 m long, unarmed to strongly armed; inflorescence racemiform; branches and pedicels of the floricanes generally unarmed; [native, though often in disturbed habitats].
Canes delicate to coarse, arching or trailing, 0-4 m long, unarmed to strongly armed; inflorescence racemiform; branches and pedicels of the floricanes generally unarmed; [native, though often in disturbed habitats].
Rhamnaceae
Branches armed, secondary branches (short shoots) thorn-tipped; Leaf margins serrulate, serrate, or crenate; leaf apex acuminate or acute; drupe with 2-4 stones; petals 4 or 5, white, cream, or yellow; [collectively widespread in our region].
Branches armed, secondary branches (short shoots) thorn-tipped; Leaf margins serrulate, serrate, or crenate; leaf apex acuminate or acute; drupe with 2-4 stones; petals 4 or 5, white, cream, or yellow; [collectively widespread in our region].
Rhamnaceae
Plants armed with stipular spines; fruit either fleshy (a drupe with 1 stone), or dry (a 1-seeded samara).
Plants armed with stipular spines; fruit either fleshy (a drupe with 1 stone), or dry (a 1-seeded samara).
Rhamnaceae
Fruits fleshy, a drupe with 1-4 stones; ovary superior; branches either unarmed, or armed with thorn-tipped secondary short shoots and sometimes also with stipular spines.
Fruits fleshy, a drupe with 1-4 stones; ovary superior; branches either unarmed, or armed with thorn-tipped secondary short shoots and sometimes also with stipular spines.
Rhamnaceae
Drupe with 1 stone; leaves 0.5-3 cm long, entire, 1-veined, the apex notched; branches armed with thorn-tipped secondary short shoots and sometimes also with stipular spines; [TX, peninsular FL]
Drupe with 1 stone; leaves 0.5-3 cm long, entire, 1-veined, the apex notched; branches armed with thorn-tipped secondary short shoots and sometimes also with stipular spines; [TX, peninsular FL]
Celtis
Branches armed with nodal thorns, (1-) 5-20 (-55) mm long.
Branches armed with nodal thorns, (1-) 5-20 (-55) mm long.
Humulus
Veins on lower surface of leaves armed with rigid, spinulose hairs; bracts of pistillate flowers spinulose-ciliate; most leaves 5-9 lobed
Veins on lower surface of leaves armed with rigid, spinulose hairs; bracts of pistillate flowers spinulose-ciliate; most leaves 5-9 lobed
Moraceae
Leaves serrate, often also 3-15-lobed (the lobes sometimes deep); stems not armed.
Leaves serrate, often also 3-15-lobed (the lobes sometimes deep); stems not armed.
Quercus
Leaves bristle-tipped (sometimes the bristle fallen or broken off, but leaving a truncate scar), deciduous in autumn; multi-armed trichomes of the rosulate or multiradiate types, many of the arms ascending or erect (never with the stellate or fused-stellate trichomes characteristic of the live oaks); acorns maturing in 2 years (immature acorns present through the winter on fruiting trees); [section Lobatae; subsection Phellos].
Leaves bristle-tipped (sometimes the bristle fallen or broken off, but leaving a truncate scar), deciduous in autumn; multi-armed trichomes of the rosulate or multiradiate types, many of the arms ascending or erect (never with the stellate or fused-stellate trichomes characteristic of the live oaks); acorns maturing in 2 years (immature acorns present through the winter on fruiting trees); [section Lobatae; subsection Phellos].
Quercus
Leaves not bristle-tipped, evergreen (overwintering, falling with the expansion of new leaves in the spring) or deciduous (in Q. oglethorpensis and Q. mohriana); multi-armed trichomes of the fused-stellate and stellate types, the arms parallel to the leaf surface, radiating from a well developed disc that appears as a white eye or dot at 20-40× magnification (or rosulate or multiradiate in Q. oglethorpensis and Q. mohriana); acorns maturing in 1 year (immature acorns not present through the winter, unless aborted).
Leaves not bristle-tipped, evergreen (overwintering, falling with the expansion of new leaves in the spring) or deciduous (in Q. oglethorpensis and Q. mohriana); multi-armed trichomes of the fused-stellate and stellate types, the arms parallel to the leaf surface, radiating from a well developed disc that appears as a white eye or dot at 20-40× magnification (or rosulate or multiradiate in Q. oglethorpensis and Q. mohriana); acorns maturing in 1 year (immature acorns not present through the winter, unless aborted).
Lythraceae
Stems often armed with thorns; flowers solitary or several in terminal or axillary clusters; fruit a leathery berry (pomegranate), the seeds with a fleshy outer layer and hardened inner layer, but not unilaterally winged
Stems often armed with thorns; flowers solitary or several in terminal or axillary clusters; fruit a leathery berry (pomegranate), the seeds with a fleshy outer layer and hardened inner layer, but not unilaterally winged
Rutaceae
Stems armed or unarmed, inflorescences and young stems glabrous, or pubescent with short, grey to white, erect to curved hairs; inflorescences of small fascicles, or solitary or paired flowers; [subfamily Aurantioideae; Citrus alliance].
Stems armed or unarmed, inflorescences and young stems glabrous, or pubescent with short, grey to white, erect to curved hairs; inflorescences of small fascicles, or solitary or paired flowers; [subfamily Aurantioideae; Citrus alliance].
Rutaceae
Hesperidia bluish black when ripe, 0.8-1.2 cm in diameter; stamens 10; petiole not winged; stems armed; abaxial leaf surface with raised lateral veins; petals < 0.5 cm long
Hesperidia bluish black when ripe, 0.8-1.2 cm in diameter; stamens 10; petiole not winged; stems armed; abaxial leaf surface with raised lateral veins; petals < 0.5 cm long
Rutaceae
Hesperidia green, yellow, or orange when ripe, > 1.5 cm in diameter; stamens 20+; petiole usually winged; stems armed or unarmed; abaxial leaf surface without raised lateral veins; petals > 1 cm long
Hesperidia green, yellow, or orange when ripe, > 1.5 cm in diameter; stamens 20+; petiole usually winged; stems armed or unarmed; abaxial leaf surface without raised lateral veins; petals > 1 cm long
Rutaceae
Leaves alternate; stems and leaves either unarmed, or armed with prickles.
Leaves alternate; stems and leaves either unarmed, or armed with prickles.
Rutaceae
Leaflets opposite on the rachis; stems either not armed (Glycosmis) or stems (and also often leaves) armed with prickles (Zanthoxylum, except Z. flavum).
Leaflets opposite on the rachis; stems either not armed (Glycosmis) or stems (and also often leaves) armed with prickles (Zanthoxylum, except Z. flavum).
Rutaceae
Branches armed with axillary spines; fruit a hesperidium; [subfamily Aurantioideae].
Branches armed with axillary spines; fruit a hesperidium; [subfamily Aurantioideae].
Arabis
Stem pubescence primarily appressed and of 2-armed or dolabriform hairs; basal leaves with glabrous margins
Stem pubescence primarily appressed and of 2-armed or dolabriform hairs; basal leaves with glabrous margins
Nyctaginaceae
Fruit ellipsoid to ovoid, fleshy, lacking glands along the 10 weak angles; branches not armed with axillary spines
Fruit ellipsoid to ovoid, fleshy, lacking glands along the 10 weak angles; branches not armed with axillary spines
Nyctaginaceae
Fruit oblanceoid, coriaceous to dry, with stipitate glands along the 5 angles; branches armed or not with axillary spines
Fruit oblanceoid, coriaceous to dry, with stipitate glands along the 5 angles; branches armed or not with axillary spines
Pisonia
Tree or shrub; stem not armed; stipitate glands of the fruit restricted to the upper 1/3 to ½ of the length of the fruit
Tree or shrub; stem not armed; stipitate glands of the fruit restricted to the upper 1/3 to ½ of the length of the fruit
Pisonia
Scrambling woody vine or shrub; stem armed with axillary spines (these usually paired and catclaw-like); stipitate glands of the fruit ribs distributed along the full length of the fruit.
Scrambling woody vine or shrub; stem armed with axillary spines (these usually paired and catclaw-like); stipitate glands of the fruit ribs distributed along the full length of the fruit.
Solanum
Stems, and often leaves, armed with sharp prickles or spines.
Stems, and often leaves, armed with sharp prickles or spines.
Asteraceae
Stem winged, the wings armed with spines.
Stem winged, the wings armed with spines.
Araliaceae
Leaves 5-7-lobed (the lobes not themselves sublobed); tree, the branches armed with prickles
Leaves 5-7-lobed (the lobes not themselves sublobed); tree, the branches armed with prickles
Aralia
Plant a shrub or small tree, 3-6 (-10) m tall, definitely woody; stem armed throughout with prickles, those on the stem stout, broad-based, and distributed to the summit of the stem; leaves usually armed with prickles on the axes and the main veins; [section Dimorphanthus]
Plant a shrub or small tree, 3-6 (-10) m tall, definitely woody; stem armed throughout with prickles, those on the stem stout, broad-based, and distributed to the summit of the stem; leaves usually armed with prickles on the axes and the main veins; [section Dimorphanthus]
Aralia
Plant a shrub or small tree, 3-6 (-10) m tall, definitely woody; stem armed throughout with prickles, those on the stem stout, broad-based, and distributed to the summit of the stem; leaves usually armed with prickles on the axes and the main veins; [section Dimorphanthus]
Plant a shrub or small tree, 3-6 (-10) m tall, definitely woody; stem armed throughout with prickles, those on the stem stout, broad-based, and distributed to the summit of the stem; leaves usually armed with prickles on the axes and the main veins; [section Dimorphanthus]
Plantae
Stems armed with small prickles or stout thorns.
Stems armed with small prickles or stout thorns.
Plantae
Stems armed with prickles scattered in the internodes
Stems armed with prickles scattered in the internodes
Plantae
Plant armed with prickles on the stem, and sometimes also on the axes and main veins of the leaves
Plant armed with prickles on the stem, and sometimes also on the axes and main veins of the leaves
Plantae
Stems armed with prickles or stipular or nodal spines; leaves often also with prickles.
Stems armed with prickles or stipular or nodal spines; leaves often also with prickles.
Plantae
Leaves longer than wide, entire or prickly-margined; stems usually obviously armed with prickles; flowers 6-merous, greenish, in umbels borne in leaf axils; tendrils stipular, 2 per leaf axil, adnate to the petiole basally
Leaves longer than wide, entire or prickly-margined; stems usually obviously armed with prickles; flowers 6-merous, greenish, in umbels borne in leaf axils; tendrils stipular, 2 per leaf axil, adnate to the petiole basally
Plantae
Leaves wider than long, entire or serrulate; stems not armed; flowers 5-merous, blue-purple or yellow, solitary or in small fascicles in leaf axils; tendrils 1 per leaf axil
Leaves wider than long, entire or serrulate; stems not armed; flowers 5-merous, blue-purple or yellow, solitary or in small fascicles in leaf axils; tendrils 1 per leaf axil
Plantae
Pubescence of simple hairs; plants armed or not with nodal spines
Pubescence of simple hairs; plants armed or not with nodal spines
Plantae
Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, broadest near the apex; stems armed with nodal spines; fresh plants not fragrant; fruit a berry, with several seeds.
Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, broadest near the apex; stems armed with nodal spines; fresh plants not fragrant; fruit a berry, with several seeds.
Plantae
Plants armed with nodal thorns; stamens 5 and staminodia 5, epipetalous; fruit a berry or drupe with 1 seed;flowers 5-merous
Plants armed with nodal thorns; stamens 5 and staminodia 5, epipetalous; fruit a berry or drupe with 1 seed;flowers 5-merous
Plantae
Scrambling shrubs, armed with recurved paired spines at the nodes (except Santalum, which can be a scrambling shrub and has red flowers producing drupe-like fruit bearing an apical circular rim).
Scrambling shrubs, armed with recurved paired spines at the nodes (except Santalum, which can be a scrambling shrub and has red flowers producing drupe-like fruit bearing an apical circular rim).
Plantae
Fruit a leathery, 4-15 cm in diameter, reddish, spherical berry with obpyramidal seeds surrounded by a juicy sarcotesta (pomegranate); perianth differentiated, the sepals fleshy and persistent on the fruit, the petals deciduous, 5-9, bright red to white; ovary inferior; branches typically armed with axillary spines
Fruit a leathery, 4-15 cm in diameter, reddish, spherical berry with obpyramidal seeds surrounded by a juicy sarcotesta (pomegranate); perianth differentiated, the sepals fleshy and persistent on the fruit, the petals deciduous, 5-9, bright red to white; ovary inferior; branches typically armed with axillary spines
Arecaceae
Petioles armed with either teeth or needle-like spines.
Petioles armed with either teeth or needle-like spines.
Arecaceae
Petiole backs armed with mostly spreading or descending, straight, black, needle-like spines; [subfamily Arecoideae; tribe Cocoseae; subtribe Bactridinae]
Petiole backs armed with mostly spreading or descending, straight, black, needle-like spines; [subfamily Arecoideae; tribe Cocoseae; subtribe Bactridinae]
Arecaceae
Petiole margins armed with stout-based straight or curved teeth (derived from modified leaflets), ascending towards the leaf apex at an obtuse angle, green, tan, or brown.
Petiole margins armed with stout-based straight or curved teeth (derived from modified leaflets), ascending towards the leaf apex at an obtuse angle, green, tan, or brown.
Pithecellobium
Larger leaflets (1-) avg. 1.2-4 (-6) cm long × 0.4-4.5 cm wide; branches armed (with stipular spines at some or all nodes).
Larger leaflets (1-) avg. 1.2-4 (-6) cm long × 0.4-4.5 cm wide; branches armed (with stipular spines at some or all nodes).
Solanum
Stems unarmed or sparsely armed with prickles up to 6 mm long; inflorescences unbranched or once branched; corollas 2.2-3.0 cm in diameter; [collectively widespread].
Stems unarmed or sparsely armed with prickles up to 6 mm long; inflorescences unbranched or once branched; corollas 2.2-3.0 cm in diameter; [collectively widespread].
Solanum
Stems sparsely to moderately armed with prickles up to 12 mm long; inflorescences 2- to several-branched; corollas 2.0-4.4 cm in diameter; [mainly AL, FL, and GA, rarely MS]
Stems sparsely to moderately armed with prickles up to 12 mm long; inflorescences 2- to several-branched; corollas 2.0-4.4 cm in diameter; [mainly AL, FL, and GA, rarely MS]
Euphorbiaceae
Plant not twining; instead a tree, shrub, or herb (or weakly twining in some Tragia, but then less than 1 m long); stem either armed with stinging hairs, or not armed.
Plant not twining; instead a tree, shrub, or herb (or weakly twining in some Tragia, but then less than 1 m long); stem either armed with stinging hairs, or not armed.
Sideroxylon
Branches differentiated into short shoots (bearing most leaves, with very short internodes) along long shoots; branches armed with thorns; ovary pubescent at anthesis (becoming glabrous in fruit); small trees or shrubs, less typically medium trees to 20 m tall; [collectively widespread in our region, including tropical s. FL].
Branches differentiated into short shoots (bearing most leaves, with very short internodes) along long shoots; branches armed with thorns; ovary pubescent at anthesis (becoming glabrous in fruit); small trees or shrubs, less typically medium trees to 20 m tall; [collectively widespread in our region, including tropical s. FL].
Mimosa
Plant well-armed with recurved, catclaw prickles; capitula spherical or nearly so, 1-1.2× as long as wide, 3.5-14 mm long.
Plant well-armed with recurved, catclaw prickles; capitula spherical or nearly so, 1-1.2× as long as wide, 3.5-14 mm long.
Mimosa
Pod 20-45 mm long, densely armed on all ribs with spines that are basally confluent; valves of the pod as wide as or wider than the replum; [Coastal Plain, w. LA west to se. TX]
Pod 20-45 mm long, densely armed on all ribs with spines that are basally confluent; valves of the pod as wide as or wider than the replum; [Coastal Plain, w. LA west to se. TX]
Rubus
Stems armed with stout-based, usually recurved prickles (bristles lacking, though weak, stalked glands may be present); leaf undersurfaces nearly glabrous or softly pubescent; leaves deciduous.
Stems armed with stout-based, usually recurved prickles (bristles lacking, though weak, stalked glands may be present); leaf undersurfaces nearly glabrous or softly pubescent; leaves deciduous.
Rubus
Stems primarily armed with narrow-based prickles or even narrower bristles, with or without stout-based prickles as well.
Stems primarily armed with narrow-based prickles or even narrower bristles, with or without stout-based prickles as well.
Rubus
Canes armed primarily with bristles or slender-based prickles.
Canes armed primarily with bristles or slender-based prickles.
Rubus
Canes armed with heavy, stout-based, often recurved, prickles (or the canes essentially unarmed, the broad-based prickles few or almost absent).
Canes armed with heavy, stout-based, often recurved, prickles (or the canes essentially unarmed, the broad-based prickles few or almost absent).
Rubus
Canes armed with bristles as well as slender-based prickles; leaves thinly pubescent to glabrous beneath
Canes armed with bristles as well as slender-based prickles; leaves thinly pubescent to glabrous beneath
Rubus
Canes armed with slender-based prickles; leaves soft-pubescent beneath
Canes armed with slender-based prickles; leaves soft-pubescent beneath
Rubus
Primocane leaves with central leaflets generally widest above the midpoint; leaflet lower surfaces densely velvety, grayish-green; inflorescences with 5-11 flowers, often condensed at the ends of stout, well-armed racemes
Primocane leaves with central leaflets generally widest above the midpoint; leaflet lower surfaces densely velvety, grayish-green; inflorescences with 5-11 flowers, often condensed at the ends of stout, well-armed racemes
Fabaceae
Coarse climbing or sprawling suffruticose herbs, the stems to 6 m long, and usually armed with retrorsely curved prickles; [Caesalpinoidaeae]
Coarse climbing or sprawling suffruticose herbs, the stems to 6 m long, and usually armed with retrorsely curved prickles; [Caesalpinoidaeae]
Fabaceae
Branches armed with straight nodal spines or internodal catclaw prickles.
Branches armed with straight nodal spines or internodal catclaw prickles.
Fabaceae
Branches armed with paired, straight, nodal spines.
Branches armed with paired, straight, nodal spines.
Fabaceae
Branches armed with catclaw prickles scattered along internodes.
Branches armed with catclaw prickles scattered along internodes.
Fabaceae
Shrub, small tree, or scrambling liana; branches armed with straight nodal spines or internodal catclaw prickles.
Shrub, small tree, or scrambling liana; branches armed with straight nodal spines or internodal catclaw prickles.
Fabaceae
Branches armed with paired, straight, nodal spines, these simple or 3-branched; branches and larger stems green, photosynthetic; flowers caesalpinoid, 2-2.5 cm in diameter.
Branches armed with paired, straight, nodal spines, these simple or 3-branched; branches and larger stems green, photosynthetic; flowers caesalpinoid, 2-2.5 cm in diameter.
Fabaceae
Branches armed with catclaw prickles scattered along internodes; branches and stems brown; flowers caesalpinoid or mimosoid.
Branches armed with catclaw prickles scattered along internodes; branches and stems brown; flowers caesalpinoid or mimosoid.
Fabaceae
Pinna pairs 2-5 per leaf; branches armed with catclaw prickles scattered along internodes; flowers yellow to orange, caesalpinoid, each flower 0.7-2 cm across.
Pinna pairs 2-5 per leaf; branches armed with catclaw prickles scattered along internodes; flowers yellow to orange, caesalpinoid, each flower 0.7-2 cm across.
Fabaceae
Branches usually armed with paired, straight, nodal spines; inflorescences cylindrical; stamens 10
Branches usually armed with paired, straight, nodal spines; inflorescences cylindrical; stamens 10
Fabaceae
Branches armed with catclaw prickles scattered along internodes; shrub; flowers mimosoid, white, cream, or pink, aggregated into spherical heads 0.9-2 cm in diameter.
Branches armed with catclaw prickles scattered along internodes; shrub; flowers mimosoid, white, cream, or pink, aggregated into spherical heads 0.9-2 cm in diameter.
Fabaceae
Branches variously armed, with nodal spines, thorn spurs, or catclaw prickles scattered along internodes.
Branches variously armed, with nodal spines, thorn spurs, or catclaw prickles scattered along internodes.
Fabaceae
Branches armed with paired nodal spines, these either narrow and needle-like or massive, hollow, and with an entrance hole; fruits turgid, straight or slightly curved
Branches armed with paired nodal spines, these either narrow and needle-like or massive, hollow, and with an entrance hole; fruits turgid, straight or slightly curved
Fabaceae
Branches armed with stout thorn spurs (these simple or branched); inflorescences cylindrical, bicolored, the base of pink or whitish staminodes, the tip of yellow stamens; fruits flattened, but also curved and contorted
Branches armed with stout thorn spurs (these simple or branched); inflorescences cylindrical, bicolored, the base of pink or whitish staminodes, the tip of yellow stamens; fruits flattened, but also curved and contorted
Fabaceae
Branches armed either with woody thorn spurs or paired nodal spines.
Branches armed either with woody thorn spurs or paired nodal spines.
Fabaceae
Branches armed with catclaw prickles scattered along the internodes
Branches armed with catclaw prickles scattered along the internodes
Fabaceae
Leaflets rounded, obtuse, or retuse (and also usually with a noticeable mucro) at the apex; calyx with lobes at its apex; branches sometimes armed with stipular (nodal) spines or internodal hispid hairs; [temperate, widespread in our region]
Leaflets rounded, obtuse, or retuse (and also usually with a noticeable mucro) at the apex; calyx with lobes at its apex; branches sometimes armed with stipular (nodal) spines or internodal hispid hairs; [temperate, widespread in our region]
Fabaceae
Leaflets short-acuminate at the apex; calyx truncate-sinuate at its apex; branches not armed; [tropical s. FL]
Leaflets short-acuminate at the apex; calyx truncate-sinuate at its apex; branches not armed; [tropical s. FL]
Hibiscus
Shrubs to 4 m tall; stems sparingly armed with stout prickles; free portion of stamen filaments 1-1.5 mm long; stigmas wedge-shaped; seeds tomentulose with yellowish to reddish hairs; [se. TX]
Shrubs to 4 m tall; stems sparingly armed with stout prickles; free portion of stamen filaments 1-1.5 mm long; stigmas wedge-shaped; seeds tomentulose with yellowish to reddish hairs; [se. TX]
Hibiscus
Stems, petioles, and large leaf-veins not armed (though harshly scabrous in H. aculeatus), except sparsely so in H. cannabinus and H. radiatus); petals white, cream, bright yellow, dark red, or bright red; erect perennial herbs and subshrubs to 3.5 m tall
Stems, petioles, and large leaf-veins not armed (though harshly scabrous in H. aculeatus), except sparsely so in H. cannabinus and H. radiatus); petals white, cream, bright yellow, dark red, or bright red; erect perennial herbs and subshrubs to 3.5 m tall
Hibiscus
Stems, petioles, and large leaf-veins armed with curved, reflexed ('cat-claw') prickles; petals pink; erect shrub or scrambling liana climbing on other vegetation, to 5 m tall (long)
Stems, petioles, and large leaf-veins armed with curved, reflexed ('cat-claw') prickles; petals pink; erect shrub or scrambling liana climbing on other vegetation, to 5 m tall (long)
Rosaceae
Stems and leaf rachises and petioles armed with retrorse prickles.
Stems and leaf rachises and petioles armed with retrorse prickles.
Rubus
Canes well-armed
Asteraceae
Phyllaries not armed, herbaceous to the tip.
Phyllaries not armed, herbaceous to the tip.
Apocynaceae
Plants armed, the stems with stout, bifurcated spines
Plants armed, the stems with stout, bifurcated spines
Asteraceae
Phyllaries strongly armed with long spines
Phyllaries strongly armed with long spines
Asteraceae
Phyllaries not armed, also not appendaged with a marginal zone that is strikingly different in color and texture than the phyllary body.
Phyllaries not armed, also not appendaged with a marginal zone that is strikingly different in color and texture than the phyllary body.
Asteraceae
Stems leafy, not armed with thorns.
Stems leafy, not armed with thorns.
Rosaceae
Plants armed with thorns
Plants armed with thorns
Rosaceae
Plants armed with thorns
Plants armed with thorns
Plantae
Plants armed with recurved paired spines at the nodes; fruit ribbed, the ribs obviously glandular; petioles not 2-ribbed; flowers greenish-white to yellowish in color
Plants armed with recurved paired spines at the nodes; fruit ribbed, the ribs obviously glandular; petioles not 2-ribbed; flowers greenish-white to yellowish in color
Plantae
Flowers arranged in axillary spikes only; the fruit usually somewhat ridged; leaves clustered at branch tips (except T. arjuna), the bases typically cuneate; stipules reduced to glandular hairs at petiole base; plants armed or unarmed, the stem nodes not conspicuously swollen; branches arranged in tiers, the main branches erect, the lateral spreading horizontally
Flowers arranged in axillary spikes only; the fruit usually somewhat ridged; leaves clustered at branch tips (except T. arjuna), the bases typically cuneate; stipules reduced to glandular hairs at petiole base; plants armed or unarmed, the stem nodes not conspicuously swollen; branches arranged in tiers, the main branches erect, the lateral spreading horizontally
Plantae
Flowers arranged in axillary spikes; leaves clustered at branch tips; stipules reduced to glandular hairs at petiole base; plants armed or unarmed; branches arranged in tiers, the main branches erect, the lateral spreading horizontally
Flowers arranged in axillary spikes; leaves clustered at branch tips; stipules reduced to glandular hairs at petiole base; plants armed or unarmed; branches arranged in tiers, the main branches erect, the lateral spreading horizontally
Plantae
Flowers arranged in axillary spikes; leaves clustered at branch tips; stipules reduced to glandular hairs at petiole base; plants armed or unarmed; branches arranged in tiers, the main branches erect, the lateral spreading horizontally
Flowers arranged in axillary spikes; leaves clustered at branch tips; stipules reduced to glandular hairs at petiole base; plants armed or unarmed; branches arranged in tiers, the main branches erect, the lateral spreading horizontally
Plantae
Flowers arranged in axillary spikes; leaves clustered at branch tips; stipules reduced to glandular hairs at petiole base; plants armed or unarmed; branches arranged in tiers, the main branches erect, the lateral spreading horizontally
Flowers arranged in axillary spikes; leaves clustered at branch tips; stipules reduced to glandular hairs at petiole base; plants armed or unarmed; branches arranged in tiers, the main branches erect, the lateral spreading horizontally


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