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| Scientific | Lead Number | Lead Position | Lead Characteristics | Lead Characteristics with Glossary | Line result key id | Line result taxon id | result text |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Orchidaceae | Lip strongly bearded. | ||||||
Orchidaceae | Lip not bearded. | ||||||
Callisia | Inflorescences sessile or nearly so; petals pink to rose, 5-7 mm long; filaments bearded; [s. TX]; [section Brachyphylla] | Inflorescences sessile or nearly so; petals pink to rose, 5-7 mm long; filaments bearded; [s. TX]; [section Brachyphylla] | |||||
Xyris | Bract tips ragged-lacerate, the tips curling away from the head, giving it a ragged appearance; staminodia bearded. | Bract tips ragged-lacerate, the tips curling away from the head, giving it a ragged appearance; staminodia bearded. | |||||
Avena | Florets disarticulating from the glumes at maturity (the glumes remaining attached to the plant); lemmas pubescent with brown hairs; lemmas with long bent awns; callus bearded with hairs up to ¼ as long as the lemmas | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Culm nodes (at least the lower) bearded | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Culm nodes not bearded, the lowermost sometimes puberulent or sparsely hairy | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Nodes bearded or otherwise pubescent; internodes and sheaths variously pubescent to glabrate; blades 6-35 cm long, 2-6 mm wide, one or both surfaces scabrous and often pubescent; spikelets 1.7-4.5 mm long, glabrous or pubescent; plants produce axillary (autumnal) inflorescences. | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Longer blades 6-18 cm long, 7-12 mm wide; sheaths conspicuously retrorsely long-pilose; nodes bearded with retrorse or spreading hairs; spikelets (1.4-) 1.9-2.3 (-2.5) mm long | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Nodes (at least the lower) densely bearded with retrorse hairs; spikelets 3.3-5.2 mm long; ligule ciliate, the membranous base minute or obsolete. | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Culm nodes, at least the lower, bearded (often retrorsely). | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Culm nodes glabrous or pubescent, but not bearded. | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Plants velvety-pubescent throughout; nodes retrorsely bearded; internode pubescence retrorse to spreading; blades usually ciliate above base as well as basally; mature vernal panicles 3-7 cm long, 2-5 cm wide, about 2/3 as wide as long | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Panicle rachis scabrous or smooth, not pellucid-punctate; first glume 0.5-1.1 mm long, longer than wide, rounded to acute; larger leaves 3.5-12 cm long, 3-9 mm wide; ligule 0.1-0.6 mm long; lowest elongate culm internode < 2 mm in diameter; lowest nodes retrorsely bearded or glabrous. | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Lowest nodes usually retrorsely bearded; ligules (0.1-) 0.3-0.6 mm long; largest vernal blades 7-12 cm long, (4.5-) 6-9 mm wide; panicle peduncle scabrous; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, acute, 2.0-2.4 mm long; first glume lanceolate, blunt to acute; fertile lemma smooth | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Culms with a viscid band below the retrorsely bearded nodes; internodes, sheaths, and blades velvety-pubescent | Culms with a viscid band below the retrorsely bearded nodes; internodes, sheaths, and blades velvety-pubescent | |||||
Dichanthelium | Culms without a viscid band below the retrorsely, spreading, or antrorsely bearded nodes; internodes and sheaths not velvety-pubescent, blades velvety-pubescent in some. | Culms without a viscid band below the retrorsely, spreading, or antrorsely bearded nodes; internodes and sheaths not velvety-pubescent, blades velvety-pubescent in some. | |||||
Dichanthelium | Nodes retrorsely bearded; larger vernal leaves 7-15 mm wide. | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Nodes spreading to antrorsely bearded; larger vernal leaves 3-10 mm wide. | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Culm internodes glabrous to sparsely pilose; culm nodes bearded with long retrorse hairs; blade surfaces glabrous to velvety-pubescent | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Culm internodes, at least the lower, strigose, pilose, or villous; culm nodes bearded with ascending or spreading hairs; blade surfaces glabrous or variously hairy. | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Lower nodes bearded with erect-ascending, soft, and long hairs; mid-culm blades usually 20× or more as long as wide. | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Lower and often mid-culm nodes bearded with spreading, stiffish, and short-to-long hairs; mid-culm blades usually 15× or less as long as wide. | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Panicle rachis scabrous or smooth, not pellucid-punctate; first glume 0.5-1.1 mm long, longer than wide, rounded to acute; larger leaves 3.5-12 cm long, 3-9 mm wide; ligule 0.1-0.6 mm long; lowest elongate culm internode < 2 mm in diameter; lowest nodes retrorsely bearded or glabrous. | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Lowest nodes usually retrorsely bearded; ligules (0.1-) 0.3-0.6 mm long; largest vernal blades 7-12 cm long, (4.5-) 6-9 mm wide; panicle peduncle scabrous; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, acute, 2.0-2.4 mm long; first glume lanceolate, blunt to acute; fertile lemma smooth | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Ligule less than 1 mm long; nodes glabrous to sparsely pubescent, not bearded; blades glabrous (lowest sometimes sparsely pilose); autumnal blades involute | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Ligule (1-) 1.5-2 (-2.5) mm long; nodes bearded with spreading-ascending hairs; blades moderately hirsute; autumnal blades flat | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Culms (55-) 70-140 cm long; nodes retrorsely bearded; vernal cauline leaves 6-15; blades 6-15 cm long, 8-13 mm wide, glabrous | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Culms < 60 cm long; nodes not retrorsely bearded; vernal cauline leaves 2-7; blades to 14 cm long and 17 mm wide, glabrous or pubescent. | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Ligule (1.5-) 2-5 mm long; sheaths glabrous to variously pubescent; internodes glabrous or pubescent; nodes glabrous, or bearded with ascending, spreading, or tangled hairs; leaves 3-10 cm long, 3-10 mm wide; spikelets 0.8-1.9 mm long | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Ligule 1-2 mm long; sheaths sparsely to moderately spreading short-pilose; internodes glabrous; nodes retrorsely bearded; leaves 1-4 cm long, 2-5 mm wide; spikelets 1.2-1.4 mm long | Ligule 1-2 mm long; sheaths sparsely to moderately spreading short-pilose; internodes glabrous; nodes retrorsely bearded; leaves 1-4 cm long, 2-5 mm wide; spikelets 1.2-1.4 mm long | |||||
Dichanthelium | Longer blades 6-18 cm long by 7-12 mm wide; sheaths conspicuously retrorsely long-pilose; nodes bearded with retrorse or spreading hairs; spikelets (1.4-) 1.9-2.3 (-2.5) mm long | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Ligule 1-2 mm long; sheaths sparsely to moderately spreading short-pilose; nodes retrorsely bearded; leaves 1-4 cm long, 2-5 mm wide; spikelets 1.2-1.4 mm long | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Ligule (1.5-) 2-5 mm long; sheaths glabrous to variously pubescent, but not spreading short-pilose; nodes glabrous or pubescent, but not bearded; leaves 4-11 cm long, 4-8 mm wide. | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Lower cauline nodes bearded, the hairs usually retrorse. | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Spikelets 1.8-2.3 mm long; first glume 0.6-1.1 mm long; fertile lemma 0.8-1.0 mm wide; widest vernal blades 3-8 (-10) mm wide; nodes, often only the lower, usually sparsely to moderately bearded with retrorse hairs | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Spikelets 1.4-1.9 mm long; first glume 0.3-0.6 (-0.7) mm long; fertile lemma 0.6-0.8 mm wide; widest vernal blades 7-15 mm wide; usually all nodes densely bearded with retrorse hairs | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Usually all culm nodes bearded; internodes glabrous, or middle and upper internodes and peduncle sparsely to moderately spreading short-hairy, sometimes also glandular; upper as well as lower vernal sheaths and both surfaces of cauline blades pubescent, often densely so; spikelets (1.5-) 1.8-2.2 mm long; [of dry rocky or sandy basic soil and barrens] | Usually all culm nodes bearded; internodes glabrous, or middle and upper internodes and peduncle sparsely to moderately spreading short-hairy, sometimes also glandular; upper as well as lower vernal sheaths and both surfaces of cauline blades pubescent, often densely so; spikelets (1.5-) 1.8-2.2 mm long; [of dry rocky or sandy basic soil and barrens] | |||||
Dichanthelium | Often only lower culm nodes bearded; internodes glabrous; at least middle and upper cauline blades glabrous; spikelets 1.4-2.8 mm long; [mostly of wet acid soils and mesic to dry woodlands]. | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Lower cauline nodes glabrous or puberulent, but not bearded. | ||||||
Panicum | First glume 1/3 to 1/2 length of spikelet, acute to subacute; sheaths villous or hispid (except in the locally introduced P. bisulcatum); nodes often bearded. | ||||||
Panicum | Sheaths hispid to villous; culm nodes usually pubescent to bearded, internodes hispid to glabrous; [Panicum section Panicum]. | ||||||
Apios | Petiole 70-75 mm long; flower pale green and rose-purple; style bearded; legume 12-15 (-18) cm long; seed 7.2-11.0 mm long; tuber 1, 15-20 cm in diameter | ||||||
Viola | Spur of basal petal 4-6 mm long; lateral petals bearded within; corolla uniformly blue | ||||||
Viola | Petioles and/or either or both surfaces of leaf blades glabrous or sparsely to densely hirsute; largest leaf blades typically obtuse to rounded at apex, inner edges of basal lobes well separated or divergent in life, sinus > 1/4 (often > 1/3) length of blade, margins low-serrate with noticeable teeth; petioles and peduncles not red-tinged or -spotted; lateral petals bearded; cleistogamous capsules 7-14 mm long; seeds 1.6-2.2 × 1.0-1.3 mm, light to medium brown; [widely distributed in northeastern region, most common at lower elevations] | Petioles and/or either or both surfaces of leaf blades glabrous or sparsely to densely hirsute; largest leaf blades typically obtuse to rounded at apex, inner edges of basal lobes well separated or divergent in life, sinus > 1/4 (often > 1/3) length of blade, margins low-serrate with noticeable teeth; petioles and peduncles not red-tinged or -spotted; lateral petals bearded; cleistogamous capsules 7-14 mm long; seeds 1.6-2.2 × 1.0-1.3 mm, light to medium brown; [widely distributed in northeastern region, most common at lower elevations] | |||||
Galium | Stems smooth on the angles or with few, scattered hairs; stem nodes densely retrorsely bearded; corollas 4-lobed, the lobes longer than wide; leaves strictly 4 per node (very rarely 5 at a few nodes). | ||||||
Galium | Stems retrorsely scabrous on the angles; stem nodes not conspicuously bearded; corollas 3-4-lobed, the lobes about as wide as long, or wider than long; leaves 4 per node, but most plants with at least some main stem nodes with 5 or 6 leaves. | ||||||
Galium | Fruits and ovaries uncinate-hispid; nodes bearded, the stem otherwise glabrous; [section Hylaea] | ||||||
Galium | Fruits and ovaries glabrous; nodes not bearded, the stem either glabrous or pubescent toward the base of the plant. | ||||||
Chelone | Corolla white (or tinged with purple, pink, or green near the mouth); staminodes with green tips; palate white-bearded (rarely greenish-yellow-bearded) | Corolla white (or tinged with purple, pink, or green near the mouth); staminodes with green tips; palate white-bearded (rarely greenish-yellow-bearded) | |||||
Chelone | Corolla pink or purple throughout; staminodes with white tips (rarely with green or purple tips); palate yellow-bearded (rarely white-bearded). | Corolla pink or purple throughout; staminodes with white tips (rarely with green or purple tips); palate yellow-bearded (rarely white-bearded). | |||||
Penstemon | Leaves mostly 2.5-4 cm wide; anthers bearded with long papillae | ||||||
Penstemon | Corollas 28-35 mm long, lavender, violet, or purple; staminodes 15-18 mm long, densely bearded in the upper 13-15 mm; largest leaf blades mostly 30-60 mm wide | Corollas 28-35 mm long, lavender, violet, or purple; staminodes 15-18 mm long, densely bearded in the upper 13-15 mm; largest leaf blades mostly 30-60 mm wide | |||||
Penstemon | Corollas 10-16 mm long, pale lavender, pink, violet, or almost white; staminodes 7-9 mm long, densely bearded in the upper 4-5 mm; largest leaf blades mostly 10-40 mm wide. | Corollas 10-16 mm long, pale lavender, pink, violet, or almost white; staminodes 7-9 mm long, densely bearded in the upper 4-5 mm; largest leaf blades mostly 10-40 mm wide. | |||||
Monarda | Leaves deltoid-ovate to ovate, 2-6 cm wide, usually ca. 2× as long as wide; orifice of the calyx glabrous to slightly hirsute with a few long hairs; upper lip of the corolla 5-8 mm long and not bearded (M. clinopodia) or 13-16 mm long and slightly bearded (M. media) near its apex; outer surface of the corolla glabrous to evenly pubescent with short curled hairs. | Leaves deltoid-ovate to ovate, 2-6 cm wide, usually ca. 2× as long as wide; orifice of the calyx glabrous to slightly hirsute with a few long hairs; upper lip of the corolla 5-8 mm long and not bearded (M. clinopodia) or 13-16 mm long and slightly bearded (M. media) near its apex; outer surface of the corolla glabrous to evenly pubescent with short curled hairs. | |||||
Monarda | Corolla white, greenish, or pale pink, the lower lip purple-spotted; outer bracts subtending the inflorescence green or pale (rarely with a purplish midvein); upper lip of the corolla 5-8 mm long, not bearded | ||||||
Monarda | Corolla deep purple, the lower lip usually not spotted; outer bracts subtending the inflorescence purple to red; upper lip of the corolla 13-16 mm long and slightly bearded near its apex | ||||||
Monarda | Leaves narrowly-deltoid, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 1-4 cm wide, usually ca. 3-4× as long as wide; orifice of the calyx densely hirsute with numerous erect, stiff, white hairs; upper lip of the corolla prominently bearded or merely pilose near its apex; outer surface of the corolla evenly pubescent with short curled hairs. | Leaves narrowly-deltoid, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 1-4 cm wide, usually ca. 3-4× as long as wide; orifice of the calyx densely hirsute with numerous erect, stiff, white hairs; upper lip of the corolla prominently bearded or merely pilose near its apex; outer surface of the corolla evenly pubescent with short curled hairs. | |||||
Helianthus | Tips of the receptacular bracts (paleae) in the center of the head conspicuously white-bearded. | ||||||
Helianthus | Tips of the receptacular bracts (paleae) in the center of the head not bearded. | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Lowest internodes glabrous or pubescent or spreading villous, usually not purplish; nodes glabrous, sparsely pubescent to sparsely bearded; spikelets 2.2-2.8 (-3.0) mm long, sparsely pubescent; first glume 0.7-1.1 mm long, usually > 1.5 × as long as wide; second glume shorter than sterile and fertile lemmas; fertile lemma 2.1-2.2 mm long | Lowest internodes glabrous or pubescent or spreading villous, usually not purplish; nodes glabrous, sparsely pubescent to sparsely bearded; spikelets 2.2-2.8 (-3.0) mm long, sparsely pubescent; first glume 0.7-1.1 mm long, usually > 1.5 × as long as wide; second glume shorter than sterile and fertile lemmas; fertile lemma 2.1-2.2 mm long | |||||
Dichanthelium | Lowest internodes usually purple-villous; nodes retrorsely (-spreading) bearded; spikelets 1.8-2.2 mm long, moderately densely pubescent; first glume broadly ovate, subacute, 0.4-0.7 mm long, usually < 1.5 × as long as wide; second glume about as long as sterile and fertile lemmas; fertile lemma 1.7-1.8 mm long | Lowest internodes usually purple-villous; nodes retrorsely (-spreading) bearded; spikelets 1.8-2.2 mm long, moderately densely pubescent; first glume broadly ovate, subacute, 0.4-0.7 mm long, usually < 1.5 × as long as wide; second glume about as long as sterile and fertile lemmas; fertile lemma 1.7-1.8 mm long | |||||
Monarda | Leaves canescent; stem variously hairy; upper lip of the corolla prominently bearded near its apex. | ||||||
Viola | Plant producing stolons at least during summer fruit; rhizome vertical or horizontal (sometimes from a stoloniform rhizome); leaf blades elevated and spreading in life, narrower than long to slightly broader than long, oval or orbicular to broadly ovate, acute to obtuse or rounded at apex, lateral petals bearded or beardless; cleistogamous capsules unspotted on erect peduncles, or purple-spotted on prostrate to arching peduncles; seeds medium to dark brown or blackish-brown. | Plant producing stolons at least during summer fruit; rhizome vertical or horizontal (sometimes from a stoloniform rhizome); leaf blades elevated and spreading in life, narrower than long to slightly broader than long, oval or orbicular to broadly ovate, acute to obtuse or rounded at apex, lateral petals bearded or beardless; cleistogamous capsules unspotted on erect peduncles, or purple-spotted on prostrate to arching peduncles; seeds medium to dark brown or blackish-brown. | |||||
Viola | Lateral petals bearded within, sometimes the spurred petal also; corolla concolorous except for expanded white area from the throat in a few species; stipules free; rhizome horizontal or ascending, sometimes branching, not barrel-like; cleistogamous flowers produced. | Lateral petals bearded within, sometimes the spurred petal also; corolla concolorous except for expanded white area from the throat in a few species; stipules free; rhizome horizontal or ascending, sometimes branching, not barrel-like; cleistogamous flowers produced. | |||||
Viola | Petioles glabrous, leaf blades sparsely appressed-hirtellous on veins, margins appressed-ciliolate; spurred petal densely bearded; lowest sepals (basal most pair on either side of the spurred petal) lanceolate, sharply acute; auricles prominent, elongating in fruit to 6 mm; cleistogamous capsules green drying tan, unspotted, on erect peduncles nearly or fully as long as petioles; seeds 1.3-2.0 × 0.9-1.3 mm, narrowly obovoid, medium brown to orange-brown, unspotted. | Petioles glabrous, leaf blades sparsely appressed-hirtellous on veins, margins appressed-ciliolate; spurred petal densely bearded; lowest sepals (basal most pair on either side of the spurred petal) lanceolate, sharply acute; auricles prominent, elongating in fruit to 6 mm; cleistogamous capsules green drying tan, unspotted, on erect peduncles nearly or fully as long as petioles; seeds 1.3-2.0 × 0.9-1.3 mm, narrowly obovoid, medium brown to orange-brown, unspotted. | |||||
Viola | Leaves erect or widely spreading in life; leaf blades narrowly ovate-triangular to narrowly ovate or broadly oblong-lanceolate, lateral lobes short and rounded (in V. pedatiloba), short and angulate during chasmogamous flower but elongating to ≥ 1/4 length of the midrib in fruit (in V. edulis), or variously short and elliptical or longer and linear and ≥ 1/4 length of the midrib (in V. viarum); foliage strictly glabrous; lowest sepals linear-lanceolate to ovate-triangular; spurred petal glabrous or sparsely bearded within; [diverse substrates of bottomland sites along streams and rivers, Atlantic and Gulf Coast or central and lower Midwest]. | Leaves erect or widely spreading in life; leaf blades narrowly ovate-triangular to narrowly ovate or broadly oblong-lanceolate, lateral lobes short and rounded (in V. pedatiloba), short and angulate during chasmogamous flower but elongating to ≥ 1/4 length of the midrib in fruit (in V. edulis), or variously short and elliptical or longer and linear and ≥ 1/4 length of the midrib (in V. viarum); foliage strictly glabrous; lowest sepals linear-lanceolate to ovate-triangular; spurred petal glabrous or sparsely bearded within; [diverse substrates of bottomland sites along streams and rivers, Atlantic and Gulf Coast or central and lower Midwest]. | |||||
Viola | Leaves erect in life; leaf blades narrowly elliptical or ovate-lanceolate with small basal teeth or lobes during chasmogamous flower, sagittate or lance-triangular with larger slender basal teeth or linear-falcate lobes during fruit, teeth or lobes ≤ 1/4 length of the midrib; foliage glabrous or (more commonly) sparsely to moderately hirtellous; lowest sepals linear-lanceolate to lance-triangular; spurred petal densely bearded within; [inhabiting upland or wetland sites in dry to seasonally moist acidic sandy soils in sand prairies and oak barrens, interdunal swales, and lakeshores, widespread throughout much of e. North America, mostly absent from Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains] | Leaves erect in life; leaf blades narrowly elliptical or ovate-lanceolate with small basal teeth or lobes during chasmogamous flower, sagittate or lance-triangular with larger slender basal teeth or linear-falcate lobes during fruit, teeth or lobes ≤ 1/4 length of the midrib; foliage glabrous or (more commonly) sparsely to moderately hirtellous; lowest sepals linear-lanceolate to lance-triangular; spurred petal densely bearded within; [inhabiting upland or wetland sites in dry to seasonally moist acidic sandy soils in sand prairies and oak barrens, interdunal swales, and lakeshores, widespread throughout much of e. North America, mostly absent from Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains] | |||||
Viola | Largest leaf blades shallowly to deeply pedately divided into 3-7 (-9) lobes (biternately divided leaf blades occasionally produced by V. septemloba), the terminal primary division broadly oblong to ovate or rhombic-ovate, distinctly to much broader than any intermediary lobes between the terminal and lateral divisions; lowest sepals lanceolate to ovate-triangular, acuminate (oblong-lanceolate to ovate and obtuse to rounded in V. "Gulf Coastal Plain edulis"); auricles prominent, weakly to strongly elongating to 3 mm in fruit; spurred petal glabrous within (sparsely bearded in V. viarum, densely bearded in V. septemloba); cleistogamous capsules unspotted, on peduncles as long as or longer than the petioles (capsule heavily spotted or blotched, on prostrate or arching peduncle shorter than the petioles in V. "Gulf Coastal Plain edulis"); seeds dark bronze and unspotted, or brown with minute black spots or reticulations; [either pine savannas (V. septemloba) or bottomland sites along streams and rivers, Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains and lower Midwest Missouri River drainage] | Largest leaf blades shallowly to deeply pedately divided into 3-7 (-9) lobes (biternately divided leaf blades occasionally produced by V. septemloba), the terminal primary division broadly oblong to ovate or rhombic-ovate, distinctly to much broader than any intermediary lobes between the terminal and lateral divisions; lowest sepals lanceolate to ovate-triangular, acuminate (oblong-lanceolate to ovate and obtuse to rounded in V. "Gulf Coastal Plain edulis"); auricles prominent, weakly to strongly elongating to 3 mm in fruit; spurred petal glabrous within (sparsely bearded in V. viarum, densely bearded in V. septemloba); cleistogamous capsules unspotted, on peduncles as long as or longer than the petioles (capsule heavily spotted or blotched, on prostrate or arching peduncle shorter than the petioles in V. "Gulf Coastal Plain edulis"); seeds dark bronze and unspotted, or brown with minute black spots or reticulations; [either pine savannas (V. septemloba) or bottomland sites along streams and rivers, Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains and lower Midwest Missouri River drainage] | |||||
Viola | Largest leaf blades deeply biternately divided nearly to petiole summit into 7 or 9 lobes (biternately divided leaf blades occasionally produced by V. septemloba, which is keyed out in 21b), the terminal primary division narrowly lanceolate and not much broader than its lateral lobes or the lobes on the lateral primary divisions; lowest sepals oblong-lanceolate to ovate, obtuse to broadly rounded; auricles short and rounded, not elongating in fruit; spurred petal sparsely to densely bearded within; cleistogamous capsule unspotted, on prostrate to arching peduncle much shorter than petioles; seeds 2.2-2.7 × 1.5-1.7 mm, medium to dark brown, unspotted; [upland limestone cedar glades of Interior Highlands region, s. IN south to nw. GA and n. AL] | Largest leaf blades deeply biternately divided nearly to petiole summit into 7 or 9 lobes (biternately divided leaf blades occasionally produced by V. septemloba, which is keyed out in 21b), the terminal primary division narrowly lanceolate and not much broader than its lateral lobes or the lobes on the lateral primary divisions; lowest sepals oblong-lanceolate to ovate, obtuse to broadly rounded; auricles short and rounded, not elongating in fruit; spurred petal sparsely to densely bearded within; cleistogamous capsule unspotted, on prostrate to arching peduncle much shorter than petioles; seeds 2.2-2.7 × 1.5-1.7 mm, medium to dark brown, unspotted; [upland limestone cedar glades of Interior Highlands region, s. IN south to nw. GA and n. AL] | |||||
Viola | Largest leaf blades shallowly to deeply 3- to 7-lobed, lobes linear or angulate, elliptical, ovate or rhombic-ovate, lobes ascending to spreading on blades with 5 or more lobes, lacking a distinct downward-pointing lobe; blade margins incurved-serrate; spurred petal glabrous within (sparsely bearded in V. viarum); cleistogamous capsule unspotted or finely to heavily spotted or blotched with red or purple, on ascending to erect peduncle surpassing some petioles or on prostrate peduncle much shorter than petioles; seeds various; [bottomland sites in diverse substrates along rivers and streams or swamps]. | Largest leaf blades shallowly to deeply 3- to 7-lobed, lobes linear or angulate, elliptical, ovate or rhombic-ovate, lobes ascending to spreading on blades with 5 or more lobes, lacking a distinct downward-pointing lobe; blade margins incurved-serrate; spurred petal glabrous within (sparsely bearded in V. viarum); cleistogamous capsule unspotted or finely to heavily spotted or blotched with red or purple, on ascending to erect peduncle surpassing some petioles or on prostrate peduncle much shorter than petioles; seeds various; [bottomland sites in diverse substrates along rivers and streams or swamps]. | |||||
Viola | Largest leaf blades moderately to deeply (3-) 5-7 (-9)-lobed, lobes elliptical, lobes divergent on blades with 5 or more lobes, lowest lobe downward-pointing; blade margins entire or subentire; spurred petal densely bearded; cleistogamous capsule unspotted, on tall erect peduncle surpassing some petioles; seeds (1.5-) 1.9-2.5 × 1.4-1.6 mm, brownish-black, unspotted; [dry to seasonally moist sand of frequently burned long-leaf pine savannas] | Largest leaf blades moderately to deeply (3-) 5-7 (-9)-lobed, lobes elliptical, lobes divergent on blades with 5 or more lobes, lowest lobe downward-pointing; blade margins entire or subentire; spurred petal densely bearded; cleistogamous capsule unspotted, on tall erect peduncle surpassing some petioles; seeds (1.5-) 1.9-2.5 × 1.4-1.6 mm, brownish-black, unspotted; [dry to seasonally moist sand of frequently burned long-leaf pine savannas] | |||||
Viola | Leaves ascending to erect in life; lowest sepals linear-lanceolate to lanceolate; spurred petal sparsely bearded within; cleistogamous capsule finely spotted with red or purple, on ascending to erect peduncle equaling or surpassing shorter petioles; [thin alluvial soils amid limestone gravel or rubble or cracks in limestone bedrock along streams and rivers, mainly in the n. Ozarks and Missouri River drainage of the central and lower Midwest] | Leaves ascending to erect in life; lowest sepals linear-lanceolate to lanceolate; spurred petal sparsely bearded within; cleistogamous capsule finely spotted with red or purple, on ascending to erect peduncle equaling or surpassing shorter petioles; [thin alluvial soils amid limestone gravel or rubble or cracks in limestone bedrock along streams and rivers, mainly in the n. Ozarks and Missouri River drainage of the central and lower Midwest] | |||||
Viola | Lateral petals bearded within, spurred petal in some species bearded; spur < 1.5× as long as thick, rounded; leaf blades variously shaped, inner edges of basal lobes not overlapping in life; stipules free. | ||||||
Viola | All petals glabrous within (lateral petals densely bearded within in V. inconspicua); spur > 2× as long as thick, cylindrical or club-shaped; stipules at least half-adnate to petioles. | ||||||
Viola | Leaf blades narrowly ovate-triangular to deltate-triangular, broadly cordate with divergent basal lobes with non-overlapping or divergent lobes, the blade margins above the basal lobes straightish to concave; spur 1-3 mm long; upper surface of blades glabrous; lateral petals densely bearded within; [exotic, usually in human-maintained habitats] | Leaf blades narrowly ovate-triangular to deltate-triangular, broadly cordate with divergent basal lobes with non-overlapping or divergent lobes, the blade margins above the basal lobes straightish to concave; spur 1-3 mm long; upper surface of blades glabrous; lateral petals densely bearded within; [exotic, usually in human-maintained habitats] | |||||
Viola | Leaves spreading to prostrate on the substrate in life; upper leaf blade surface silvery- or gray-green with contrasting dark green or red-purple veins, lower blade surface purple-tinged; foliage glabrous except for conspicuous stiff ascending or spreading hairs uniformly distributed over upper surface of leaf blade; calyx eciliate; lowest sepals oblong to ovate, obtuse to rounded; spurred pet densely bearded; cleistogamous capsule purple-spotted, on initially prostrate peduncle shorter than petioles; seeds 1.5-2.1 × 1.1-1.4 mm, light brown, commonly with slightly darker streaks and spots | Leaves spreading to prostrate on the substrate in life; upper leaf blade surface silvery- or gray-green with contrasting dark green or red-purple veins, lower blade surface purple-tinged; foliage glabrous except for conspicuous stiff ascending or spreading hairs uniformly distributed over upper surface of leaf blade; calyx eciliate; lowest sepals oblong to ovate, obtuse to rounded; spurred pet densely bearded; cleistogamous capsule purple-spotted, on initially prostrate peduncle shorter than petioles; seeds 1.5-2.1 × 1.1-1.4 mm, light brown, commonly with slightly darker streaks and spots | |||||
Viola | Spurred petal densely bearded within; lower surface of leaf blades commonly purple-tinged (blades uniformly green in V. retusa). | ||||||
Viola | Spurred petal densely bearded within; foliage glabrous or sparsely to moderately hirtellous [naturally occurring in open sites] | Spurred petal densely bearded within; foliage glabrous or sparsely to moderately hirtellous [naturally occurring in open sites] | |||||
Viola | Foliage puberulent; primary terminal lobe and main lobes of lateral divisions distinctly broader than any intermediary lobes; calyx eciliate; spurred petal glabrous or sparsely bearded within; [s. & w. AR to c. OK, south to se. LA and sc. TX] | ||||||
Viola | Leaves ascending to erect in life; leaf blades ovate-triangular to narrowly ovate, slender lateral lobes already 1/4-1/2 midrib length during chasmogamous flower; lowest sepals linear-lanceolate to lanceolate; spurred petal sparsely bearded within; [thin alluvial soils amid limestone gravel or rubble or cracks in limestone bedrock along streams and rivers mainly in the n. Ozarks and Missouri River drainage of the central and lower Midwest] | Leaves ascending to erect in life; leaf blades ovate-triangular to narrowly ovate, slender lateral lobes already 1/4-1/2 midrib length during chasmogamous flower; lowest sepals linear-lanceolate to lanceolate; spurred petal sparsely bearded within; [thin alluvial soils amid limestone gravel or rubble or cracks in limestone bedrock along streams and rivers mainly in the n. Ozarks and Missouri River drainage of the central and lower Midwest] | |||||
Monarda | Calyx orifice glabrous or ciliate, not densely bearded; leaves lanceolate to ovate; [collectively widespread]. | ||||||
Monarda | Calyx orifice densely bearded by a cone of white trichomes; leaves broadly lanceolate; [c. TX] | ||||||
Commelinaceae | Leaves glaucous; spathe open; fertile stamens 6 (though of 4 disparate forms), their filaments bearded with purple or purple-and-yellow hairs; [TX only in our region] | ||||||
Orchidaceae | Lip not conspicuously bearded, but sometimes with 3-7 distinct keels. | ||||||
Orchidaceae | Lip conspicuously bearded or bearing bumpy projections | ||||||
Heliotropium | Leaf blades 2-10 (-12) cm long, 2-4× as long as wide, acute to acuminate; corolla 2-3 mm long, bearded in the throat; [section Schobera] | ||||||
Fabaceae | Bracteoles below the calyx persistent; ventral suture of the fruit bumpy-nodose; style bearded | ||||||
Stachys | Leaf margins crenulate or crenate; stem nodes bearded; lower stem angles copiously pubescent with 3-celled spreading hairs; [low-elevation Piedmont and Coastal Plain habitats] | ||||||
Stachys | Leaf margins serrulate or serrate; stem nodes not bearded (sometimes obscurely fine-hairy); stem angles with scattered, pustulate, short deflexed hairs; [high-elevation montane habitats] | ||||||
Muhlenbergia | Callus bearded (sometimes only slightly so) (glabrous in M. glabriflora); plant with scaly rhizomes (except for M. tenuifolia); leaves (1-) 2-14 mm wide; [various habitats]. |
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