Flora of the Southeastern United States

Juniperus

Leaves flat-acicular or grooved, 8-25 mm long, never scale-like, with a white stomatal band on the upper surface and an abscission zone at the base; leaves borne in whorls of 3, spreading at 45-90 degrees from the twig; female cones ("berries") axillary, maturing in 2-3 years; [section Juniperus or genus Juniperus]

Leaves flat-acicular or grooved, 8-25 mm long, never scale-like, with a white stomatal band on the upper surface and an abscission zone at the base; leaves borne in whorls of 3, spreading at 45-90 degrees from the twig; female cones ("berries") axillary, maturing in 2-3 years; [section Juniperus or genus Juniperus]

Juniperus

Leaves flat-acicular or grooved, 8-25 mm long, never scale-like, with a white stomatal band on the upper surface and an abscission zone at the base; leaves borne in whorls of 3, spreading at 45-90 degrees from the twig; female cones ("berries") axillary, maturing in 2-3 years; [section Juniperus or genus Juniperus]

Leaves flat-acicular or grooved, 8-25 mm long, never scale-like, with a white stomatal band on the upper surface and an abscission zone at the base; leaves borne in whorls of 3, spreading at 45-90 degrees from the twig; female cones ("berries") axillary, maturing in 2-3 years; [section Juniperus or genus Juniperus]

Juniperus

Leaves primarily scale-like (scale-leaves), ca. 1-2 mm long, though acicular and 2-10 mm long (whip-leaves) are often present on young trees and some lower branches of larger trees, without a white line on the upper surface (though often somewhat glaucous) and lacking an abscission zone at the base; leaves of mature twigs borne in opposite pairs of 2, decussate (thus 4-ranked), appressed to the twig (leaves of immature twigs sometimes in whorls of 3, spreading at 10-45 degrees from the twig); female cones ("berries") terminal on short branches, maturing the first year; [section Sabina or genus Sabina].

Leaves primarily scale-like (scale-leaves), ca. 1-2 mm long, though acicular and 2-10 mm long (whip-leaves) are often present on young trees and some lower branches of larger trees, without a white line on the upper surface (though often somewhat glaucous) and lacking an abscission zone at the base; leaves of mature twigs borne in opposite pairs of 2, decussate (thus 4-ranked), appressed to the twig (leaves of immature twigs sometimes in whorls of 3, spreading at 10-45 degrees from the twig); female cones ("berries") terminal on short branches, maturing the first year; [section Sabina or genus Sabina].

Juniperus

Female cones ("berries") 3-5 mm long; male cones 4-5 mm long; terminal twigs 0.75-0.90 mm wide (including the scale-like leaves); scale leaves 1.20-1.45 mm long, obtuse to acute; trees generally with rounded or flattened crowns, the lower branches often drooping; [upland to wetland saline or calcareous habitats near the coast]

Female cones ("berries") 3-5 mm long; male cones 4-5 mm long; terminal twigs 0.75-0.90 mm wide (including the scale-like leaves); scale leaves 1.20-1.45 mm long, obtuse to acute; trees generally with rounded or flattened crowns, the lower branches often drooping; [upland to wetland saline or calcareous habitats near the coast]

Juniperus

Female cones ("berries") 3-5 mm long; male cones 4-5 mm long; terminal twigs 0.75-0.90 mm wide (including the scale-like leaves); scale leaves 1.20-1.45 mm long, obtuse to acute; trees generally with rounded or flattened crowns, the lower branches often drooping; [upland to wetland saline or calcareous habitats near the coast]

Female cones ("berries") 3-5 mm long; male cones 4-5 mm long; terminal twigs 0.75-0.90 mm wide (including the scale-like leaves); scale leaves 1.20-1.45 mm long, obtuse to acute; trees generally with rounded or flattened crowns, the lower branches often drooping; [upland to wetland saline or calcareous habitats near the coast]

Juniperus

Female cones ("berries") 3-5 mm long; male cones 4-5 mm long; terminal twigs 0.75-0.90 mm wide (including the scale-like leaves); scale leaves 1.20-1.45 mm long, obtuse to acute; trees generally with rounded or flattened crowns, the lower branches often drooping; [upland to wetland saline or calcareous habitats near the coast]

Female cones ("berries") 3-5 mm long; male cones 4-5 mm long; terminal twigs 0.75-0.90 mm wide (including the scale-like leaves); scale leaves 1.20-1.45 mm long, obtuse to acute; trees generally with rounded or flattened crowns, the lower branches often drooping; [upland to wetland saline or calcareous habitats near the coast]

Juniperus

Female cones ("berries") 4-7 mm long; male cones 3-4 mm long; terminal twigs 0.85-1.00 mm wide (including the scale-like leaves); scale leaves 1.40-1.65 mm long, acute; trees generally with sharply tapered crowns, the lower branches generally ascending; [upland habitats inland]

Female cones ("berries") 4-7 mm long; male cones 3-4 mm long; terminal twigs 0.85-1.00 mm wide (including the scale-like leaves); scale leaves 1.40-1.65 mm long, acute; trees generally with sharply tapered crowns, the lower branches generally ascending; [upland habitats inland]

Juniperus

Female cones ("berries") 4-7 mm long; male cones 3-4 mm long; terminal twigs 0.85-1.00 mm wide (including the scale-like leaves); scale leaves 1.40-1.65 mm long, acute; trees generally with sharply tapered crowns, the lower branches generally ascending; [upland habitats inland]

Female cones ("berries") 4-7 mm long; male cones 3-4 mm long; terminal twigs 0.85-1.00 mm wide (including the scale-like leaves); scale leaves 1.40-1.65 mm long, acute; trees generally with sharply tapered crowns, the lower branches generally ascending; [upland habitats inland]

Juniperus

Female cones ("berries") 4-7 mm long; male cones 3-4 mm long; terminal twigs 0.85-1.00 mm wide (including the scale-like leaves); scale leaves 1.40-1.65 mm long, acute; trees generally with sharply tapered crowns, the lower branches generally ascending; [upland habitats inland]

Female cones ("berries") 4-7 mm long; male cones 3-4 mm long; terminal twigs 0.85-1.00 mm wide (including the scale-like leaves); scale leaves 1.40-1.65 mm long, acute; trees generally with sharply tapered crowns, the lower branches generally ascending; [upland habitats inland]

Juniperus

Female cones ("berries") 4-7 mm long; male cones 3-4 mm long; terminal twigs 0.85-1.00 mm wide (including the scale-like leaves); scale leaves 1.40-1.65 mm long, acute; trees generally with sharply tapered crowns, the lower branches generally ascending; [upland habitats inland]

Female cones ("berries") 4-7 mm long; male cones 3-4 mm long; terminal twigs 0.85-1.00 mm wide (including the scale-like leaves); scale leaves 1.40-1.65 mm long, acute; trees generally with sharply tapered crowns, the lower branches generally ascending; [upland habitats inland]

Smilax

Stems and petioles tomentose, lacking prickles; leaves densely tomentose beneath; berries orangish-red, obpyriform, with an acutish beak; plant trailing or ascending, the stem rarely > 0.5 m long (with determinate growth); [Clade B4]

Stems and petioles tomentose, lacking prickles; leaves densely tomentose beneath; berries orangish-red, obpyriform, with an acutish beak; plant trailing or ascending, the stem rarely > 0.5 m long (with determinate growth); [Clade B4]

Smilax

Stems and petioles stellate-scurfy or glabrous, generally with prickles; leaves glabrous or papillate beneath; berries black, dark blue, dark red, or bright red, globose, subglobose, or ovoid, lacking a beak; plant climbing, ascending, or trailing, mature plants with stems generally well over 0.5 m long (with indeterminate growth).

Stems and petioles stellate-scurfy or glabrous, generally with prickles; leaves glabrous or papillate beneath; berries black, dark blue, dark red, or bright red, globose, subglobose, or ovoid, lacking a beak; plant climbing, ascending, or trailing, mature plants with stems generally well over 0.5 m long (with indeterminate growth).

Clintonia

Flowers yellow, the tepals 12-16 mm long; flowers 3-8 (-10) per inflorescence (in fruit often fewer by abortion); berries blue (rarely to whitish-blue), 8-12 mm long, each with 8-16 seeds; leaf margins and lower surface of midvein (near lower, sheathing portion of leaf) glabrous or slightly ciliate; plants colonial by rhizomes 1-2 mm in diameter; leaf blade 1.5-2.5 (-3.5)× as long as wide; [mostly northern in our region or in the Mountains at high elevations, generally associated with spruce-fir or northern hardwoods forests, but sometimes in oak forests and seepages]

Flowers yellow, the tepals 12-16 mm long; flowers 3-8 (-10) per inflorescence (in fruit often fewer by abortion); berries blue (rarely to whitish-blue), 8-12 mm long, each with 8-16 seeds; leaf margins and lower surface of midvein (near lower, sheathing portion of leaf) glabrous or slightly ciliate; plants colonial by rhizomes 1-2 mm in diameter; leaf blade 1.5-2.5 (-3.5)× as long as wide; [mostly northern in our region or in the Mountains at high elevations, generally associated with spruce-fir or northern hardwoods forests, but sometimes in oak forests and seepages]

Clintonia

Flowers white (often marked with red or purple blotches, spots, or lines), the tepals 5.5-8 mm long; flowers 10-30 per inflorescence (in fruit often fewer by abortion); berries black or blue, 6-8 mm long, each with 2-4 seeds; leaf margins and lower surface of midvein (near lower, sheathing portion of leaf) retrorsely ciliate; plants solitary or somewhat colonial, the rhizomes 2-4 mm in diameter; leaf blade 2-5× as long as wide; [plants of middle elevations, or northwards at low elevations as well, generally associated with oak or cove forests]

Flowers white (often marked with red or purple blotches, spots, or lines), the tepals 5.5-8 mm long; flowers 10-30 per inflorescence (in fruit often fewer by abortion); berries black or blue, 6-8 mm long, each with 2-4 seeds; leaf margins and lower surface of midvein (near lower, sheathing portion of leaf) retrorsely ciliate; plants solitary or somewhat colonial, the rhizomes 2-4 mm in diameter; leaf blade 2-5× as long as wide; [plants of middle elevations, or northwards at low elevations as well, generally associated with oak or cove forests]

Asparagus

Flowers in 1-3-flowered axillary racemes; berries 6-10 mm long, red; erect herb (sometimes arching in age)

Flowers in 1-3-flowered axillary racemes; berries 6-10 mm long, red; erect herb (sometimes arching in age)

Asparagus

Flowers in 1-3-flowered axillary racemes; berries 6-10 mm long, red; erect herb (sometimes arching in age)

Flowers in 1-3-flowered axillary racemes; berries 6-10 mm long, red; erect herb (sometimes arching in age)

Asparagus

Flowers in 1-4-flowered terminal umbels; berries 4-5 mm long, purplish-black; scrambling vine

Flowers in 1-4-flowered terminal umbels; berries 4-5 mm long, purplish-black; scrambling vine

Berberis

Leaves with 1-9 (20) bristles on each margin, the bristles 3-6 mm apart; berries ovoid (6-9 mm long, 6-7 mm broad), 5-10 (rarely more) in an often umbellate raceme; petals notched at apex; [section Canadenses]

Leaves with 1-9 (20) bristles on each margin, the bristles 3-6 mm apart; berries ovoid (6-9 mm long, 6-7 mm broad), 5-10 (rarely more) in an often umbellate raceme; petals notched at apex; [section Canadenses]

Berberis

Leaves with 18-36 bristles on each margin, ca. 2 mm apart; berries ellipsoid (8-10 mm long, 4-5 mm broad), 10-20 in a raceme; petals obtuse at apex; [section Vulgares]

Leaves with 18-36 bristles on each margin, ca. 2 mm apart; berries ellipsoid (8-10 mm long, 4-5 mm broad), 10-20 in a raceme; petals obtuse at apex; [section Vulgares]

Parthenocissus

Inflorescence with a well-developed (zigzag) central axis, the dichotomous branches very unequal, the inflorescence therefore paniculiform, with a total of 25-200+ flowers; tendrils with mostly 3-8 branches, most or all branches terminating with adhesive disks (though young shoots may not have the disks yet formed); leaves usually dull above, medium green; leaflets sessile, subsessile, or short-petiolulate (usually < 5 mm long); leaflet margins toothed primarily past the widest point, with few and obscure teeth below that point; berries 4-8 mm in diameter; [widespread in our area]

Inflorescence with a well-developed (zigzag) central axis, the dichotomous branches very unequal, the inflorescence therefore paniculiform, with a total of 25-200+ flowers; tendrils with mostly 3-8 branches, most or all branches terminating with adhesive disks (though young shoots may not have the disks yet formed); leaves usually dull above, medium green; leaflets sessile, subsessile, or short-petiolulate (usually < 5 mm long); leaflet margins toothed primarily past the widest point, with few and obscure teeth below that point; berries 4-8 mm in diameter; [widespread in our area]

Parthenocissus

Inflorescence with a well-developed (zigzag) central axis, the dichotomous branches very unequal, the inflorescence therefore paniculiform, with a total of 25-200+ flowers; tendrils with mostly 3-8 branches, most or all branches terminating with adhesive disks (though young shoots may not have the disks yet formed); leaves usually dull above, medium green; leaflets sessile, subsessile, or short-petiolulate (usually < 5 mm long); leaflet margins toothed primarily past the widest point, with few and obscure teeth below that point; berries 4-8 mm in diameter; [widespread in our area]

Inflorescence with a well-developed (zigzag) central axis, the dichotomous branches very unequal, the inflorescence therefore paniculiform, with a total of 25-200+ flowers; tendrils with mostly 3-8 branches, most or all branches terminating with adhesive disks (though young shoots may not have the disks yet formed); leaves usually dull above, medium green; leaflets sessile, subsessile, or short-petiolulate (usually < 5 mm long); leaflet margins toothed primarily past the widest point, with few and obscure teeth below that point; berries 4-8 mm in diameter; [widespread in our area]

Parthenocissus

Inflorescence without a well-developed central axis, the dichotomous branches relatively equal, the inflorescence therefore corymbiform, as wide or wider than long, with 2-3 main branches, with a total of 10-60 flowers; tendrils with mostly 3-5 branches, usually none terminating in adhesive disks (though sometimes swollen at the tip); leaves usually glossy above, often dark green; leaflets borne on long petiolules, often > 10 mm long; leaflet margins coarsely and jaggedly toothed, the teeth usually prominent in the lower half of each leaflet as well as the upper half; berries 6-12 mm in diameter; [from e. VA, n. WV northward, but also cultivated and spreading from horticultural use]

Inflorescence without a well-developed central axis, the dichotomous branches relatively equal, the inflorescence therefore corymbiform, as wide or wider than long, with 2-3 main branches, with a total of 10-60 flowers; tendrils with mostly 3-5 branches, usually none terminating in adhesive disks (though sometimes swollen at the tip); leaves usually glossy above, often dark green; leaflets borne on long petiolules, often > 10 mm long; leaflet margins coarsely and jaggedly toothed, the teeth usually prominent in the lower half of each leaflet as well as the upper half; berries 6-12 mm in diameter; [from e. VA, n. WV northward, but also cultivated and spreading from horticultural use]

Parthenocissus

Inflorescence without a well-developed central axis, the dichotomous branches relatively equal, the inflorescence therefore corymbiform, as wide or wider than long, with 2-3 main branches, with a total of 10-60 flowers; tendrils with mostly 3-5 branches, usually none terminating in adhesive disks (though sometimes swollen at the tip); leaves usually glossy above, often dark green; leaflets borne on long petiolules, often > 10 mm long; leaflet margins coarsely and jaggedly toothed, the teeth usually prominent in the lower half of each leaflet as well as the upper half; berries 6-12 mm in diameter; [from e. VA, n. WV northward, but also cultivated and spreading from horticultural use]

Inflorescence without a well-developed central axis, the dichotomous branches relatively equal, the inflorescence therefore corymbiform, as wide or wider than long, with 2-3 main branches, with a total of 10-60 flowers; tendrils with mostly 3-5 branches, usually none terminating in adhesive disks (though sometimes swollen at the tip); leaves usually glossy above, often dark green; leaflets borne on long petiolules, often > 10 mm long; leaflet margins coarsely and jaggedly toothed, the teeth usually prominent in the lower half of each leaflet as well as the upper half; berries 6-12 mm in diameter; [from e. VA, n. WV northward, but also cultivated and spreading from horticultural use]

Vitis

Mature 3-4-seeded berries > 9 mm in diameter; mature leaves slightly to strongly arachnoid-pubescent beneath; nodes usually not glaucous; nodal diaphragms usually > 2 mm in diameter

Mature 3-4-seeded berries > 9 mm in diameter; mature leaves slightly to strongly arachnoid-pubescent beneath; nodes usually not glaucous; nodal diaphragms usually > 2 mm in diameter

Vitis

Mature 3-4-seeded berries < 9 mm in diameter; mature leaves glabrous to glabrate beneath; nodes usually glaucous; nodal diaphragms usually < 2 mm in diameter

Mature 3-4-seeded berries < 9 mm in diameter; mature leaves glabrous to glabrate beneath; nodes usually glaucous; nodal diaphragms usually < 2 mm in diameter

Vitis

Branchlets of the season more or less terete, glabrous or arachnoid-pubescent; mature 3-4 seeded berries usually > 8 mm in diameter; nodes usually not banded with red pigmentation; inflorescence rachis (flowering or early-fruiting) densely hispid (never floccose); [series Cordifoliae].

Branchlets of the season more or less terete, glabrous or arachnoid-pubescent; mature 3-4 seeded berries usually > 8 mm in diameter; nodes usually not banded with red pigmentation; inflorescence rachis (flowering or early-fruiting) densely hispid (never floccose); [series Cordifoliae].

Vitis

Branchlets of the season angled, arachnoid-pubescent and/or hirtellous-pubescent (or nearly glabrous); mature 3-4 seeded berries < 8 mm in diameter; nodes frequently banded with red pigmentation; inflorescence rachis (flowering or early-fruiting) white-floccose (and sometimes also hispid); [series Cinerescentes].

Branchlets of the season angled, arachnoid-pubescent and/or hirtellous-pubescent (or nearly glabrous); mature 3-4 seeded berries < 8 mm in diameter; nodes frequently banded with red pigmentation; inflorescence rachis (flowering or early-fruiting) white-floccose (and sometimes also hispid); [series Cinerescentes].

Petiveriaceae

Stamens 4; style present; stigma capitate; berries red to orange or yellow; perennial herb (sometimes woody at the base), 0.4-2 m tall

Stamens 4; style present; stigma capitate; berries red to orange or yellow; perennial herb (sometimes woody at the base), 0.4-2 m tall

Petiveriaceae

Stamens 8-13; style absent; stigma penicillate; berries black; woody vine, climbing or sprawling to 10 m long

Stamens 8-13; style absent; stigma penicillate; berries black; woody vine, climbing or sprawling to 10 m long

Gaultheria

Stems creeping, the leaves 3-10 mm long, well-distributed along the stem; berries white; flowers 4-merous; [WV northwards]

Stems creeping, the leaves 3-10 mm long, well-distributed along the stem; berries white; flowers 4-merous; [WV northwards]

Gaultheria

Stems erect, the leaves 15-50 mm long, clustered at the tip of the stem; berries red; flowers 5-merous; [e. NC, nw. SC, n. GA, and ne. AL northwards]

Stems erect, the leaves 15-50 mm long, clustered at the tip of the stem; berries red; flowers 5-merous; [e. NC, nw. SC, n. GA, and ne. AL northwards]

Solanaceae

Berries 1.0-2.5 cm long; corolla urceolate (at least slightly constricted at the ‘neck’, just below the lobes of the corolla).

Berries 1.0-2.5 cm long; corolla urceolate (at least slightly constricted at the ‘neck’, just below the lobes of the corolla).

Solanaceae

Berries nearly spherical, blue-black, 1.0-2.0 cm long, 1.0-2.0 cm in diameter; corolla 2-3 cm long, maroon or purple, and greenish towards the base; plant an upright herb; [tribe Hyoscyameae]

Berries nearly spherical, blue-black, 1.0-2.0 cm long, 1.0-2.0 cm in diameter; corolla 2-3 cm long, maroon or purple, and greenish towards the base; plant an upright herb; [tribe Hyoscyameae]

Solanaceae

Berries elliptical, yellow, 1.5-2.5 cm long, 0.8-1.5 cm in diameter; corolla white 0.7-1.0 cm long, white; plant a trailing or scrambling vine; [tribe Physaleae]

Berries elliptical, yellow, 1.5-2.5 cm long, 0.8-1.5 cm in diameter; corolla white 0.7-1.0 cm long, white; plant a trailing or scrambling vine; [tribe Physaleae]

Solanaceae

Berries 0.3-25 cm long.

Berries 0.3-25 cm long.

Solanaceae

Locules air-filled; berries usually elongate and irregularly shaped (sometimes ovoidal or spherical; [peppers, chilies]; [tribe Capsiceae]

Locules air-filled; berries usually elongate and irregularly shaped (sometimes ovoidal or spherical; [peppers, chilies]; [tribe Capsiceae]

Solanaceae

Locules fleshy; berries spherical or ellipsoidal; [nightshades, tomato, potato, eggplant]; [tribe Solaneae]

Locules fleshy; berries spherical or ellipsoidal; [nightshades, tomato, potato, eggplant]; [tribe Solaneae]

Solanaceae

Flowers 2 or more per leaf axil; berries with spherical seed-like bodies intermixed with the flattened, reniform seeds; [of the Gulf Coastal Plain]

Flowers 2 or more per leaf axil; berries with spherical seed-like bodies intermixed with the flattened, reniform seeds; [of the Gulf Coastal Plain]

Solanaceae

Flowers 1 per leaf axil; berries with flattened, reniform seeds only; [collectively widespread]

Flowers 1 per leaf axil; berries with flattened, reniform seeds only; [collectively widespread]

Physalis

Flowers 2 or more per leaf axil; berries with spherical seed-like bodies intermixed with the flattened, reniform seeds; [of the Gulf Coastal Plain]

Flowers 2 or more per leaf axil; berries with spherical seed-like bodies intermixed with the flattened, reniform seeds; [of the Gulf Coastal Plain]

Physalis

Flowers 1 per leaf axil; berries with flattened, reniform seeds only; [collectively widespread].

Flowers 1 per leaf axil; berries with flattened, reniform seeds only; [collectively widespread].

Plantae

Leaves simple throughout; flowers variously shaped but not papilionaceous; fruit not a legume, instead acorns, berries, capsules, or drupes.

Leaves simple throughout; flowers variously shaped but not papilionaceous; fruit not a legume, instead acorns, berries, capsules, or drupes.

Plantae

Liana climbing by twining (occasionally forming shrub-like masses); fruit either a capsule (< 3× as long as wide), paired berries, drupeaceous (Petrea in VERBENACEAE), or a schizocarp of samaras (MALPIGHIACEAE).

Liana climbing by twining (occasionally forming shrub-like masses); fruit either a capsule (< 3× as long as wide), paired berries, drupeaceous (Petrea in VERBENACEAE), or a schizocarp of samaras (MALPIGHIACEAE).

Plantae

Flowers white, pale yellow, orange, or red, distinctly to obscurely bilaterally symmetrical; leaves widest slightly below, at, or above the middle, the apex rounded, obtuse, to broadly acute; fruit paired berries

Flowers white, pale yellow, orange, or red, distinctly to obscurely bilaterally symmetrical; leaves widest slightly below, at, or above the middle, the apex rounded, obtuse, to broadly acute; fruit paired berries

Plantae

Leaves 2, the single flower terminal and associated with the upper leaf; fruit an aggregate of berries

Leaves 2, the single flower terminal and associated with the upper leaf; fruit an aggregate of berries

Plantae

Leaves 1-2 per above-ground stem; perianth 3-merous; flowers radially symmetrical, the corolla absent or with distinct petals, white; fruit a berry or aggregate of berries.

Leaves 1-2 per above-ground stem; perianth 3-merous; flowers radially symmetrical, the corolla absent or with distinct petals, white; fruit a berry or aggregate of berries.

Eugenia

Upper leaf surface dull; leaf apex acuminate; berries dark or purplish red, 4-7 mm in diameter

Upper leaf surface dull; leaf apex acuminate; berries dark or purplish red, 4-7 mm in diameter

Eugenia

Upper leaf surface shiny; leaf apex acuminate-caudate; berries bright red, 6-9 mm in diameter

Upper leaf surface shiny; leaf apex acuminate-caudate; berries bright red, 6-9 mm in diameter

Berberidaceae

Leaves 1-pinnately compound; stems monomorphic (leaves borne on primary shoots); berries blue or black

Leaves 1-pinnately compound; stems monomorphic (leaves borne on primary shoots); berries blue or black

Berberidaceae

Leaves palmately 3-foliolate; stems dimorphic (leaves fascicled on short shoots); berries red

Leaves palmately 3-foliolate; stems dimorphic (leaves fascicled on short shoots); berries red

Juniperus

Scale-leaves with a raised hemispheric gland; mature female cones ("berries") dark blue and with a glaucous 'bloom'.

Scale-leaves with a raised hemispheric gland; mature female cones ("berries") dark blue and with a glaucous 'bloom'.

Juniperus

Scale-leaves lacking a raised hemispheric gland; mature female cones ("berries") copper to reddish-brown and lacking a glaucous 'bloom'

Scale-leaves lacking a raised hemispheric gland; mature female cones ("berries") copper to reddish-brown and lacking a glaucous 'bloom'

Juniperus

Whip-leaf glands hemispherical; female cones ("berries") (8-) avg. 9 (-10) mm in diameter; seeds almost always 1 per cone (very rarely 2)

Whip-leaf glands hemispherical; female cones ("berries") (8-) avg. 9 (-10) mm in diameter; seeds almost always 1 per cone (very rarely 2)

Juniperus

Whip-leaf glands oval to elliptical; female cones ("berries") (5-) avg. 6 (-8) mm in diameter; seeds usually 2 per cone (rarely 1)

Whip-leaf glands oval to elliptical; female cones ("berries") (5-) avg. 6 (-8) mm in diameter; seeds usually 2 per cone (rarely 1)

Vitis

Flowers functionally unisexual; berries globose (isodiametric); berry with skin separating from pulp; [native, collectively widespread].

Flowers functionally unisexual; berries globose (isodiametric); berry with skin separating from pulp; [native, collectively widespread].

Vitis

Flowers bisexual; berries ellipsoid, longer than broad; berry with pulp adhering to skin; [exotic and cultivated, rarely persistent in our region]

Flowers bisexual; berries ellipsoid, longer than broad; berry with pulp adhering to skin; [exotic and cultivated, rarely persistent in our region]

Vitis

Mature 3-4-seeded berries 9-14 mm in diameter; [east of the Mississippi River]

Mature 3-4-seeded berries 9-14 mm in diameter; [east of the Mississippi River]

Vitis

Mature 3-4-seeded berries > 14 mm in diameter; [west of the Mississippi River]

Mature 3-4-seeded berries > 14 mm in diameter; [west of the Mississippi River]

Solanum

Leaf bases cordate or truncate; inflorescences mostly leaf-opposed, with 2-5 (-7) flowers; corolla with a central greenish yellow star without black or purple margins; berries pale green, not marbled with white, becoming matte, opaque; stone cells 4-6, 0.8-1 mm in diameter

Leaf bases cordate or truncate; inflorescences mostly leaf-opposed, with 2-5 (-7) flowers; corolla with a central greenish yellow star without black or purple margins; berries pale green, not marbled with white, becoming matte, opaque; stone cells 4-6, 0.8-1 mm in diameter

Solanum

Leaf bases attenuate to cuneate; inflorescences mostly internodal, with 4-8 (-10) flowers; corolla with a central greenish yellow star with black or purple margins; berries dark green to greenish brown, marbled with white, becoming translucent and shiny; stone cells 1-3, ca. 0.5 mm in diameter

Leaf bases attenuate to cuneate; inflorescences mostly internodal, with 4-8 (-10) flowers; corolla with a central greenish yellow star with black or purple margins; berries dark green to greenish brown, marbled with white, becoming translucent and shiny; stone cells 1-3, ca. 0.5 mm in diameter

Solanum

Mature berries green, purple or black; calyx lobes without translucent sinuses.

Mature berries green, purple or black; calyx lobes without translucent sinuses.

Solanum

Mature berries orange, red or dark yellow (shiny and translucent at maturity); calyx lobes with translucent sinuses

Mature berries orange, red or dark yellow (shiny and translucent at maturity); calyx lobes with translucent sinuses

Solanum

Mature berries dropping without the pedicel; calyx lobes strongly reflexed in fruit; stone cells (sclerotic granules) (0-) 2-4 (-6) per berry

Mature berries dropping without the pedicel; calyx lobes strongly reflexed in fruit; stone cells (sclerotic granules) (0-) 2-4 (-6) per berry

Solanum

Mature berries dropping with the pedicel; calyx lobes appressed to spreading in fruit; stone cells (6-) 8 (-9) per berry

Mature berries dropping with the pedicel; calyx lobes appressed to spreading in fruit; stone cells (6-) 8 (-9) per berry

Plantae

Flowers in other types of inflorescences, not spikes, if the inflorescence axillary only, then consisting of panicles or racemes (Cestrum) or subsessile to sessile fascicles (Myrsine and SAPOTACEAE); fruit various (acorns, berries, drupes, capsules, legumes).

Flowers in other types of inflorescences, not spikes, if the inflorescence axillary only, then consisting of panicles or racemes (Cestrum) or subsessile to sessile fascicles (Myrsine and SAPOTACEAE); fruit various (acorns, berries, drupes, capsules, legumes).

Plantae

Fruit an aggregate of red to blackish berries, 4-6 mm long, each on a long stipe, giving the aggregate almost the appearance of an umbel

Fruit an aggregate of red to blackish berries, 4-6 mm long, each on a long stipe, giving the aggregate almost the appearance of an umbel

Yucca

Leaf margins not fraying from the leaf as stiff threads; leaves 2.5-8 cm wide; fruits pendent or erect berries with leathery or soft flesh, 2.5-11.5 cm long; [collectively widespread, from se. VA south to s. FL, west to s. AZ].

Leaf margins not fraying from the leaf as stiff threads; leaves 2.5-8 cm wide; fruits pendent or erect berries with leathery or soft flesh, 2.5-11.5 cm long; [collectively widespread, from se. VA south to s. FL, west to s. AZ].

Yucca

Leaf margins regularly fraying from the leaf as stiff threads; leaves 3-5 cm wide; fruits pendent berries with soft flesh, 7-14 cm long; [e. TX and westwards]

Leaf margins regularly fraying from the leaf as stiff threads; leaves 3-5 cm wide; fruits pendent berries with soft flesh, 7-14 cm long; [e. TX and westwards]

Yucca

Leaf margins regularly fraying from the leaf as stiff threads; leaves 3-5 cm wide; fruits pendent berries with soft flesh, 7-14 cm long; [e. TX and westwards]

Leaf margins regularly fraying from the leaf as stiff threads; leaves 3-5 cm wide; fruits pendent berries with soft flesh, 7-14 cm long; [e. TX and westwards]

Solanum

Buds ellipsoid to ovoid to obovoid; corolla stellate with triangular to deltate lobes, not markedly lanceolate and strap-like; berries matte or somewhat shiny, usually with < 10 stone cells; erect or straggling herbs

Buds ellipsoid to ovoid to obovoid; corolla stellate with triangular to deltate lobes, not markedly lanceolate and strap-like; berries matte or somewhat shiny, usually with < 10 stone cells; erect or straggling herbs

Solanum

Buds narrowly ellipsoid to narrowly ovoid; corolla deeply stellate with narrowly lanceolate strap-like lobes; berries shiny, with > 10 stone cells; prostrate herbs

Buds narrowly ellipsoid to narrowly ovoid; corolla deeply stellate with narrowly lanceolate strap-like lobes; berries shiny, with > 10 stone cells; prostrate herbs

Solanum

Stone cells in mature berries absent (occasionally 2); corolla < 15 mm in diameter.

Stone cells in mature berries absent (occasionally 2); corolla < 15 mm in diameter.

Solanum

Stone cells present in mature berries, always more than 2; corolla (10-) 15-20 mm in diameter

Stone cells present in mature berries, always more than 2; corolla (10-) 15-20 mm in diameter

Solanum

Berries < 15 mm in diameter, somewhat shiny, matte or slightly glaucous, globose; fruiting pedicels weakly spreading or more usually deflexed; anthers ellipsoid, not drying brownish orange; [native, adventive, or naturalized].

Berries < 15 mm in diameter, somewhat shiny, matte or slightly glaucous, globose; fruiting pedicels weakly spreading or more usually deflexed; anthers ellipsoid, not drying brownish orange; [native, adventive, or naturalized].

Solanum

Berries 10-20 mm in diameter, shiny, slightly flattened; fruiting pedicels strongly spreading; anthers somewhat tapering, often drying brownish orange; [cultivated, perhaps a waif]

Berries 10-20 mm in diameter, shiny, slightly flattened; fruiting pedicels strongly spreading; anthers somewhat tapering, often drying brownish orange; [cultivated, perhaps a waif]

Solanum

Peduncle in fruit slightly ascending, not deflexed downward; berries 8-14 mm in diameter; calyx lobes reflexed in fruit; style exserted 2-2.5 mm from the anther cone at anthesis; [coastal habitats, native in our area]

Peduncle in fruit slightly ascending, not deflexed downward; berries 8-14 mm in diameter; calyx lobes reflexed in fruit; style exserted 2-2.5 mm from the anther cone at anthesis; [coastal habitats, native in our area]

Solanum

Peduncle in fruit at right angles or more usually strongly deflexed downwards; berries 4-9 mm in diameter; calyx lobes appressed to surface of berry in fruit; styles exserted to 1.5 mm from the anther cone at anthesis; [adventive in our area]

Peduncle in fruit at right angles or more usually strongly deflexed downwards; berries 4-9 mm in diameter; calyx lobes appressed to surface of berry in fruit; styles exserted to 1.5 mm from the anther cone at anthesis; [adventive in our area]

Smilax

Margin of the leaf blade thin, sometimes slightly revolute; berries with (1-) 2-4 seeds.

Margin of the leaf blade thin, sometimes slightly revolute; berries with (1-) 2-4 seeds.

Smilax

Margin of the leaf blade with a prominent marginal cartilaginous band (this appearing as a thickening, a visible vein, or an apparent revolute margin); berries with 1-3 seeds.

Margin of the leaf blade with a prominent marginal cartilaginous band (this appearing as a thickening, a visible vein, or an apparent revolute margin); berries with 1-3 seeds.

Smilax

Inflorescence peduncle (stalk of the umbel) 11-65 mm long, > (1.5-) 2× as long as the subtending leaf petiole; stems (especially the lower) and prickles either brownish stellate-scurfy or glabrous; leaves semi-evergreen to evergreen and thin; peduncles 15-60+ mm long; berries with 1 seed; [Clade B5].

Inflorescence peduncle (stalk of the umbel) 11-65 mm long, > (1.5-) 2× as long as the subtending leaf petiole; stems (especially the lower) and prickles either brownish stellate-scurfy or glabrous; leaves semi-evergreen to evergreen and thin; peduncles 15-60+ mm long; berries with 1 seed; [Clade B5].

Smilax

Inflorescence peduncle (stalk of the umbel) 1-17 mm long, about as long as or shorter than the subtending leaf petiole; stems and prickles glabrous; leaves evergreen and thick; peduncles 2-16 mm long; berries with (1-) 2-3 seeds.

Inflorescence peduncle (stalk of the umbel) 1-17 mm long, about as long as or shorter than the subtending leaf petiole; stems and prickles glabrous; leaves evergreen and thick; peduncles 2-16 mm long; berries with (1-) 2-3 seeds.

Smilax

Margins of the leaves and the petioles lacking minute, flattish, toothlike projections; leaf blades 1.5-4.8 cm wide; leaves lanceolate to ovate (> 1.5× as long as wide); berries black, or dull to bright red; pedicel bases with prominent ruffled bracts.

Margins of the leaves and the petioles lacking minute, flattish, toothlike projections; leaf blades 1.5-4.8 cm wide; leaves lanceolate to ovate (> 1.5× as long as wide); berries black, or dull to bright red; pedicel bases with prominent ruffled bracts.

Smilax

Margins of the leaves and the petioles often with minute, flattish, tooth-like projections; leaf blades 4.2-16 cm wide; leaf blades broadly ovate (< 1.5× as long as wide); berries blue-black to black; pedicel bases lacking prominent bracts; [a wide variety of upland and wetland habitats]; [Clade B5]

Margins of the leaves and the petioles often with minute, flattish, tooth-like projections; leaf blades 4.2-16 cm wide; leaf blades broadly ovate (< 1.5× as long as wide); berries blue-black to black; pedicel bases lacking prominent bracts; [a wide variety of upland and wetland habitats]; [Clade B5]

Smilax

Leaves evergreen, mid-vein and petiole green; berries black to dull red; perianth green; [a wide variety of upland and wetland habitats]; [Clade B4]

Leaves evergreen, mid-vein and petiole green; berries black to dull red; perianth green; [a wide variety of upland and wetland habitats]; [Clade B4]

Smilax

Leaves deciduous, often with a red mid-vein and petiole; berries bright red; perianth brownish-yellow; [swamp forests, bogs, often where submersed for at least part of the year]; [Clade B5]

Leaves deciduous, often with a red mid-vein and petiole; berries bright red; perianth brownish-yellow; [swamp forests, bogs, often where submersed for at least part of the year]; [Clade B5]

Juniperus

Upright shrubs or trees; apex of scale leaves obtuse to acute; female cones ("berries") with 1-2 (-3) seeds; [collectively widespread].

Upright shrubs or trees; apex of scale leaves obtuse to acute; female cones ("berries") with 1-2 (-3) seeds; [collectively widespread].

Juniperus

Prostrate shrubs, < 3 dm tall; apex of scale leaves apiculate; female cones ("berries") with 3-5 seeds; (Long Island NY and northwards]

Prostrate shrubs, < 3 dm tall; apex of scale leaves apiculate; female cones ("berries") with 3-5 seeds; (Long Island NY and northwards]

Juniperus

Prostrate shrubs, < 3 dm tall; apex of scale leaves apiculate; female cones ("berries") with 3-5 seeds; (Long Island NY and northwards]

Prostrate shrubs, < 3 dm tall; apex of scale leaves apiculate; female cones ("berries") with 3-5 seeds; (Long Island NY and northwards]

Eugenia

Petioles 3-9 mm long; leaf blades thick and leathery in texture; calyx lobes 0.5-1.5 mm long; pedicels 1-30 mm long; berries purplish-black or bright red, globose or oblate, 4-9 mm in diameter; [native].

Petioles 3-9 mm long; leaf blades thick and leathery in texture; calyx lobes 0.5-1.5 mm long; pedicels 1-30 mm long; berries purplish-black or bright red, globose or oblate, 4-9 mm in diameter; [native].

Eugenia

Petioles 1-3 mm long; leaf blades thin in texture; calyx lobes 2.5-4+ mm long; pedicels 15-25 mm long; berries globose, deep bright red, 12-15 mm in diameter; [invasive exotic]

Petioles 1-3 mm long; leaf blades thin in texture; calyx lobes 2.5-4+ mm long; pedicels 15-25 mm long; berries globose, deep bright red, 12-15 mm in diameter; [invasive exotic]

Sideroxylon

Berries 4-9 mm long; central corolla lobe 1.1-1.3 mm long; leaf trichomes opaque, light brown to gray, mostly terete in ×-section; stomatal chamber openings wide and elliptic, the guard cells visible through the opening; [moist to wet habitats, SC, GA, and FL west to sw. LA]

Berries 4-9 mm long; central corolla lobe 1.1-1.3 mm long; leaf trichomes opaque, light brown to gray, mostly terete in ×-section; stomatal chamber openings wide and elliptic, the guard cells visible through the opening; [moist to wet habitats, SC, GA, and FL west to sw. LA]

Sideroxylon

Berries (7-) 9-16 mm long; central corolla lobe 1.8-2.0 mm long; leaf trichomes transparent and colorless, often flattened in ×-section (use at least 20× magnification); stomatal chamber openings closed to a narrow slit, the guard cells not visible through the opening; [widespread in our region]

Berries (7-) 9-16 mm long; central corolla lobe 1.8-2.0 mm long; leaf trichomes transparent and colorless, often flattened in ×-section (use at least 20× magnification); stomatal chamber openings closed to a narrow slit, the guard cells not visible through the opening; [widespread in our region]

Plantae

Sepals 4; carpels 1; fruit subglobose berries or apically lobed achenes

Sepals 4; carpels 1; fruit subglobose berries or apically lobed achenes

Rubus

Inflorescence corymbiform, few-flowered; berries not sticky, black or red (rarely purplish or yellow), with a glaucous bloom.

Inflorescence corymbiform, few-flowered; berries not sticky, black or red (rarely purplish or yellow), with a glaucous bloom.

Rubus

Inflorescence paniculiform, many-flowered; berries sticky, purplish-red, lacking a glaucous bloom

Inflorescence paniculiform, many-flowered; berries sticky, purplish-red, lacking a glaucous bloom

Phyllanthaceae

Leaves deciduous; fruits berries, 3-5 mm in diameter; petals absent; nectary in staminate flowers of of 5 glands

Leaves deciduous; fruits berries, 3-5 mm in diameter; petals absent; nectary in staminate flowers of of 5 glands

Sapotaceae

Pedicels densely hairy; sepals 4.5-11 mm long; berries brown

Pedicels densely hairy; sepals 4.5-11 mm long; berries brown

Sapotaceae

Pedicels glabrous; sepals 1.5-2 mm long; berries yellow-orange

Pedicels glabrous; sepals 1.5-2 mm long; berries yellow-orange

Rubiaceae

Fruit large, fig-like (5-7 cm long berries), obovoid, green-colored when ripened and somewhat dull; [subfamily Ixoroideae; tribe Gardenieae]

Fruit large, fig-like (5-7 cm long berries), obovoid, green-colored when ripened and somewhat dull; [subfamily Ixoroideae; tribe Gardenieae]

Vitis

Mature fruits 5-10 (-13) mm in diameter; infructescences with 12-30 berries; seeds < 6 mm long; leaf blades 2-8 cm long and wide; [of s. GA southward].

Mature fruits 5-10 (-13) mm in diameter; infructescences with 12-30 berries; seeds < 6 mm long; leaf blades 2-8 cm long and wide; [of s. GA southward].

Vitis

Mature fruits 12-25 mm in diameter; infructescences with 2-8 (-12) berries; seeds > 9 mm long; leaf blades usually > 6 cm long and wide; [widespread in our area]

Mature fruits 12-25 mm in diameter; infructescences with 2-8 (-12) berries; seeds > 9 mm long; leaf blades usually > 6 cm long and wide; [widespread in our area]

Plantae

Flowers not lavender, instead white, yellow, orange, or red; the calyx not showy and not persisting after the petals fall; fruit a capsule (Gelsemium), paired berries (Lonicera) or a schizocarp of samaras (MALPIGHIACEAE); [collectively widespread natives and non-natives].

Flowers not lavender, instead white, yellow, orange, or red; the calyx not showy and not persisting after the petals fall; fruit a capsule (Gelsemium), paired berries (Lonicera) or a schizocarp of samaras (MALPIGHIACEAE); [collectively widespread natives and non-natives].

Plantae

Petals not clawed, of similar width from base to tip, the corolla tubular; fruit capsules (Gelsemium) or paired berries (Lonicera); [widespread natives and non-natives]

Petals not clawed, of similar width from base to tip, the corolla tubular; fruit capsules (Gelsemium) or paired berries (Lonicera); [widespread natives and non-natives]