Flora of the Southeastern United States

Lauraceae

Leaves evergreen; flowers bisexual; [tribe Perseeae].

Leaves evergreen; flowers bisexual; [tribe Perseeae].

Araceae

Spadix fused basally along one side (for several cm) to the spathe; spathe bisexual, with a basal section of female flowers, a sterile gap, a section of male and female flowers on the free side; leaves either palmately compound with 3 leaflets (juvenile leaves sometimes simple or very deeply 3-lobed) or pedately compound with 5-7 (-9) leaflets, the central leaflet as large as or larger than the others; bulblets either absent or present at base and summit of the petiole; [exotic, rarely naturalized]

Spadix fused basally along one side (for several cm) to the spathe; spathe bisexual, with a basal section of female flowers, a sterile gap, a section of male and female flowers on the free side; leaves either palmately compound with 3 leaflets (juvenile leaves sometimes simple or very deeply 3-lobed) or pedately compound with 5-7 (-9) leaflets, the central leaflet as large as or larger than the others; bulblets either absent or present at base and summit of the petiole; [exotic, rarely naturalized]

Araceae

Spadix fused basally along one side (for several cm) to the spathe; spathe bisexual, with a basal section of female flowers, a sterile gap, a section of male and female flowers on the free side; leaves either palmately compound with 3 leaflets (juvenile leaves sometimes simple or very deeply 3-lobed) or pedately compound with 5-7 (-9) leaflets, the central leaflet as large as or larger than the others; bulblets either absent or present at base and summit of the petiole; [exotic, rarely naturalized]

Spadix fused basally along one side (for several cm) to the spathe; spathe bisexual, with a basal section of female flowers, a sterile gap, a section of male and female flowers on the free side; leaves either palmately compound with 3 leaflets (juvenile leaves sometimes simple or very deeply 3-lobed) or pedately compound with 5-7 (-9) leaflets, the central leaflet as large as or larger than the others; bulblets either absent or present at base and summit of the petiole; [exotic, rarely naturalized]

Araceae

Spadix free of the spathe; spathe unisexual (with either female flowers only or male flowers only) or bisexual (and then the female and male flowers not separated by a sterile gap); leaves either palmately compound with 3-5 leaflets or pedately compound with 5-15 leaflets, the central leaflet as large as or smaller than the adjacent leaflets; bulblets lacking on the petiole; [native, common].

Spadix free of the spathe; spathe unisexual (with either female flowers only or male flowers only) or bisexual (and then the female and male flowers not separated by a sterile gap); leaves either palmately compound with 3-5 leaflets or pedately compound with 5-15 leaflets, the central leaflet as large as or smaller than the adjacent leaflets; bulblets lacking on the petiole; [native, common].

Araceae

Spadix free of the spathe; spathe unisexual (with either female flowers only or male flowers only) or bisexual (and then the female and male flowers not separated by a sterile gap); leaves either palmately compound with 3-5 leaflets or pedately compound with 5-15 leaflets, the central leaflet as large as or smaller than the adjacent leaflets; bulblets lacking on the petiole; [native, common].

Spadix free of the spathe; spathe unisexual (with either female flowers only or male flowers only) or bisexual (and then the female and male flowers not separated by a sterile gap); leaves either palmately compound with 3-5 leaflets or pedately compound with 5-15 leaflets, the central leaflet as large as or smaller than the adjacent leaflets; bulblets lacking on the petiole; [native, common].

Araceae

Spadix free of the spathe; spathe unisexual (with either female flowers only or male flowers only) or bisexual (and then the female and male flowers not separated by a sterile gap); leaves either palmately compound with 3-5 leaflets or pedately compound with 5-15 leaflets, the central leaflet as large as or smaller than the adjacent leaflets; bulblets lacking on the petiole; [native, common].

Spadix free of the spathe; spathe unisexual (with either female flowers only or male flowers only) or bisexual (and then the female and male flowers not separated by a sterile gap); leaves either palmately compound with 3-5 leaflets or pedately compound with 5-15 leaflets, the central leaflet as large as or smaller than the adjacent leaflets; bulblets lacking on the petiole; [native, common].

Sagittaria

Sepals appressed in fruit; lower flowers bisexual, the stamens either functional or not; stamen filaments roughened with minute scales (except glabrous in S. spatulata); [subgenus Lophotocarpus].

Sepals appressed in fruit; lower flowers bisexual, the stamens either functional or not; stamen filaments roughened with minute scales (except glabrous in S. spatulata); [subgenus Lophotocarpus].

Sagittaria

Sepals appressed in fruit; lower flowers bisexual, the stamens either functional or not; [subgenus Lophotocarpus].

Sepals appressed in fruit; lower flowers bisexual, the stamens either functional or not; [subgenus Lophotocarpus].

Hydrocharitaceae

Leaves lacking lacunae on each side of the midvein; leaves acuminate; seeds echinate; flowers bisexual; [subfamily Anacharoideae]

Leaves lacking lacunae on each side of the midvein; leaves acuminate; seeds echinate; flowers bisexual; [subfamily Anacharoideae]

Heloniadaceae

Flowers pink; plants hermaphroditic (individual flowers bisexual)

Flowers pink; plants hermaphroditic (individual flowers bisexual)

Heloniadaceae

Flowers pink; plants hermaphroditic (individual flowers bisexual)

Flowers pink; plants hermaphroditic (individual flowers bisexual)

Melanthiaceae

Flowers pink; plants hermaphroditic (individual flowers bisexual)

Flowers pink; plants hermaphroditic (individual flowers bisexual)

Melanthiaceae

Flowers pink; plants hermaphroditic (individual flowers bisexual)

Flowers pink; plants hermaphroditic (individual flowers bisexual)

Cyperaceae

Achene mostly brown, black, or tan; style base either persistent as a differentiated tubercle (Bulbostylis, Eleocharis, Rhynchospora) or not (Cladium, Eriophorum, Fuirena, Isolepis, Cyperus, Schoenoplectus, Scirpus, Trichophorum); spikelets mostly or all bisexual; [subfamily Cyperoideae].

Achene mostly brown, black, or tan; style base either persistent as a differentiated tubercle (Bulbostylis, Eleocharis, Rhynchospora) or not (Cladium, Eriophorum, Fuirena, Isolepis, Cyperus, Schoenoplectus, Scirpus, Trichophorum); spikelets mostly or all bisexual; [subfamily Cyperoideae].

Poaceae

Spikelets 2-flowered, often dorsally compressed, falling entire at maturity (the abscission below the glumes), the upper floret usually bisexual, the lower one male or sterile.

Spikelets 2-flowered, often dorsally compressed, falling entire at maturity (the abscission below the glumes), the upper floret usually bisexual, the lower one male or sterile.

Poaceae

Spikelets 2-flowered, often dorsally compressed, falling entire at maturity (the abscission below the glumes), the upper floret usually bisexual, the lower one male or sterile.

Spikelets 2-flowered, often dorsally compressed, falling entire at maturity (the abscission below the glumes), the upper floret usually bisexual, the lower one male or sterile.

Poaceae

Spikelets 2-flowered, often dorsally compressed, falling entire at maturity (the abscission below the glumes), the upper floret usually bisexual, the lower one male or sterile.

Spikelets 2-flowered, often dorsally compressed, falling entire at maturity (the abscission below the glumes), the upper floret usually bisexual, the lower one male or sterile.

Poaceae

Spikelets 1-, 2-, or many-flowered, usually terete or somewhat laterally compressed, either abscising at maturity above the glumes or if 2-flowered then both florets bisexual, or the upper sterile.

Spikelets 1-, 2-, or many-flowered, usually terete or somewhat laterally compressed, either abscising at maturity above the glumes or if 2-flowered then both florets bisexual, or the upper sterile.

Poaceae

Spikelets 1-, 2-, or many-flowered, usually terete or somewhat laterally compressed, either abscising at maturity above the glumes or if 2-flowered then both florets bisexual, or the upper sterile.

Spikelets 1-, 2-, or many-flowered, usually terete or somewhat laterally compressed, either abscising at maturity above the glumes or if 2-flowered then both florets bisexual, or the upper sterile.

Poaceae

Spikelets with a single bisexual floret, and no staminate, sterile, or reduced florets present (occasional spikelets of Muhlenbergia can have 2-3 florets).

Spikelets with a single bisexual floret, and no staminate, sterile, or reduced florets present (occasional spikelets of Muhlenbergia can have 2-3 florets).

Poaceae

Spikelets with a single bisexual floret, and no staminate, sterile, or reduced florets present (occasional spikelets of Muhlenbergia can have 2-3 florets).

Spikelets with a single bisexual floret, and no staminate, sterile, or reduced florets present (occasional spikelets of Muhlenbergia can have 2-3 florets).

Poaceae

Spikelets with 2-many florets, including bisexual, staminate, reduced, or sterile flowers.

Spikelets with 2-many florets, including bisexual, staminate, reduced, or sterile flowers.

Poaceae

Spikelets with 2 or more florets, at least some of these bisexual; plants without aerenchymatous culms, [plants of uplands or temporarily to seasonally flooded wetlands].

Spikelets with 2 or more florets, at least some of these bisexual; plants without aerenchymatous culms, [plants of uplands or temporarily to seasonally flooded wetlands].

Poaceae

Spikelets with 2-8 florets, these bisexual.

Spikelets with 2-8 florets, these bisexual.

Poaceae

Some spikelets bisexual; leaves 1-25 mm wide.

Some spikelets bisexual; leaves 1-25 mm wide.

Poaceae

Spikelets with 2-7 florets, the lower bisexual and fertile, the upper sometimes sterile; [tribe Triticeae]

Spikelets with 2-7 florets, the lower bisexual and fertile, the upper sometimes sterile; [tribe Triticeae]

Poaceae

Spikelets with at most 2 florets, the lower staminate or sterile, the upper bisexual, staminate, or sterile.

Spikelets with at most 2 florets, the lower staminate or sterile, the upper bisexual, staminate, or sterile.

Poaceae

Spikelets, or at least one of each pair, bisexual.

Spikelets, or at least one of each pair, bisexual.

Poaceae

Spikelets 2-flowered, often dorsally compressed, falling entire at maturity (the abscission below the glumes), the upper floret usually bisexual, the lower one male or sterile; [tribe Paniceae]

Spikelets 2-flowered, often dorsally compressed, falling entire at maturity (the abscission below the glumes), the upper floret usually bisexual, the lower one male or sterile; [tribe Paniceae]

Poaceae

Spikelets 1-, 2-, or many-flowered, usually terete or somewhat laterally compressed, either abscising at maturing above the glumes or if 2-flowered then both florets bisexual, or the upper sterile; [tribes Cynodonteae and Zoysieae]

Spikelets 1-, 2-, or many-flowered, usually terete or somewhat laterally compressed, either abscising at maturing above the glumes or if 2-flowered then both florets bisexual, or the upper sterile; [tribes Cynodonteae and Zoysieae]

Poaceae

Spikelets with 1 bisexual floret, sometimes also accompanied by modified male, sterile, or rudimentary florets above the fertile floret.

Spikelets with 1 bisexual floret, sometimes also accompanied by modified male, sterile, or rudimentary florets above the fertile floret.

Poaceae

Spikelets with 2 or more bisexual florets (sometimes also with additional reduced florets); [tribe Cynodonteae; subtribe Eleusininae].

Spikelets with 2 or more bisexual florets (sometimes also with additional reduced florets); [tribe Cynodonteae; subtribe Eleusininae].

Poaceae

Spikelets bisexual; grains laterally flattened.

Spikelets bisexual; grains laterally flattened.

Poaceae

Plants bisexual; plants cespitose or weakly short- rhizomatous; [plants of various habitats, including saline].

Plants bisexual; plants cespitose or weakly short- rhizomatous; [plants of various habitats, including saline].

Bouteloua

Lowest floret in each spikelet bisexual, the upper staminate or sterile.

Lowest floret in each spikelet bisexual, the upper staminate or sterile.

Bouteloua

First (proximal) spikelet on each branch with 1 floret, the other spikelets with 2 florets (1 bisexual and 1 rudimentary); plants annual; [exotic, reported on ballast]; panicle branches 1-15; [section Hirsuta; subsection Eriopoda]

First (proximal) spikelet on each branch with 1 floret, the other spikelets with 2 florets (1 bisexual and 1 rudimentary); plants annual; [exotic, reported on ballast]; panicle branches 1-15; [section Hirsuta; subsection Eriopoda]

Bouteloua

Spikelets all alike, each with 1 bisexual and 1-2 rudimentary spikelets; plants perennial; [native species of limestone habitats, also with introduced populations]; panicle branches 1-80.

Spikelets all alike, each with 1 bisexual and 1-2 rudimentary spikelets; plants perennial; [native species of limestone habitats, also with introduced populations]; panicle branches 1-80.

Phalaris

Spikelets borne singly; all spikelets with a bisexual terminal floret.

Spikelets borne singly; all spikelets with a bisexual terminal floret.

Poa

Plants not dioecious, the florets bisexual; lemmas and glumes not notably scarious and silvery; [collectively common and widespread in our area].

Plants not dioecious, the florets bisexual; lemmas and glumes not notably scarious and silvery; [collectively common and widespread in our area].

Thalictrum

Fruit (achene) not scimitar-shaped, not borne on a stipe (except T. coriaceum); flowers unisexual (or sometimes a few or more bisexual).

Fruit (achene) not scimitar-shaped, not borne on a stipe (except T. coriaceum); flowers unisexual (or sometimes a few or more bisexual).

Crassulaceae

Flowers 5-merous, bisexual; flowering stems 2-10 dm tall, from an underground, tuberous base; average leaves 3-11 cm long, 1-5 cm wide; ovaries attenuate at the base; [tribe Telephieae]

Flowers 5-merous, bisexual; flowering stems 2-10 dm tall, from an underground, tuberous base; average leaves 3-11 cm long, 1-5 cm wide; ovaries attenuate at the base; [tribe Telephieae]

Rhamnaceae

Leaves 1.5-4 (-6) cm long; inflorescences a panicle-like thyrse; sepals 5; petals 5; flowers bisexual; [native, of the Coastal Plain]

Leaves 1.5-4 (-6) cm long; inflorescences a panicle-like thyrse; sepals 5; petals 5; flowers bisexual; [native, of the Coastal Plain]

Calophyllum

Drupes 2.5-4 cm long; flowers bisexual; stamens 200-300

Drupes 2.5-4 cm long; flowers bisexual; stamens 200-300

Euphorbia

Cyathia and capsules maroon; petaloid appendages maroon-red; leaves slightly fleshy, somewhat blue-green, glabrous; branching primarily opposite; leaves primarily opposite (usually some alternate on upper branches); cyathia bisexual, plants bisexual

Cyathia and capsules maroon; petaloid appendages maroon-red; leaves slightly fleshy, somewhat blue-green, glabrous; branching primarily opposite; leaves primarily opposite (usually some alternate on upper branches); cyathia bisexual, plants bisexual

Rumex

Leaf blades not hastate or sagittate; plants synoecious (rarely with some dioecious or polygamo-monoecious individuals), the flowers normally bisexual (sometimes bisexual and unisexual flowers in the same inflorescence); fresh foliage “green” or bitter to taste.

Leaf blades not hastate or sagittate; plants synoecious (rarely with some dioecious or polygamo-monoecious individuals), the flowers normally bisexual (sometimes bisexual and unisexual flowers in the same inflorescence); fresh foliage “green” or bitter to taste.

Caryophyllaceae

Leaf blades with dense silky white hairiness; flowers bisexual; [or former Lychnis section Agrostemma]

Leaf blades with dense silky white hairiness; flowers bisexual; [or former Lychnis section Agrostemma]

Silene

Leaf blades with dense silky white hairiness; flowers bisexual; [Lychnis section Agrostemma]

Leaf blades with dense silky white hairiness; flowers bisexual; [Lychnis section Agrostemma]

Amaranthaceae

Flowers bisexual (plants hermaphroditic); utricles (2) 3+-seeded

Flowers bisexual (plants hermaphroditic); utricles (2) 3+-seeded

Amaranthaceae

Flowers bisexual (plants hermaphroditic); inflorescences axillary or terminal, either glomerules or dense spikes.

Flowers bisexual (plants hermaphroditic); inflorescences axillary or terminal, either glomerules or dense spikes.

Primulaceae

Flowers in axillary or terminal cymes, umbels, subumbels, panicles, or racemes of 5-many flowers; flowers bisexual

Flowers in axillary or terminal cymes, umbels, subumbels, panicles, or racemes of 5-many flowers; flowers bisexual

Fraxinus

Samara bodies strongly flattened and often nearly indistinct from wings, wings 5-8 mm wide; buds black to blackish brown; leaf scars shallowly hemispheric, apex truncate; flowers bisexual and unisexual

Samara bodies strongly flattened and often nearly indistinct from wings, wings 5-8 mm wide; buds black to blackish brown; leaf scars shallowly hemispheric, apex truncate; flowers bisexual and unisexual

Fraxinus

Samara bodies flattened but clearly distinct from wings, wings 8-10 mm wide; buds gray to reddish brown; leaf scars crescent-shaped, apex concave; flowers bisexual

Samara bodies flattened but clearly distinct from wings, wings 8-10 mm wide; buds gray to reddish brown; leaf scars crescent-shaped, apex concave; flowers bisexual

Asteraceae

Heads bisexual, with functionally male and female flowers in the same head; cypselas shed individually, not enclosed.

Heads bisexual, with functionally male and female flowers in the same head; cypselas shed individually, not enclosed.

Asteraceae

Heads larger, mostly > 1 cm in diameter at anthesis; disc florets conspicuously white, yellow, pale yellow, or purple; florets mainly bisexual; female florets > 12 per head (except 2-8 in Polymnia and 8-15 in Verbesina occidentalis).

Heads larger, mostly > 1 cm in diameter at anthesis; disc florets conspicuously white, yellow, pale yellow, or purple; florets mainly bisexual; female florets > 12 per head (except 2-8 in Polymnia and 8-15 in Verbesina occidentalis).

Asteraceae

Disc florets functionally bisexual (“fertile”, producing cypselae), the style divided, their ovaries as large as, or larger than, ovaries of the ray florets (which may be either functionally pistillate or completely neuter).

Disc florets functionally bisexual (“fertile”, producing cypselae), the style divided, their ovaries as large as, or larger than, ovaries of the ray florets (which may be either functionally pistillate or completely neuter).

Asteraceae

Disc florets bisexual (fertile), with style bifurcate.

Disc florets bisexual (fertile), with style bifurcate.

Gamochaeta

Upper leaf surfaces glabrous or glabrate; involucres 2.5-3.0 mm high, more-or-less purplish, the bases glabrous; outer phyllaries elliptic-obovate to broadly ovate-elliptic, apices rounded to obtuse; bisexual florets 2-3

Upper leaf surfaces glabrous or glabrate; involucres 2.5-3.0 mm high, more-or-less purplish, the bases glabrous; outer phyllaries elliptic-obovate to broadly ovate-elliptic, apices rounded to obtuse; bisexual florets 2-3

Gamochaeta

Upper leaf surfaces sparsely arachnose (hairs persistent, evident at 10× magnification); involucres 3.0-4.5 (-5) mm high, sometimes purplish, bases (imbedded in tomentum) often sparsely arachnose on the lower 1/5-1/2; outer phyllaries ovate, ovate-triangular, or ovate-lanceolate, apices acute to acuminate; bisexual florets 2-6.

Upper leaf surfaces sparsely arachnose (hairs persistent, evident at 10× magnification); involucres 3.0-4.5 (-5) mm high, sometimes purplish, bases (imbedded in tomentum) often sparsely arachnose on the lower 1/5-1/2; outer phyllaries ovate, ovate-triangular, or ovate-lanceolate, apices acute to acuminate; bisexual florets 2-6.

Gamochaeta

Stems not pannose (indument whitish, like closely appressed, polished cloth, hairs usually not individually evident); involucres 3.0-3.5(-4.0) mm high; apices of inner phyllaries acute to acute-acuminate; bisexual florets 2-4; cypselas purple

Stems not pannose (indument whitish, like closely appressed, polished cloth, hairs usually not individually evident); involucres 3.0-3.5(-4.0) mm high; apices of inner phyllaries acute to acute-acuminate; bisexual florets 2-4; cypselas purple

Gamochaeta

Stems usually ± pannose or pannose-tomentose (hairs individually evident, longitudinally arranged); involucres 3.0-4.5 mm high; apices of inner phyllaries acute, obtuse, or truncate-rounded, sometimes apiculate; bisexual florets 3-6; cypselas tan to brownish.

Stems usually ± pannose or pannose-tomentose (hairs individually evident, longitudinally arranged); involucres 3.0-4.5 mm high; apices of inner phyllaries acute, obtuse, or truncate-rounded, sometimes apiculate; bisexual florets 3-6; cypselas tan to brownish.

Gamochaeta

Blades of cauline leaves oblanceolate to oblanceolate-oblong or oblanceolate-obovate; involucres 3.0-3.5 mm high; laminae of inner phyllaries elliptic-oblong to oblong, apices truncate-rounded or obtuse and apiculate; bisexual florets (3-) 4-6; plants usually fibrous-rooted, rarely taprooted

Blades of cauline leaves oblanceolate to oblanceolate-oblong or oblanceolate-obovate; involucres 3.0-3.5 mm high; laminae of inner phyllaries elliptic-oblong to oblong, apices truncate-rounded or obtuse and apiculate; bisexual florets (3-) 4-6; plants usually fibrous-rooted, rarely taprooted

Gamochaeta

Blades of cauline leaves oblanceolate to spatulate (basal cells of hairs on adaxial faces persistent, expanded, glassy); involucres 4.0-4.5 mm high; laminae of inner phyllaries triangular, apices acute (not apiculate); bisexual florets 3-4; plants fibrous-rooted or taprooted

Blades of cauline leaves oblanceolate to spatulate (basal cells of hairs on adaxial faces persistent, expanded, glassy); involucres 4.0-4.5 mm high; laminae of inner phyllaries triangular, apices acute (not apiculate); bisexual florets 3-4; plants fibrous-rooted or taprooted

Pseudognaphalium

Involucres 3-4 mm high; bisexual florets 5-10 (corollas red-tipped); cypselas with papilliform hairs

Involucres 3-4 mm high; bisexual florets 5-10 (corollas red-tipped); cypselas with papilliform hairs

Pseudognaphalium

Involucres 4-6 mm high; bisexual florets mostly 18-28 (corollas evenly yellowish, not red-tipped); cypselas glabrous

Involucres 4-6 mm high; bisexual florets mostly 18-28 (corollas evenly yellowish, not red-tipped); cypselas glabrous

Pseudognaphalium

Stems glandular-villous, the stipitate glands (0.1-) 0.3-1.0 mm high, prominently variable in height on any portion of the stem, with a stalk broadened toward the base and about equal the gland width; pistillate florets 83-107, bisexual florets 9-15; leaves mostly oblong-lanceolate, 2.5-7 cm long, 4-20 mm wide, 4-8 times longer than wide; plant 4-10 dm tall

Stems glandular-villous, the stipitate glands (0.1-) 0.3-1.0 mm high, prominently variable in height on any portion of the stem, with a stalk broadened toward the base and about equal the gland width; pistillate florets 83-107, bisexual florets 9-15; leaves mostly oblong-lanceolate, 2.5-7 cm long, 4-20 mm wide, 4-8 times longer than wide; plant 4-10 dm tall

Pseudognaphalium

Stems glandular-puberulent, the stipitate glands 0.1-0.2 mm high, relatively even in height on any portion of the stem, with a filiform stalk of even width and narrower than the gland width; pistillate florets 47-78, bisexual florets (7-) 11-20; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate or linear-oblanceolate, 1.5-5.5 cm long, 1.5-10 mm wide, 6-10 times longer than wide; plant 3-7 dm tall

Stems glandular-puberulent, the stipitate glands 0.1-0.2 mm high, relatively even in height on any portion of the stem, with a filiform stalk of even width and narrower than the gland width; pistillate florets 47-78, bisexual florets (7-) 11-20; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate or linear-oblanceolate, 1.5-5.5 cm long, 1.5-10 mm wide, 6-10 times longer than wide; plant 3-7 dm tall

Plantae

Flowers bisexual, white to blue, the perianth segments united below into a perianth tube 3-45 mm long; stamens 3; leaves lacking a central area of spongiform cells

Flowers bisexual, white to blue, the perianth segments united below into a perianth tube 3-45 mm long; stamens 3; leaves lacking a central area of spongiform cells

Plantae

Tree bisexual, monoecious; drupe ca. 13 mm long; stamens 8-10

Tree bisexual, monoecious; drupe ca. 13 mm long; stamens 8-10

Plantae

Plant a short shrub, < 1 m tall, little branched; rhizome inner bark of fresh plants bright yellow; flowers bisexual, petals absent, the 5 petaloid sepals maroon; inflorescence a drooping panicle from the base of the new year’s growth; fruit an aggregate of follicles

Plant a short shrub, < 1 m tall, little branched; rhizome inner bark of fresh plants bright yellow; flowers bisexual, petals absent, the 5 petaloid sepals maroon; inflorescence a drooping panicle from the base of the new year’s growth; fruit an aggregate of follicles

Plantae

Inflorescence various, not a catkin; flowers bisexual; plants hermaphroditic.

Inflorescence various, not a catkin; flowers bisexual; plants hermaphroditic.

Plantae

Leaves not glandular punctate; flowers bisexual or unisexual, with a white, pink, or yellow perianth; fruit various: a red, blue, or black drupe, a berry with several seeds, or a capsule.

Leaves not glandular punctate; flowers bisexual or unisexual, with a white, pink, or yellow perianth; fruit various: a red, blue, or black drupe, a berry with several seeds, or a capsule.

Plantae

Petals connate, flowers urceolate (ERICACEAE) or rotate, white to pale pink; flowers bisexual; fruit a drupe (Ehretia in EHRETIACEAE), OR a capsule or berry (ERICACEAE)

Petals connate, flowers urceolate (ERICACEAE) or rotate, white to pale pink; flowers bisexual; fruit a drupe (Ehretia in EHRETIACEAE), OR a capsule or berry (ERICACEAE)

Plantae

Petals distinct, yellow or white; flowers unisexual or bisexual; fruit either a black or red drupe with several pyrenes, a red berry with several seeds, or red or black pomes.

Petals distinct, yellow or white; flowers unisexual or bisexual; fruit either a black or red drupe with several pyrenes, a red berry with several seeds, or red or black pomes.

Plantae

Plants lacking thorns; flowers unisexual or bisexual, with a white perianth (yellow or red in Ochna); fruit either a black or red drupe with several pyrenes or a red or black pome.

Plants lacking thorns; flowers unisexual or bisexual, with a white perianth (yellow or red in Ochna); fruit either a black or red drupe with several pyrenes or a red or black pome.

Plantae

Plants with nodal, simple or tripartite thorns; flowers bisexual, with a yellow perianth; fruit a red berry with several seeds

Plants with nodal, simple or tripartite thorns; flowers bisexual, with a yellow perianth; fruit a red berry with several seeds

Plantae

Ovary 2-8-locular; fruit fleshy and indehiscent, a drupe with 2-8 pyrenes; flowers mostly functionally unisexual (or sometimes bisexual in RHAMNACEAE).

Ovary 2-8-locular; fruit fleshy and indehiscent, a drupe with 2-8 pyrenes; flowers mostly functionally unisexual (or sometimes bisexual in RHAMNACEAE).

Plantae

Ovary 2-3- or 5-locular; fruit dry and dehiscent, a capsule; flowers bisexual (except Stillingia in EUPHORBIACEAE).

Ovary 2-3- or 5-locular; fruit dry and dehiscent, a capsule; flowers bisexual (except Stillingia in EUPHORBIACEAE).

Plantae

Juncture of petiole and leaf blade eglandular, but the uppermost 1-3 mm of the petiole swollen into a prominent upper pulvinus; corolla bilaterally symmetrical, with 5 petals, pink to purple (rarely white in some cultivars); flowers bisexual; fruit an oblong, flat legume, 6-10 cm long; main palmate leaf veins 5-7 (-9)

Juncture of petiole and leaf blade eglandular, but the uppermost 1-3 mm of the petiole swollen into a prominent upper pulvinus; corolla bilaterally symmetrical, with 5 petals, pink to purple (rarely white in some cultivars); flowers bisexual; fruit an oblong, flat legume, 6-10 cm long; main palmate leaf veins 5-7 (-9)

Plantae

Fruit a dry, subglobose 3-valved capsule, with 1 seed; flowers bisexual, white, conspicuous

Fruit a dry, subglobose 3-valved capsule, with 1 seed; flowers bisexual, white, conspicuous

Plantae

Pubescence of the foliage simple or absent (except stellate in STYRACACEAE); flowers bisexual, conspicuous, borne variously, but not in catkins (except in Leitneria); fruit various.

Pubescence of the foliage simple or absent (except stellate in STYRACACEAE); flowers bisexual, conspicuous, borne variously, but not in catkins (except in Leitneria); fruit various.

Plantae

Fruit a drupe (green when ripe), cylindrical to barrel-shaped, 8-12 mm long; leaves rather thick and leathery in texture, persistent into the winter, dropping tardily or at latest the following spring; flowers bisexual; stamens 30-50, in 5 fascicles

Fruit a drupe (green when ripe), cylindrical to barrel-shaped, 8-12 mm long; leaves rather thick and leathery in texture, persistent into the winter, dropping tardily or at latest the following spring; flowers bisexual; stamens 30-50, in 5 fascicles

Plantae

Flowers bisexual, in axillary fascicles, the tree androgynous; leaf base strongly asymmetrical (oblique) or nearly or quite symmetrical.

Flowers bisexual, in axillary fascicles, the tree androgynous; leaf base strongly asymmetrical (oblique) or nearly or quite symmetrical.

Plantae

Flowers bisexual; plants hermaphroditic; pith of mature twigs continuous without hollow sections between partitions.

Flowers bisexual; plants hermaphroditic; pith of mature twigs continuous without hollow sections between partitions.

Plantae

Flowers bisexual; inflorescence an axillary cyme; fresh leaves and stems lacking white latex; fruit simple, a 1-seeded nut; main leaf veins splitting several times towards the leaf margin and leading into the teeth without rejoining and forming a marginal vein; basal veins 5, palmate, all joining together at the summit of the petiole; main lateral leaf veins (above the basal veins) often opposite; winter buds with 3 entire bud scales (1 much smaller than the other 2)

Flowers bisexual; inflorescence an axillary cyme; fresh leaves and stems lacking white latex; fruit simple, a 1-seeded nut; main leaf veins splitting several times towards the leaf margin and leading into the teeth without rejoining and forming a marginal vein; basal veins 5, palmate, all joining together at the summit of the petiole; main lateral leaf veins (above the basal veins) often opposite; winter buds with 3 entire bud scales (1 much smaller than the other 2)

Plantae

flowers bisexual (unisexual in Ilex in AQUIFOLIACEAE), borne variously in terminal or axillary clusters, cymes, racemes, or umbels, but not at all catkin-like; trees hermaphroditic (dioecious in AQUIFOLIACEAE); fruit indehiscent, a fleshy drupe or pome with 1-many seeds.

flowers bisexual (unisexual in Ilex in AQUIFOLIACEAE), borne variously in terminal or axillary clusters, cymes, racemes, or umbels, but not at all catkin-like; trees hermaphroditic (dioecious in AQUIFOLIACEAE); fruit indehiscent, a fleshy drupe or pome with 1-many seeds.

Plantae

Flowers bisexual and plants hermaphroditic; corolla present; flowers paired, terminal or axillary, or in axillary spikes; fruit a berry; leaves rounded, obtuse, to acute (or acuminate in Lonicera maackii) at the apex

Flowers bisexual and plants hermaphroditic; corolla present; flowers paired, terminal or axillary, or in axillary spikes; fruit a berry; leaves rounded, obtuse, to acute (or acuminate in Lonicera maackii) at the apex

Plantae

Flowers bisexual, the flowers in various arrays

Flowers bisexual, the flowers in various arrays

Plantae

Tepals connate into a tube; perianth tube exterior farinose; flowers bisexual, white to bright yellow; inflorescence a raceme

Tepals connate into a tube; perianth tube exterior farinose; flowers bisexual, white to bright yellow; inflorescence a raceme

Plantae

Tepals distinct; perianth not farinose; flowers unisexual or bisexual, white, greenish, or creamy; inflorescence a raceme or panicle (raceme of racemes)

Tepals distinct; perianth not farinose; flowers unisexual or bisexual, white, greenish, or creamy; inflorescence a raceme or panicle (raceme of racemes)

Plantae

Flowers pink; plants hermaphroditic (individual flowers bisexual)

Flowers pink; plants hermaphroditic (individual flowers bisexual)

Plantae

Leaves lanceolate, oblanceolate or narrowly elliptic, > 4× as long as wide, cuneate at the base; flowers bisexual and plants hermaphroditic

Leaves lanceolate, oblanceolate or narrowly elliptic, > 4× as long as wide, cuneate at the base; flowers bisexual and plants hermaphroditic

Plantae

Inflorescence a terminal umbel; fruit a blue or black berry; tepals white or yellow; flowers bisexual

Inflorescence a terminal umbel; fruit a blue or black berry; tepals white or yellow; flowers bisexual

Plantae

Inflorescence a terminal raceme or panicle; fruit a capsule; tepals white, green, yellowish, or pink; flowers either bisexual (Helonias in HELONIADACEAE), or unisexual and primarily on different plants (dioecious) (Chamaelirium in CHIONOGRAPHIDACEAE), or a mix of bisexual and unisexual staminate flowers (Veratrum in MELANTHIACEAE)

Inflorescence a terminal raceme or panicle; fruit a capsule; tepals white, green, yellowish, or pink; flowers either bisexual (Helonias in HELONIADACEAE), or unisexual and primarily on different plants (dioecious) (Chamaelirium in CHIONOGRAPHIDACEAE), or a mix of bisexual and unisexual staminate flowers (Veratrum in MELANTHIACEAE)

Plantae

Inflorescence ebracteate, lacking bracts subtending pedicels; flowers bisexual (Helonias) or predominantly unisexual and on different plants (dioecious) (Chamaelirium); tepals pink (Helonias) or white to cream (Chamaelirium).

Inflorescence ebracteate, lacking bracts subtending pedicels; flowers bisexual (Helonias) or predominantly unisexual and on different plants (dioecious) (Chamaelirium); tepals pink (Helonias) or white to cream (Chamaelirium).

Plantae

Flowers pink; plants hermaphroditic (individual flowers bisexual)

Flowers pink; plants hermaphroditic (individual flowers bisexual)

Plantae

Tepals 4 (-5); stamens 4 (-5); flowers bisexual; ovary superior; [AL and adjacent GA, FL, and perhaps LA]

Tepals 4 (-5); stamens 4 (-5); flowers bisexual; ovary superior; [AL and adjacent GA, FL, and perhaps LA]

Plantae

Leaves arrayed spirally around an erect, unbranched stem; fruit a septicidal capsule; flowers a mixture of bisexual and unisexual (staminate) on a plant; perianth white, greenish white, or maroon.

Leaves arrayed spirally around an erect, unbranched stem; fruit a septicidal capsule; flowers a mixture of bisexual and unisexual (staminate) on a plant; perianth white, greenish white, or maroon.

Plantae

Leaves arrayed distichously (2 ranked) along an arching, unbranched or dichotomously (Y-forking) branched stem; fruit a berry or loculicidal capsule; flowers all bisexual; perianth white, pink, or yellow.

Leaves arrayed distichously (2 ranked) along an arching, unbranched or dichotomously (Y-forking) branched stem; fruit a berry or loculicidal capsule; flowers all bisexual; perianth white, pink, or yellow.

Plantae

Pubescence of the stem and lower leaf surface non-glandular (or absent); flowers either bisexual (the plants hermaphroditic), or unisexual and the male and female flowers on separate plants (the plants dioecious); stamens 15 or more; pistils 1-8, separate; fruit an aggregate of follicles, a follicle, or a red or white berry.

Pubescence of the stem and lower leaf surface non-glandular (or absent); flowers either bisexual (the plants hermaphroditic), or unisexual and the male and female flowers on separate plants (the plants dioecious); stamens 15 or more; pistils 1-8, separate; fruit an aggregate of follicles, a follicle, or a red or white berry.

Plantae

Flowers bisexual (plants hermaphroditic); carpels 1-8 per flower; inflorescence a raceme, or a panicle of racemes with just a few branches; fruit an aggregate of follicles, a follicle, or a red or white berry

Flowers bisexual (plants hermaphroditic); carpels 1-8 per flower; inflorescence a raceme, or a panicle of racemes with just a few branches; fruit an aggregate of follicles, a follicle, or a red or white berry

Plantae

Flowers bisexual; flowers with 6 tepals

Flowers bisexual; flowers with 6 tepals

Plantae

Flowers bisexual; carpels 1-8; fruit an aggregate of follicles, a single follicle, or an indehiscent berry-like fruit

Flowers bisexual; carpels 1-8; fruit an aggregate of follicles, a single follicle, or an indehiscent berry-like fruit

Plantae

Perianth uniseriate (represented only by undifferentiated tepals or sepals; look at the front and back of the flowers for two layers) or completely absent; flowers usually unisexual, less commonly bisexual).

Perianth uniseriate (represented only by undifferentiated tepals or sepals; look at the front and back of the flowers for two layers) or completely absent; flowers usually unisexual, less commonly bisexual).

Plantae

Inflorescence not a cyathium (and staminate or bisexual flowers with > 1 stamen; fresh plants lacking milky juice (except Stillingia in EUPHORBIACEAE); fruit various, not as above.

Inflorescence not a cyathium (and staminate or bisexual flowers with > 1 stamen; fresh plants lacking milky juice (except Stillingia in EUPHORBIACEAE); fruit various, not as above.

Plantae

Inflorescence a terminal involucrate cluster; flowers bisexual; stamens 9

Inflorescence a terminal involucrate cluster; flowers bisexual; stamens 9

Plantae

Styles 1-3, if style 1, then stigmas 3; flowers bisexual or unisexual.

Styles 1-3, if style 1, then stigmas 3; flowers bisexual or unisexual.

Plantae

Perianth biseriate (represented by differentiated whorls of sepals and petals, the sepals usually green or drab in color, the petals often brightly colored); flowers nearly always bisexual (there are exceptions).

Perianth biseriate (represented by differentiated whorls of sepals and petals, the sepals usually green or drab in color, the petals often brightly colored); flowers nearly always bisexual (there are exceptions).

Plantae

Flowers bisexual; leaf vestiture (if present) simple or stellate.

Flowers bisexual; leaf vestiture (if present) simple or stellate.

Plantae

Leaf margins entire; flowers bisexual; plants hermaphroditic; petals connate, large and showy

Leaf margins entire; flowers bisexual; plants hermaphroditic; petals connate, large and showy

Plantae

Ovary superior; petals distinct; flowers bisexual

Ovary superior; petals distinct; flowers bisexual

Plantae

Perianth biseriate (uniseriate in Aphanes in ROSACEAE and in Trautvetteria in RANUNCULACEAE); flowers bisexual; plants lacking stinging hairs.

Perianth biseriate (uniseriate in Aphanes in ROSACEAE and in Trautvetteria in RANUNCULACEAE); flowers bisexual; plants lacking stinging hairs.

Plantae

Fruit various, not as above; inflorescence not a cyathium (and staminate or bisexual flowers almost always with > 1 stamen); fresh plants lacking milky juice.

Fruit various, not as above; inflorescence not a cyathium (and staminate or bisexual flowers almost always with > 1 stamen); fresh plants lacking milky juice.

Plantae

Inflorescence not a cyathium (and staminate or bisexual flowers with > 1 stamen, except Callitriche in PLANTAGINACEAE); fresh plants lacking milky juice; fruit various, not as above.

Inflorescence not a cyathium (and staminate or bisexual flowers with > 1 stamen, except Callitriche in PLANTAGINACEAE); fresh plants lacking milky juice; fruit various, not as above.

Plantae

Flowers bisexual; sepals 4; flowers with 2, 4, or 6 stamens.

Flowers bisexual; sepals 4; flowers with 2, 4, or 6 stamens.

Dodonaea

Fruits 1.5-2.5 cm wide (including the wings); fruits 2-carpellate/winged (rarely 3-carpellate/winged), tan or brownish; flowers bisexual; anthers 1.1-1.7 mm long; fruit bodies sparsely glandular; leaves (5-) 7-15 cm long, 2.25-4× as long as wide; plant a large shrub or normally tree-like

Fruits 1.5-2.5 cm wide (including the wings); fruits 2-carpellate/winged (rarely 3-carpellate/winged), tan or brownish; flowers bisexual; anthers 1.1-1.7 mm long; fruit bodies sparsely glandular; leaves (5-) 7-15 cm long, 2.25-4× as long as wide; plant a large shrub or normally tree-like

Croton

Inflorescences bisexual; staminate petals 5; leaf blades 2-20× as long as wide; petioles 1-10 (-20) mm long; plants annual or perennial herbs.

Inflorescences bisexual; staminate petals 5; leaf blades 2-20× as long as wide; petioles 1-10 (-20) mm long; plants annual or perennial herbs.

Croton

Inflorescences unisexual (rarely bisexual); staminate petals 0; leaf blades 1-1.4× as long as wide; petioles 10-40 mm long; plant a fleshy shrub; [of coastal dunes]; [subgenus Geiseleria; section Drepadenium]

Inflorescences unisexual (rarely bisexual); staminate petals 0; leaf blades 1-1.4× as long as wide; petioles 10-40 mm long; plant a fleshy shrub; [of coastal dunes]; [subgenus Geiseleria; section Drepadenium]

Croton

Plants monoecious, the inflorescences either bisexual or unisexual; staminate flowers with 3-5 petals; capsules smooth; [subgenus Geiseleria; section Heptallon].

Plants monoecious, the inflorescences either bisexual or unisexual; staminate flowers with 3-5 petals; capsules smooth; [subgenus Geiseleria; section Heptallon].

Vitis

Flowers bisexual; berries ellipsoid, longer than broad; berry with pulp adhering to skin; [exotic and cultivated, rarely persistent in our region]

Flowers bisexual; berries ellipsoid, longer than broad; berry with pulp adhering to skin; [exotic and cultivated, rarely persistent in our region]

Arecaceae

Trees, with stems > 10 cm in diameter and > 5 m tall when mature; fruits > 1 cm in diameter (except Roystonea, with fruits 0.7-0.8 cm in diameter); monoecious (with unisexual flowers) or hermaphroditic (with bisexual flowers).

Trees, with stems > 10 cm in diameter and > 5 m tall when mature; fruits > 1 cm in diameter (except Roystonea, with fruits 0.7-0.8 cm in diameter); monoecious (with unisexual flowers) or hermaphroditic (with bisexual flowers).

Plantae

Vestiture of the lower leaf surface of silvery and/or reddish peltate scales; plants hermaphroditic, the flowers bisexual; fruit a fleshy drupe

Vestiture of the lower leaf surface of silvery and/or reddish peltate scales; plants hermaphroditic, the flowers bisexual; fruit a fleshy drupe

Acalypha

Hairs of the stems, petioles, and peduncles eglandular; pistillate, bisexual, and staminate inflorescences axillary; styles multi-branched

Hairs of the stems, petioles, and peduncles eglandular; pistillate, bisexual, and staminate inflorescences axillary; styles multi-branched

Acalypha

Petioles 4-25 mm long; inflorescences both terminal (these staminate, pistillate, or bisexual) and axillary (these pistillate); [c. and s. TX and southwestwards].

Petioles 4-25 mm long; inflorescences both terminal (these staminate, pistillate, or bisexual) and axillary (these pistillate); [c. and s. TX and southwestwards].

Acalypha

Petioles 1-5 mm long; inflorescences all terminal and bisexual; [FL]

Petioles 1-5 mm long; inflorescences all terminal and bisexual; [FL]

Eragrostis

Hermaphroditic; spikelets bisexual; anthers 2, each 0.2-0.3 mm long

Hermaphroditic; spikelets bisexual; anthers 2, each 0.2-0.3 mm long

Hierochloe

Hairs on the apex of the bisexual florets < 0.5 mm long, or sometimes with some longer hairs and then these distributed only near the midrib; [DE northwards]

Hairs on the apex of the bisexual florets < 0.5 mm long, or sometimes with some longer hairs and then these distributed only near the midrib; [DE northwards]

Hierochloe

Hairs on the apex of the bisexual florets 0.5-1 mm long, evenly distributed; [w. NC northwards]

Hairs on the apex of the bisexual florets 0.5-1 mm long, evenly distributed; [w. NC northwards]

Elaeagnaceae

Leaves alternate; stamens 4; plants monoecious (the individual flowers on a plant bisexual, or some of them staminate); [collectively widespread in our region]

Leaves alternate; stamens 4; plants monoecious (the individual flowers on a plant bisexual, or some of them staminate); [collectively widespread in our region]

Bradburia

Disc flowers 25-60, bisexual; disk flower corollas 4.5-6 mm long, with lobes ca. 0.5 mm long; ray flowers (11-) avg. 16 (-24); [widely distributed]

Disc flowers 25-60, bisexual; disk flower corollas 4.5-6 mm long, with lobes ca. 0.5 mm long; ray flowers (11-) avg. 16 (-24); [widely distributed]

Madia

Involucres ovoid to urceolate; ray flower blades 1.5-4 mm long; disc flowers bisexual, fertile

Involucres ovoid to urceolate; ray flower blades 1.5-4 mm long; disc flowers bisexual, fertile

Salicaceae

Flowers bisexual, solitary; petals present, large (2.5-3.5 cm), white (Camellia-like); stamens 200-300; fruit a large (5-6 cm diameter) indehiscent dry “berry”

Flowers bisexual, solitary; petals present, large (2.5-3.5 cm), white (Camellia-like); stamens 200-300; fruit a large (5-6 cm diameter) indehiscent dry “berry”

Plantae

Flowers bisexual, not borne in catkins; plants hermaphroditic.

Flowers bisexual, not borne in catkins; plants hermaphroditic.

Fabaceae

Flowers either with conspicuous petals or aggregated into spikes or spherical heads with showy stamens; petals either (Caesalpinoids) yellow, orange, red, or (Mimosoids) the tubular perianth whorls less conspicuous than the stamens, these yellow to orange; flowers bisexual; small shrubs, shrubs, small or medium trees, or large trees (if large trees, then of tropical parts of our region); fruits papery or chartaceous (rarely woody), often < 2 cm wide; [collectively widespread, including of s. FL and s. TX].

Flowers either with conspicuous petals or aggregated into spikes or spherical heads with showy stamens; petals either (Caesalpinoids) yellow, orange, red, or (Mimosoids) the tubular perianth whorls less conspicuous than the stamens, these yellow to orange; flowers bisexual; small shrubs, shrubs, small or medium trees, or large trees (if large trees, then of tropical parts of our region); fruits papery or chartaceous (rarely woody), often < 2 cm wide; [collectively widespread, including of s. FL and s. TX].

Moeroris

Pistillate nectary glands strongly unequal, spatulate, as long as or longer than broad; leaf blades glabrous on both surfaces or sparsely to moderately scabridulous abaxially; bisexual cymules with 1 staminate flower.

Pistillate nectary glands strongly unequal, spatulate, as long as or longer than broad; leaf blades glabrous on both surfaces or sparsely to moderately scabridulous abaxially; bisexual cymules with 1 staminate flower.

Moeroris

Pistillate nectary glands subequal, reniform, broader than long; leaf blades densely scabridulous on both surfaces; bisexual cymules with 1-3 staminate flowers

Pistillate nectary glands subequal, reniform, broader than long; leaf blades densely scabridulous on both surfaces; bisexual cymules with 1-3 staminate flowers

Poaceae

Lower sterile florets 1-2, either highly reduced to knobs or tufts of hairs, or consisting of linear to lanceolate lemmas up to ¾ as long as the bisexual floret; all lemmas unawned

Lower sterile florets 1-2, either highly reduced to knobs or tufts of hairs, or consisting of linear to lanceolate lemmas up to ¾ as long as the bisexual floret; all lemmas unawned

Poaceae

Spikelets with 2 florets, the lower floret staminate and of similar size as the upper, pistillate or bisexual floret; lemma of the lower floret awned; lemma of the upper floret unawned or awned

Spikelets with 2 florets, the lower floret staminate and of similar size as the upper, pistillate or bisexual floret; lemma of the lower floret awned; lemma of the upper floret unawned or awned

Poaceae

Lower sterile florets 2, shorter than to exceeding the bisexual floret; fresh leaves with sweet vanilla odor when crushed; lemma of the lower florets awned or unawned

Lower sterile florets 2, shorter than to exceeding the bisexual floret; fresh leaves with sweet vanilla odor when crushed; lemma of the lower florets awned or unawned

Poaceae

Spikelets with 2-3 florets, the lower 1-2 florets staminate or sterile, either highly reduced to knobs or tufts of hairs, or shorter than to longer than the terminal, bisexual floret; lemma of the lower florets either awned or unawned; lemma of the upper floret unawned.

Spikelets with 2-3 florets, the lower 1-2 florets staminate or sterile, either highly reduced to knobs or tufts of hairs, or shorter than to longer than the terminal, bisexual floret; lemma of the lower florets either awned or unawned; lemma of the upper floret unawned.

Poaceae

Spikelets each with 1 fertile (bisexual) floret, with 1-several sterile florets, either towards the base or towards the tip of the spikelet.

Spikelets each with 1 fertile (bisexual) floret, with 1-several sterile florets, either towards the base or towards the tip of the spikelet.

Polygonaceae

Leaf blades not hastate or sagittate; plants synoecious (rarely with some dioecious or polygamo-monoecious individuals), the flowers normally bisexual (sometimes bisexual and unisexual flowers in the same inflorescence); fresh foliage “green” or bitter to taste

Leaf blades not hastate or sagittate; plants synoecious (rarely with some dioecious or polygamo-monoecious individuals), the flowers normally bisexual (sometimes bisexual and unisexual flowers in the same inflorescence); fresh foliage “green” or bitter to taste

Plantae

Flowers bisexual; fruit a red or black pome

Flowers bisexual; fruit a red or black pome

Asteraceae

Bisexual flowers 0 or 2-7, pappi 0; functionally staminate flowers 0 or 2-5, pappi 0 or of 1-10 (-13) bristles hidden in heads

Bisexual flowers 0 or 2-7, pappi 0; functionally staminate flowers 0 or 2-5, pappi 0 or of 1-10 (-13) bristles hidden in heads

Asteraceae

Bisexual flowers (1-) 2-10 (-11), pappus of (11-) 13-28+ bristles visible in heads; functionally staminate flowers 0.

Bisexual flowers (1-) 2-10 (-11), pappus of (11-) 13-28+ bristles visible in heads; functionally staminate flowers 0.

Asteraceae

Paleae of the bisexual flowers saccate, each enclosing a floret, apices 2-fid or 3-fid; cypselae (at least the outer) strigose; [se. Texas]

Paleae of the bisexual flowers saccate, each enclosing a floret, apices 2-fid or 3-fid; cypselae (at least the outer) strigose; [se. Texas]

Asteraceae

Paleae of the bisexual or staminate flowers flat to concave, not enclosing florets, apices entire; cypselae glabrous; [mainly west of the Mississippi River, rarely east (as in MS, AL, GA, and SC]

Paleae of the bisexual or staminate flowers flat to concave, not enclosing florets, apices entire; cypselae glabrous; [mainly west of the Mississippi River, rarely east (as in MS, AL, GA, and SC]

Asteraceae

Heads in corymbiform arrays; heads bisexual; involucres not burlike or nutlike, lacking tubercles or hooked or straight prickles or spines; leaves lanceolate, unlobed, cuneate at base

Heads in corymbiform arrays; heads bisexual; involucres not burlike or nutlike, lacking tubercles or hooked or straight prickles or spines; leaves lanceolate, unlobed, cuneate at base

Asteraceae

Plants perennial, with leaves basally disposed (larger basal leaves, decreasing in size upwards, the basal leaves sometimes withering late in the year); leaves with generally regular toothing, stem leaves sometimes pinnately lobed; heads discoid (all flowers bisexual)

Plants perennial, with leaves basally disposed (larger basal leaves, decreasing in size upwards, the basal leaves sometimes withering late in the year); leaves with generally regular toothing, stem leaves sometimes pinnately lobed; heads discoid (all flowers bisexual)

Asteraceae

Plants annual, with leaves primarily on the stem; leaves sharply and raggedly toothed or even pinnately lobed; heads disciform (the outer flowers female, the middle bisexual, and the inner functionally male)

Plants annual, with leaves primarily on the stem; leaves sharply and raggedly toothed or even pinnately lobed; heads disciform (the outer flowers female, the middle bisexual, and the inner functionally male)

Asteraceae

Plants hermaphroditic; heads bisexual, with 5-25 flowers, either all perfect (bisexual), or a mixture of perfect (bisexual) and functionally staminate flowers.

Plants hermaphroditic; heads bisexual, with 5-25 flowers, either all perfect (bisexual), or a mixture of perfect (bisexual) and functionally staminate flowers.

Asteraceae

Plants annuals (perennials in Omalotheca sylvatica); heads disciform (each bisexual); plants hermaphroditic.

Plants annuals (perennials in Omalotheca sylvatica); heads disciform (each bisexual); plants hermaphroditic.

Asteraceae

Plants hermaphroditic; heads bisexual, with 2-35 flowers, either all perfect (bisexual), or a mixture of perfect (bisexual) and functionally staminate flowers.; heads yellow to pale yellow.

Plants hermaphroditic; heads bisexual, with 2-35 flowers, either all perfect (bisexual), or a mixture of perfect (bisexual) and functionally staminate flowers.; heads yellow to pale yellow.

Asteraceae

Plants hermaphroditic; heads bisexual, with 3-100+ flowers, either all perfect (bisexual), or a mixture of perfect (bisexual) and functionally staminate flowers.; heads purple, pink, lavender, or whitish.

Plants hermaphroditic; heads bisexual, with 3-100+ flowers, either all perfect (bisexual), or a mixture of perfect (bisexual) and functionally staminate flowers.; heads purple, pink, lavender, or whitish.

Asteraceae

Pappus bristles in 2 series, the outer much shorter; heads discoid (all flowers bisexual and fertile); leaf margins toothed or entire; corollas purple or deep pink (rarely pale pink or white)

Pappus bristles in 2 series, the outer much shorter; heads discoid (all flowers bisexual and fertile); leaf margins toothed or entire; corollas purple or deep pink (rarely pale pink or white)

Asteraceae

Plants smaller, 2-40 cm tall or long (if stems > 40 cm then plants usually procumbent or decumbent); annuals or perennials; leaves usually < 10 cm long, lacking winged petioles or clasping basal appendages; disc florets bisexual and fertile.

Plants smaller, 2-40 cm tall or long (if stems > 40 cm then plants usually procumbent or decumbent); annuals or perennials; leaves usually < 10 cm long, lacking winged petioles or clasping basal appendages; disc florets bisexual and fertile.

Asteraceae

Plants annuals with taproots; phyllaries linear to linear-lanceolate; inner pappus yellow to rust-colored proximally, outer pappus scale-like; disc florets bisexual and fertile (B. pilosa) or functionally staminate (B. hirtella)

Plants annuals with taproots; phyllaries linear to linear-lanceolate; inner pappus yellow to rust-colored proximally, outer pappus scale-like; disc florets bisexual and fertile (B. pilosa) or functionally staminate (B. hirtella)

Polygonaceae

Plants herbs or with thick, suffrutescent to woody, stems with larger leaves; flowers bisexual or unisexual (if unisexual, then the tubes of the pitillate flowers not becoming fleshy).

Plants herbs or with thick, suffrutescent to woody, stems with larger leaves; flowers bisexual or unisexual (if unisexual, then the tubes of the pitillate flowers not becoming fleshy).

Asteraceae

Disc florets bisexual, fertile.

Disc florets bisexual, fertile.

Chloris

Spikelets with 1 lower bisexual floret and 1 additional sterile or staminate floret.

Spikelets with 1 lower bisexual floret and 1 additional sterile or staminate floret.

Chloris

Spikelets with 1 lower bisexual floret and 2 or more sterile/staminate florets (these obviously differing from the single lower fertile floret).

Spikelets with 1 lower bisexual floret and 2 or more sterile/staminate florets (these obviously differing from the single lower fertile floret).

Chloris

Lemma apices not truncate, instead rounded to acute (sometimes the second sterile or staminate floret truncate, but not also the lower bisexual floret, as in C. barbata).

Lemma apices not truncate, instead rounded to acute (sometimes the second sterile or staminate floret truncate, but not also the lower bisexual floret, as in C. barbata).

Chloris

Lowest lemmas (bisexual) glabrous, not conspicuously pubescent on the margins (but midveins often scabrous), the lemma margins inrolled

Lowest lemmas (bisexual) glabrous, not conspicuously pubescent on the margins (but midveins often scabrous), the lemma margins inrolled

Chloris

Lemma apices conspicuously bilobed (both the lower bisexual and upper staminate); spikelets pectinate, diverging at a wide angle from branch axes

Lemma apices conspicuously bilobed (both the lower bisexual and upper staminate); spikelets pectinate, diverging at a wide angle from branch axes

Poaceae

Inflorescence a false panicle with numerous inflorescence units; peduncles with 2 rames in digitate clusters (1 almost sessile, the other rame stalked and both bearing 7-14 heterogamous spikelet pairs), disarticulation in the rames beneath the bisexual spikelets; spikelets a mix of heterogamous and homogamous pairs; awns of the lemma 1-3.5 cm long; [non-natives]

Inflorescence a false panicle with numerous inflorescence units; peduncles with 2 rames in digitate clusters (1 almost sessile, the other rame stalked and both bearing 7-14 heterogamous spikelet pairs), disarticulation in the rames beneath the bisexual spikelets; spikelets a mix of heterogamous and homogamous pairs; awns of the lemma 1-3.5 cm long; [non-natives]