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| Scientific | Lead Number | Lead Position | Lead Characteristics | Lead Characteristics with Glossary | Line result key id | Line result taxon id | result text |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bryodesma | Apical hair-tip of the leaves twisted-contorted, 1.2-1.7 mm long (sometimes deciduous); strobili 3-6 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide; leaves 0.15-0.3 mm wide, the marginal cilia absent, toothlike, or as much as 1/6 as wide as the leaf blade; budlike “arrested” branches present | ||||||
Bryodesma | Apical hair-tip of the leaves twisted-contorted, 1.2-1.7 mm long (sometimes deciduous); strobili 3-6 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide; leaves 0.15-0.3 mm wide, the marginal cilia absent, toothlike, or as much as 1/6 as wide as the leaf blade; budlike “arrested” branches present | ||||||
Bryodesma | Apical hair-tip of the leaves twisted-contorted, 1.2-1.7 mm long (sometimes deciduous); strobili 3-6 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide; leaves 0.15-0.3 mm wide, the marginal cilia absent, toothlike, or as much as 1/6 as wide as the leaf blade; budlike “arrested” branches present | ||||||
Bryodesma | Apical hair-tip of the leaves straight, 0.3-1.4 mm long (sometimes deciduous); strobili (5-) 10-35 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide; leaves 0.2-0.45 mm wide, the marginal cilia 1/4-1/3 as wide as the leaf blade; budlike “arrested” branches present or absent. | ||||||
Ophioglossaceae | Sterile leaf blade pinnatifid, pinnate, or more divided; veins free; fertile stalks branched, the sporangia sessile or stalked; [subfamily Botrychioideae]. | ||||||
Ophioglossaceae | Fertile stalk joined to the stalk of the sterile leaf blade near the rhizome, far below the base of the leaf blade, and usually at or below the surface of the ground; leaves evergreen, appearing in spring, summer, or fall, and withering the following spring; sterile leaf blades triangular (or pentagonal) in general outline | Fertile stalk joined to the stalk of the sterile leaf blade near the rhizome, far below the base of the leaf blade, and usually at or below the surface of the ground; leaves evergreen, appearing in spring, summer, or fall, and withering the following spring; sterile leaf blades triangular (or pentagonal) in general outline | |||||
Ophioglossaceae | Fertile stalk joined to the stalk of the sterile leaf blade near the base of the leaf blade, far above the rhizome, and usually well above the surface of the ground; leaves deciduous, appearing in spring and withering the same summer or fall; sterile leaf blades either triangular (or pentagonal) or elongate in general outline. | Fertile stalk joined to the stalk of the sterile leaf blade near the base of the leaf blade, far above the rhizome, and usually well above the surface of the ground; leaves deciduous, appearing in spring and withering the same summer or fall; sterile leaf blades either triangular (or pentagonal) or elongate in general outline. | |||||
Ophioglossaceae | Sterile leaf blade 1-pinnatifid or 1-2-pinnate; plants usually < 20 cm tall; sterile blade fleshy in texture, 1-8 cm long | ||||||
Ophioglossaceae | Sterile leaf blade 3-ternate or even more finely divided; plants (9-) 30-50 cm tall; sterile blade herbaceous in texture, 10-40 cm long | ||||||
Ophioglossum | Underground stem globose, nearly spherical, 3-11 mm in diameter; fertile spikes commonly with a conspicuous, acute or attenuate sterile portion (apiculum) at its apex; sterile blade 1-4 cm long, 0.5-2.5 cm wide, borne horizontally near the ground | ||||||
Ophioglossum | Underground stem narrowly cylindrical or irregularly elongate, 2-4 mm in diameter; fertile spikes without a sterile portion at the apex or the sterile portion inconspicuous; sterile blade 0.5-10 cm long, 0.2-5.5 cm wide, borne horizontally, ascending, or vertically. | Underground stem narrowly cylindrical or irregularly elongate, 2-4 mm in diameter; fertile spikes without a sterile portion at the apex or the sterile portion inconspicuous; sterile blade 0.5-10 cm long, 0.2-5.5 cm wide, borne horizontally, ascending, or vertically. | |||||
Ophioglossum | Sterile blade 0.2-1 cm wide, the polygonal venation areoles usually lacking both smaller areoles and free included veinlets | ||||||
Ophioglossum | Sterile blade (0.5-) 1.2-5 cm wide, the polygonal venation areoles either with smaller areoles or with free included veinlets. | ||||||
Ophioglossum | Large areoles of the of the sterile blade subdivided into smaller areoles, these further subdivided into smaller areoles and free veinlets; sterile blade apiculate | ||||||
Ophioglossum | Large areoles of the sterile blade lacking smaller areoles, but with free included veinlets in some areoles; sterile blade obtuse or acute. | ||||||
Ophioglossum | Sterile blade ovate-lanceolate, the base obtuse to nearly truncate, broadest < ¼ of the way from the base to the apex; primary areoles mostly > 2 mm wide, without included veinlets | ||||||
Ophioglossum | Sterile blade ovate to elliptic, the base cuneate to obtuse, broadest between one quarter and one half of the way from the base to the tip; primary areoles mostly < 2 mm wide, with included veinlets. | Sterile blade ovate to elliptic, the base cuneate to obtuse, broadest between one quarter and one half of the way from the base to the tip; primary areoles mostly < 2 mm wide, with included veinlets. | |||||
Ophioglossum | Sterile blade elliptic, broadest near the middle, acute to attenuate at the base, pale green, dull, herbaceous in texture; basal frond sheath membranaceous and ephemeral; spores 50-60 μ in diameter | ||||||
Ophioglossum | Sterile blade ovate, broadest below the middle, obtuse at the base, dark green, shiny, firm in texture; basal frond sheath leathery and tending to persist; spores 35-45 μ in diameter | ||||||
Sceptridium | Sterile blade mostly 2(-3)-pinnate, herbaceous in texture; ultimate blade segments mostly oblong to obliquely lanceolate, the margins nearly parallel, the base cuneate, the apex relatively blunt | Sterile blade mostly 2(-3)-pinnate, herbaceous in texture; ultimate blade segments mostly oblong to obliquely lanceolate, the margins nearly parallel, the base cuneate, the apex relatively blunt | |||||
Sceptridium | Sterile blade mostly 3-pinnate (or more divided, those forms keyed above), leathery in texture; ultimate blade segments trowel-shaped, the margins usually not parallel, the base truncate or obtuse, the apex relatively pointed | ||||||
Botrychium | Sterile leaf blade (trophophore) leaflets linear to narrow-ovate, the apex obtuse to acuminate, the margins shallowly to deeply lobed; at least the tip of the sterile leaf blade (trophophore) reflexed in bud. | Sterile leaf blade (trophophore) leaflets linear to narrow-ovate, the apex obtuse to acuminate, the margins shallowly to deeply lobed; at least the tip of the sterile leaf blade (trophophore) reflexed in bud. | |||||
Botrychium | Sterile leaf blade (trophophore) leaflets nearly orbicular to obovate or flabellate, the apex rounded to truncate, the margins entire or distally few-lobed; sterile leaf blade (trophophore) and fertile leaf (sporophore) erect in bud or only the extreme tip of the sterile leaf blade (trophophore) slightly inclined. | Sterile leaf blade (trophophore) leaflets nearly orbicular to obovate or flabellate, the apex rounded to truncate, the margins entire or distally few-lobed; sterile leaf blade (trophophore) and fertile leaf (sporophore) erect in bud or only the extreme tip of the sterile leaf blade (trophophore) slightly inclined. | |||||
Osmundaceae | Leaves pinnate-pinnatifid, each pinna additionally pinnatifid but not divided into distinct pinnules; spores borne either on specialized leaves that are normally wholly fertile (lacking flat, blade-like sterile pinnae), or hemidimorphic (juvenile leaves with only sterile pinnae, adult leaves with both sterile and fertile pinnae, the fertile pinnae borne in the middle of the leaf with sterile pinnae above and below; photosynthetic (sterile) pinnae lacking tufts of hairs; veins of each pinna lobe 1× Y-forked (thus each vein reaching the margin as 2 final veinlets), the final veinlets not creating a tooth, thus the pinna lobes entire to obscurely crenulate. | Leaves pinnate-pinnatifid, each pinna additionally pinnatifid but not divided into distinct pinnules; spores borne either on specialized leaves that are normally wholly fertile (lacking flat, blade-like sterile pinnae), or hemidimorphic (juvenile leaves with only sterile pinnae, adult leaves with both sterile and fertile pinnae, the fertile pinnae borne in the middle of the leaf with sterile pinnae above and below; photosynthetic (sterile) pinnae lacking tufts of hairs; veins of each pinna lobe 1× Y-forked (thus each vein reaching the margin as 2 final veinlets), the final veinlets not creating a tooth, thus the pinna lobes entire to obscurely crenulate. | |||||
Osmundaceae | Leaves pinnate-pinnatifid, each pinna additionally pinnatifid but not divided into distinct pinnules; spores borne either on specialized leaves that are normally wholly fertile (lacking flat, blade-like sterile pinnae), or hemidimorphic (juvenile leaves with only sterile pinnae, adult leaves with both sterile and fertile pinnae, the fertile pinnae borne in the middle of the leaf with sterile pinnae above and below; photosynthetic (sterile) pinnae lacking tufts of hairs; veins of each pinna lobe 1× Y-forked (thus each vein reaching the margin as 2 final veinlets), the final veinlets not creating a tooth, thus the pinna lobes entire to obscurely crenulate. | Leaves pinnate-pinnatifid, each pinna additionally pinnatifid but not divided into distinct pinnules; spores borne either on specialized leaves that are normally wholly fertile (lacking flat, blade-like sterile pinnae), or hemidimorphic (juvenile leaves with only sterile pinnae, adult leaves with both sterile and fertile pinnae, the fertile pinnae borne in the middle of the leaf with sterile pinnae above and below; photosynthetic (sterile) pinnae lacking tufts of hairs; veins of each pinna lobe 1× Y-forked (thus each vein reaching the margin as 2 final veinlets), the final veinlets not creating a tooth, thus the pinna lobes entire to obscurely crenulate. | |||||
Osmundaceae | Leaves bipinnate, each pinna fully divided into distinct pinnules, the larger pinnules 3-7 cm long and 0.7-2.0 cm wide; spores borne on modified pinnae in the terminal portion of the leaf blade; veins of each pinnule 2× Y-forked (thus each vein reaching the margin as 4 final veinlets), each final veinlet making a fine tooth, thus the pinnule margins finely serrulate | Leaves bipinnate, each pinna fully divided into distinct pinnules, the larger pinnules 3-7 cm long and 0.7-2.0 cm wide; spores borne on modified pinnae in the terminal portion of the leaf blade; veins of each pinnule 2× Y-forked (thus each vein reaching the margin as 4 final veinlets), each final veinlet making a fine tooth, thus the pinnule margins finely serrulate | |||||
Osmundaceae | Leaves bipinnate, each pinna fully divided into distinct pinnules, the larger pinnules 3-7 cm long and 0.7-2.0 cm wide; spores borne on modified pinnae in the terminal portion of the leaf blade; veins of each pinnule 2× Y-forked (thus each vein reaching the margin as 4 final veinlets), each final veinlet making a fine tooth, thus the pinnule margins finely serrulate | Leaves bipinnate, each pinna fully divided into distinct pinnules, the larger pinnules 3-7 cm long and 0.7-2.0 cm wide; spores borne on modified pinnae in the terminal portion of the leaf blade; veins of each pinnule 2× Y-forked (thus each vein reaching the margin as 4 final veinlets), each final veinlet making a fine tooth, thus the pinnule margins finely serrulate | |||||
Hymenophyllum | Leaf blade with stellate hairs; [subgenus Sphaerocionium] | ||||||
Hymenophyllum | Leaf blade glabrous; [subgenus Hymenophyllum] | ||||||
Didymoglossum | Midvein extending to the apex of the leaf blade; involucral lips not distinct from the blade in color; leaves usually < 1 cm long; soral involucres usually 1 per leaf; [widespread in our area] | Midvein extending to the apex of the leaf blade; involucral lips not distinct from the blade in color; leaves usually < 1 cm long; soral involucres usually 1 per leaf; [widespread in our area] | |||||
Didymoglossum | Midvein absent or not extending past the midpoint of the leaf blade; involucral lips dark-margined; soral involucres 1-6 per leaf; [of FL peninsula]. | Midvein absent or not extending past the midpoint of the leaf blade; involucral lips dark-margined; soral involucres 1-6 per leaf; [of FL peninsula]. | |||||
Marsileaceae | Leaves grass-like, linear, the leaf blade absent, the petiole narrowly winged; sporocarps spherical | ||||||
Pteridaceae | Sori continuous along the pinnule margins (or across the blade in Acrostichum); leaves mostly dark-green or glaucous, often pubescent, coriaceous, tough, and stiff (except Ceratopteris). | Sori continuous along the pinnule margins (or across the blade in Acrostichum); leaves mostly dark-green or glaucous, often pubescent, coriaceous, tough, and stiff (except Ceratopteris). | |||||
Pteridaceae | Leaves 1-pinnate or 1-pinnate-pinnatifid; lower leaf blade surfaces densely covered with stellate and ciliate-fringed scales; petiole with 2 vascular bundles | Leaves 1-pinnate or 1-pinnate-pinnatifid; lower leaf blade surfaces densely covered with stellate and ciliate-fringed scales; petiole with 2 vascular bundles | |||||
Pteridaceae | Leaves 1-pinnate-pinnatifid or more divided (to 5-pinnate); lower leaf blade surfaces glabrous to pubescent and/or farinose; petiole with 1 vascular bundle. | Leaves 1-pinnate-pinnatifid or more divided (to 5-pinnate); lower leaf blade surfaces glabrous to pubescent and/or farinose; petiole with 1 vascular bundle. | |||||
Pityrogramma | Leaves flattened (the leaflets all borne in one plane), 2-pinnate (and the pinnules pinnatifid) in the lower blade | ||||||
Pityrogramma | Leaves prominently 3-dimensional, 2-pinnate in the lower blade, 1-pinnate in the upper blade | ||||||
Pteris | Pinnae strictly simple, without lobes or pinnules; outline of leaf blade lanceolate, typically > 3× as long as wide; [subgenus Pteris; section Pteris] | Pinnae strictly simple, without lobes or pinnules; outline of leaf blade lanceolate, typically > 3× as long as wide; [subgenus Pteris; section Pteris] | |||||
Pteris | Pinnae (at least the basal ones) with at least 1-several lobes or pinnules (many lobes or pinnules in P. plumula); outline of leaf blade ovate to orbicular, typically nearly as wide as long (or to 4× as long as wide in P. plumula); [subgenus Campteria; section Creticae]. | ||||||
Myriopteris | Rachis scales (0.2-) 0.4-1.0 mm wide, lanceolate; leaf blade nearly glabrous above, appearing green | ||||||
Myriopteris | Rachis scales ca. 0.1 (-0.3) mm wide, linear; leaf blade villous-tomentose above, appearing whitish or gray-green | ||||||
Cystopteris | Leaf blade 10-55 cm long, usually 2-3× as long as the reddish to tan petiole, lowest pair of pinnae the longest, thus the leaf widest at the base; bulblets usually present, smooth, green, 2-3 mm in diameter, usually on the rachis and the midrib; spores 20-38 μ long | ||||||
Cystopteris | Leaf blade 10-55 cm long, usually 2-3× as long as the reddish to tan petiole, lowest pair of pinnae the longest, thus the leaf widest at the base; bulblets usually present, smooth, green, 2-3 mm in diameter, usually on the rachis and the midrib; spores 20-38 μ long | ||||||
Cystopteris | Leaf blade 6-25 cm long, usually about 1× as long as the dark brown petiole, thus the leaf widest above the base; bulblets present or absent, deformed and scaly, dark, < 1.5 mm in diameter, on the rachis only; spores 25-60 μ long. | ||||||
Cystopteris | Leaf blade (2.5-) 3-4× as long as wide; pinnae usually perpendicular to the rachis (or even reflexed); margins of pinnae serrulate, the teeth sharp; basal pinnules sessile, truncate to rounded at the base; indusium up to1 mm long, lanceolate; pinnae usually perpendicular to rachis; [on rock outcrops] | Leaf blade (2.5-) 3-4× as long as wide; pinnae usually perpendicular to the rachis (or even reflexed); margins of pinnae serrulate, the teeth sharp; basal pinnules sessile, truncate to rounded at the base; indusium up to1 mm long, lanceolate; pinnae usually perpendicular to rachis; [on rock outcrops] | |||||
Cystopteris | Leaf blade 2-2.5 (-3)× as long as wide; pinnae usually at an acute angle to the rachis, curving toward the blade apex; margins of pinnae crenulate, the teeth rounded; basal pinnules short-stalked or sessile, rounded to cuneate at the base; indusium about 0.5 mm long, ovate to round; pinnae usually at an acute angle to the rachis; [on rock outcrops or forest floor]. | Leaf blade 2-2.5 (-3)× as long as wide; pinnae usually at an acute angle to the rachis, curving toward the blade apex; margins of pinnae crenulate, the teeth rounded; basal pinnules short-stalked or sessile, rounded to cuneate at the base; indusium about 0.5 mm long, ovate to round; pinnae usually at an acute angle to the rachis; [on rock outcrops or forest floor]. | |||||
Asplenium | Rachis dull green throughout its length, or at least toward the tip; rachis grooved on the upper surface, at least in the green portion; leaves pinnatifid to tripinnate, the outline of the leaf blade narrowly to broadly triangular, widest at the base (or slightly above the base in A. abscissum) (except A. dentatum). | Rachis dull green throughout its length, or at least toward the tip; rachis grooved on the upper surface, at least in the green portion; leaves pinnatifid to tripinnate, the outline of the leaf blade narrowly to broadly triangular, widest at the base (or slightly above the base in A. abscissum) (except A. dentatum). | |||||
Asplenium | Rachis shiny black or dark brown throughout its length; rachis not grooved on its upper surface; leaves pinnate, the outline of the leaf blade linear, lanceolate, or oblanceolate, with more-or-less parallel sides for much of its length. | Rachis shiny black or dark brown throughout its length; rachis not grooved on its upper surface; leaves pinnate, the outline of the leaf blade linear, lanceolate, or oblanceolate, with more-or-less parallel sides for much of its length. | |||||
Asplenium | Pinnae margins subentire; pinnae blue-green, coriaceous, borne at right angles to the rachis or slightly reflexed, usually strictly opposite throughout the entire length of the leaf blade | ||||||
Asplenium | Pinnae margins shallowly crenate or crenate-serrate; pinnae bright-green, subcoriaceous, borne at right angles to the rachis or ascending, opposite below but usually becoming alternate in the apical 1/3-1/2 of the leaf blade | ||||||
Thelypteridaceae | Stellate hairs present on rachis, veins, and upper leaf blade surface; [n. FL south to s. FL]; [Goniopteroid clade] | ||||||
Phegopteris | Rhizome short, erect; all the pinnae interconnected by orbicular auricles or triangular wings between the pinnae; leaf blade lanceolate, > 4× as long as wide, tapering to both ends from near the middle (the largest pinnae near the middle of the blade); primary pinnae alternate | ||||||
Phegopteris | Rhizome long creeping; all the pinnae interconnected by a narrow rachis wing, or the proximal 1-3 pairs of pinnae free; leaf blade broadly triangular, broadest at or near the base (the largest pinnae the basal or next pair); primary pinnae opposite. | ||||||
Phegopteris | Rachis wings absent between the two basal pinna pairs; frond blade longer than wide; basalmost pinnae 4-5× as long as wide; rachis bearing on its lower surface numerous tan to brown, lanceolate scales (these mostly 6-12 cells wide at the base) and acicular hairs 0.3-1.0 mm long. | ||||||
Phegopteris | Rachis wings present between the two basal pinna pairs; basalmost pinnae (2-) ca. 3× as long as wide; frond blade usually wider than long; rachis bearing on its lower surface relatively few, white to pale tan, narrowly lanceolate scales (these mostly 3-5 cells wide at the base) and hairs 0.1-0.25 mm long | Rachis wings present between the two basal pinna pairs; basalmost pinnae (2-) ca. 3× as long as wide; frond blade usually wider than long; rachis bearing on its lower surface relatively few, white to pale tan, narrowly lanceolate scales (these mostly 3-5 cells wide at the base) and hairs 0.1-0.25 mm long | |||||
Woodsia | Petioles with a distinct joint about 1-3 cm above the base, the petiole bases of former leaves forming a fairly even stubble; leaf blade lacking glands (though bearing both long septate hairs and pale linear scales); indusium of numerous filamentous segments; [subgenus Woodsia or genus Woodsia subgenus Woodsia (Lu et al 2020) or genus Woodsia (Shmakov2015)] | Petioles with a distinct joint about 1-3 cm above the base, the petiole bases of former leaves forming a fairly even stubble; leaf blade lacking glands (though bearing both long septate hairs and pale linear scales); indusium of numerous filamentous segments; [subgenus Woodsia or genus Woodsia subgenus Woodsia (Lu et al 2020) or genus Woodsia (Shmakov2015)] | |||||
Woodsia | Petioles lacking a joint, the petiole bases of former leaves disintegrating irregularly and forming an uneven stubble; leaf blade with stalked glands, at least below on the costae, costules, and veins (and also bearing nonglandular hairs and/or linear scales); indusium of 3-6 lanceolate segments. | ||||||
Woodsia | Rachis with flattened, septate, white hairs and elongate stipitate glands; leaf blade with flattened, septate, white hairs and elongate stipitate glands; [subgenus Physematium, or genus Physematium subgenus Physematium (Lu et al. 2020), or genus Physematium (Shmakov 2015)] | ||||||
Woodsia | Rachis with scattered scales; leaf blade with sparse to dense stipitate glands; [subgenus Physematium, or genus Physematium subgenus Woodsiopsis (Lu et al. 2020) or genus Woodsiopsis (Shmakov 2015)]. | ||||||
Athyrium | Leaf blade widest near middle (the fourth or fifth pair of pinnae from the base the largest); margins of indusium toothed or ciliate (not glandular); rachis glandular; spores yellow or brown, finely papillose; petiole scales persistent, up to 1 cm long and 1.5 mm wide | ||||||
Athyrium | Leaf blade widest near base (the second or third pair of pinnae from the base the largest); margins of indusium ciliate and glandular-ciliate; rachis eglandular; spores brown or dark brown, reticulate-wrinkled; petiole scales early deciduous, up to 5 mm long and 1 mm wide | ||||||
Deparia | Leaf blade narrowed to base; petiole bases swollen, with 2 rows of teeth; [plant a common native species of moist forests]; [section Lunathyrium] | ||||||
Ctenitis | Leaf blade 2-4-pinnate-pinnatifid | ||||||
Ctenitis | Leaf blade 1-pinnate-pinnatifid | ||||||
Dryopteris | Leaf blade ca. 1× as long as the petiole; indusium occasionally glandular; first basal-pointed pinnule of the basal pinna 2.5-5× as long as the first tip-pointed pinnule of the basal pinna | ||||||
Dryopteris | Leaf blade 2× as long as the petiole; indusium glabrous; first basal-pointed pinnule of the basal pinna ca. 2× as long as the first tip-pointed pinnule of the basal pinna | ||||||
Dryopteris | Sori marginal (no blade tissue visible on the underside of the blade between the sori and the margins); leaves evergreen, gray-green, leathery in texture; [“clade I”] | ||||||
Dryopteris | Sori medial or submedial (some blade tissue visible on the underside of the blade between the sori and the margins); leaves evergreen or deciduous, dark- to bright-green, thin to stiff in texture. | ||||||
Dryopteris | Sori medial or submedial (some blade tissue visible on the underside of the blade between the sori and the margins); leaves evergreen or deciduous, dark- to bright-green, thin to stiff in texture. | ||||||
Dryopteris | Fertile pinnae nearly in plane of the blade (like a closed Venetian blind); fertile leaves 12-20 cm wide | ||||||
Dryopteris | Sterile leaves semi-evergreen; fertile leaves deciduous with sori submedial, not touching the costule at maturity; leaf blade lanceolate, usually 2-4× as long as wide, gradually tapering at the apex; scales at the petiole base medium to dark brown, with a narrow black central band | ||||||
Dryopteris | Leaves deciduous with sori medial, touching the costule at maturity; leaf blade ovate to narrowly ovate, usually 1.5-3× as long as wide; abruptly tapering at the apex; scales at the petiole base dark brown, nearly black, with a narrow pale margin | ||||||
Nephrolepis | Scales on the upper surface of the rachis bicolored (pale but distinctly darker at the base); pinnae attachments spaced 5-12 mm apart; leaf blade with an obtuse apex; underside of rachis almost completely hidden by the overlapping basal lobes of the pinnae; rhizomes bearing spherical tubers (not always present) | Scales on the upper surface of the rachis bicolored (pale but distinctly darker at the base); pinnae attachments spaced 5-12 mm apart; leaf blade with an obtuse apex; underside of rachis almost completely hidden by the overlapping basal lobes of the pinnae; rhizomes bearing spherical tubers (not always present) | |||||
Nephrolepis | Scales on the upper surface of the rachis concolored (pale to reddish brown throughout); pinnae attachments spaced 7-21 mm apart; leaf blade with an acute to acuminate apex; underside of rachis not or only slightly obscured by the pinna blades; rhizomes not bearing tubers | ||||||
Tectaria | Pinnae 1-8 pairs, often with proliferous buds in the axils; petiole 0.5-1× as long as the leaf blade, pubescent above and below; indusia attached at the sinus | ||||||
Tectaria | Pinnae 0-1 (-2) pairs, lacking proliferous buds in the axils; petioles 1-3× as long as the leaf blade, pubescent above only; indusia peltate | ||||||
Polypodiaceae | Leaf blade scaly on the lower surface with peltate, bicolored scales; stems (rhizomes) long-creeping, ca. 1 mm in diameter, the leaves scattered; [subfamily Polypodioideae] | ||||||
Polypodiaceae | Leaf blade scaleless on the lower surface; [subfamily Campyloneuroideae] | Leaf blade scaleless on the lower surface; [subfamily Campyloneuroideae] | |||||
Polypodiaceae | Leaf blade densely scaly on the lower surface with peltate, bicolored scales; rhizome 1-2 mm in diameter; leaf segment margins entire; [subfamily Polypodioideae] | ||||||
Polypodiaceae | Leaf blade scaleless on the lower surface; rhizome 3-15 (-30) mm in diameter; leaf segment margins denticulate (Polypodium) or entire (Pecluma, Phlebodium, Phymatosorus). | ||||||
Polypodiaceae | Venation free or with a row of areoles between the pinnae midveins and margins; rhizome 3-6 mm in diameter; leaf blade < 9 cm wide; [subfamily Polypodioideae] | ||||||
Polypodiaceae | Venation highly reticulate, with 3-4 rows of areoles between the pinnae midveins and margins; rhizome 3-30 mm in diameter; leaf blade 10-50 cm wide. | ||||||
Polypodiaceae | Sori borne on the planar blade surface or slightly sunken; rhizome 8-30 mm in diameter; sori in 1-2 row on each side of the costa; [subfamily Polypodioideae] | ||||||
Polypodiaceae | Sori borne in distinct depressions in the blade surface; rhizome 3-6 mm in diameter; sori in (1-) 2-3 rows on each side of the costa; [subfamily Microsoroideae] | ||||||
Polypodiaceae | Sori borne in distinct depressions in the blade surface; rhizome 3-6 mm in diameter; sori in (1-) 2-3 rows on each side of the costa; [subfamily Microsoroideae] | ||||||
Pecluma | Petiole and rachis lacking scales, but with acicular hairs and minute comblike hairs; veins (1-) 2-4-forked; sori surrounded by an oblong patch of erect hairs; segments at base of blade gradually reduced to auricles; [usually terrestrial] | ||||||
Pecluma | Petiole and/or rachis with ovate to lanceolate scales (and also often with additional vestiture of acicular hairs, septate hairs, or minute comblike hairs); veins 1-2-forked; sori without a patch of erect hairs; segments at base of blade abruptly reduced in size; [usually epiphytic or epipetric]. | ||||||
Pleopeltis | Laminar scales of the upper leaf surface bearing scattered scales, these subulate, the base pectinate-stellate, apex long caudate, margin weakly erose; glands conspicuous, round to elliptic, rather swollen with a central depression, on a small auricle within the sinus near the acroscopic side of the basal pinnae; rhizome scale margins erose-ciliate; laminar scales of the lower leaf surface dense, lanceolate, their margins ciliate (peripheral scales often extending beyond the margin of the blade); orbicular scales present, but not readily visible; [FL Keys only] | Laminar scales of the upper leaf surface bearing scattered scales, these subulate, the base pectinate-stellate, apex long caudate, margin weakly erose; glands conspicuous, round to elliptic, rather swollen with a central depression, on a small auricle within the sinus near the acroscopic side of the basal pinnae; rhizome scale margins erose-ciliate; laminar scales of the lower leaf surface dense, lanceolate, their margins ciliate (peripheral scales often extending beyond the margin of the blade); orbicular scales present, but not readily visible; [FL Keys only] | |||||
Polypodium | Leaf blade averaging 5.8 cm wide (range of 3.2-8.2 cm), widest at the base, thus the blade elongate-deltoid in outline; rhizome scales averaging 1.1 mm wide, mostly golden brown throughout; paraphyses (sporangiasters) usually > 40 per sorus (range of 25-120); leaves mostly lobed to apex, without an attenuate, unlobed tip | Leaf blade averaging 5.8 cm wide (range of 3.2-8.2 cm), widest at the base, thus the blade elongate-deltoid in outline; rhizome scales averaging 1.1 mm wide, mostly golden brown throughout; paraphyses (sporangiasters) usually > 40 per sorus (range of 25-120); leaves mostly lobed to apex, without an attenuate, unlobed tip | |||||
Polypodium | Leaf blade averaging 4.5 cm wide (range of 3.0-5.8 cm); blade widest near the middle, thus the blade oblong to narrowly lanceolate in outline; rhizome scales averaging 1.5 mm wide, mostly brown, with a dark central stripe; paraphyses (sporangiasters) usually < 40 per sorus (range of 7-69); leaves mostly with an attenuate, unlobed tip | Leaf blade averaging 4.5 cm wide (range of 3.0-5.8 cm); blade widest near the middle, thus the blade oblong to narrowly lanceolate in outline; rhizome scales averaging 1.5 mm wide, mostly brown, with a dark central stripe; paraphyses (sporangiasters) usually < 40 per sorus (range of 7-69); leaves mostly with an attenuate, unlobed tip | |||||
Aristolochiaceae | Leaf blade as wide as long, or wider than long; leaf venation palmate; [subtribe Aristolochiinae] | ||||||
Aristolochiaceae | Leaf blade as wide as long, or wider than long; leaf venation palmate; [subtribe Aristolochiinae] | ||||||
Aristolochiaceae | Leaf blade narrower than long; leaf venation pinnate (3-veined from the base, pinnate above); [subtribe Isotrematinae] | Leaf blade narrower than long; leaf venation pinnate (3-veined from the base, pinnate above); [subtribe Isotrematinae] | |||||
Aristolochiaceae | Leaf blade narrower than long; leaf venation pinnate (3-veined from the base, pinnate above); [subtribe Isotrematinae] | Leaf blade narrower than long; leaf venation pinnate (3-veined from the base, pinnate above); [subtribe Isotrematinae] | |||||
Magnolia | Leaf base cuneate-attenuate; leaf blade obovate or oblanceolate (broader toward the tip); leaves 3-16 cm long; tepals white to pink or purplish; [Asian species, used horticulturally and rarely persistent or weakly establishing]; [section Yulania] | Leaf base cuneate-attenuate; leaf blade obovate or oblanceolate (broader toward the tip); leaves 3-16 cm long; tepals white to pink or purplish; [Asian species, used horticulturally and rarely persistent or weakly establishing]; [section Yulania] | |||||
Magnolia | Leaf base cuneate-attenuate; leaf blade obovate or oblanceolate (broader toward the tip); leaves 3-16 cm long; tepals white to pink or purplish; [Asian species, used horticulturally and rarely persistent or weakly establishing]; [section Yulania] | Leaf base cuneate-attenuate; leaf blade obovate or oblanceolate (broader toward the tip); leaves 3-16 cm long; tepals white to pink or purplish; [Asian species, used horticulturally and rarely persistent or weakly establishing]; [section Yulania] | |||||
Lauraceae | Leaf surfaces glabrous, bright green; leaf venation either 3-nerved from at or near the base of the blade or pinnate; crushed leaves with the odor of camphor | Leaf surfaces glabrous, bright green; leaf venation either 3-nerved from at or near the base of the blade or pinnate; crushed leaves with the odor of camphor | |||||
Araceae | Spathe absent or obscure; leaf blade 2.5-5× as long as wide, cuneate at the base, lanceolate or narrowly elliptic; leaf venation parallel; [subfamily Orontioideae, tribe Orontieae] | Spathe absent or obscure; leaf blade 2.5-5× as long as wide, cuneate at the base, lanceolate or narrowly elliptic; leaf venation parallel; [subfamily Orontioideae, tribe Orontieae] | |||||
Araceae | Spathe absent or obscure; leaf blade 2.5-5× as long as wide, cuneate at the base, lanceolate or narrowly elliptic; leaf venation parallel; [subfamily Orontioideae, tribe Orontieae] | Spathe absent or obscure; leaf blade 2.5-5× as long as wide, cuneate at the base, lanceolate or narrowly elliptic; leaf venation parallel; [subfamily Orontioideae, tribe Orontieae] | |||||
Araceae | Spathe present, surrounding the spadix, at least at its base; leaf blade 1-2.5× as long as wide, either hastate at the base (Arum, Peltandra, Syngonium, and Xanthosoma), or rounded (Symplocarpus), or cordate (Calla), broadly ovate in outline. | ||||||
Peltandra | Spathe green at base, bright white above (the white portion not merely a margin), flared open and therefore only loosely surrounding the spadix, succulent below, the white portion thin and herbaceous, the margins generally nearly entire and plane; fruits red; distal portion of leaf blade lacking broad, coarse veins similar to the midvein (all the veins alike and fine); leaf underside distinctly paler than upper surface, and glaucescent | Spathe green at base, bright white above (the white portion not merely a margin), flared open and therefore only loosely surrounding the spadix, succulent below, the white portion thin and herbaceous, the margins generally nearly entire and plane; fruits red; distal portion of leaf blade lacking broad, coarse veins similar to the midvein (all the veins alike and fine); leaf underside distinctly paler than upper surface, and glaucescent | |||||
Peltandra | Spathe green at base, bright white above (the white portion not merely a margin), flared open and therefore only loosely surrounding the spadix, succulent below, the white portion thin and herbaceous, the margins generally nearly entire and plane; fruits red; distal portion of leaf blade lacking broad, coarse veins similar to the midvein (all the veins alike and fine); leaf underside distinctly paler than upper surface, and glaucescent | Spathe green at base, bright white above (the white portion not merely a margin), flared open and therefore only loosely surrounding the spadix, succulent below, the white portion thin and herbaceous, the margins generally nearly entire and plane; fruits red; distal portion of leaf blade lacking broad, coarse veins similar to the midvein (all the veins alike and fine); leaf underside distinctly paler than upper surface, and glaucescent | |||||
Peltandra | Spathe green at base, bright white above (the white portion not merely a margin), flared open and therefore only loosely surrounding the spadix, succulent below, the white portion thin and herbaceous, the margins generally nearly entire and plane; fruits red; distal portion of leaf blade lacking broad, coarse veins similar to the midvein (all the veins alike and fine); leaf underside distinctly paler than upper surface, and glaucescent | Spathe green at base, bright white above (the white portion not merely a margin), flared open and therefore only loosely surrounding the spadix, succulent below, the white portion thin and herbaceous, the margins generally nearly entire and plane; fruits red; distal portion of leaf blade lacking broad, coarse veins similar to the midvein (all the veins alike and fine); leaf underside distinctly paler than upper surface, and glaucescent | |||||
Peltandra | Spathe green at base, bright white above (the white portion not merely a margin), flared open and therefore only loosely surrounding the spadix, succulent below, the white portion thin and herbaceous, the margins generally nearly entire and plane; fruits red; distal portion of leaf blade lacking broad, coarse veins similar to the midvein (all the veins alike and fine); leaf underside distinctly paler than upper surface, and glaucescent | Spathe green at base, bright white above (the white portion not merely a margin), flared open and therefore only loosely surrounding the spadix, succulent below, the white portion thin and herbaceous, the margins generally nearly entire and plane; fruits red; distal portion of leaf blade lacking broad, coarse veins similar to the midvein (all the veins alike and fine); leaf underside distinctly paler than upper surface, and glaucescent | |||||
Peltandra | Spathe green (rarely with a narrow cream-colored or whitish margin up to 1.7 cm wide), tightly surrounding the spadix, thick and succulent throughout, the margins crisped; fruits green to dark purplish-green; distal portion of leaf blade often with several broad, coarse veins similar to the midvein, the remainder of the veins fine (sometimes the distal portion of the leaf with fine veins only); leaf underside somewhat paler green than upper surface, but not at all glaucescent | Spathe green (rarely with a narrow cream-colored or whitish margin up to 1.7 cm wide), tightly surrounding the spadix, thick and succulent throughout, the margins crisped; fruits green to dark purplish-green; distal portion of leaf blade often with several broad, coarse veins similar to the midvein, the remainder of the veins fine (sometimes the distal portion of the leaf with fine veins only); leaf underside somewhat paler green than upper surface, but not at all glaucescent | |||||
Peltandra | Spathe green (rarely with a narrow cream-colored or whitish margin up to 1.7 cm wide), tightly surrounding the spadix, thick and succulent throughout, the margins crisped; fruits green to dark purplish-green; distal portion of leaf blade often with several broad, coarse veins similar to the midvein, the remainder of the veins fine (sometimes the distal portion of the leaf with fine veins only); leaf underside somewhat paler green than upper surface, but not at all glaucescent | Spathe green (rarely with a narrow cream-colored or whitish margin up to 1.7 cm wide), tightly surrounding the spadix, thick and succulent throughout, the margins crisped; fruits green to dark purplish-green; distal portion of leaf blade often with several broad, coarse veins similar to the midvein, the remainder of the veins fine (sometimes the distal portion of the leaf with fine veins only); leaf underside somewhat paler green than upper surface, but not at all glaucescent | |||||
Peltandra | Spathe green (rarely with a narrow cream-colored or whitish margin up to 1.7 cm wide), tightly surrounding the spadix, thick and succulent throughout, the margins crisped; fruits green to dark purplish-green; distal portion of leaf blade often with several broad, coarse veins similar to the midvein, the remainder of the veins fine (sometimes the distal portion of the leaf with fine veins only); leaf underside somewhat paler green than upper surface, but not at all glaucescent | Spathe green (rarely with a narrow cream-colored or whitish margin up to 1.7 cm wide), tightly surrounding the spadix, thick and succulent throughout, the margins crisped; fruits green to dark purplish-green; distal portion of leaf blade often with several broad, coarse veins similar to the midvein, the remainder of the veins fine (sometimes the distal portion of the leaf with fine veins only); leaf underside somewhat paler green than upper surface, but not at all glaucescent | |||||
Peltandra | Spathe green (rarely with a narrow cream-colored or whitish margin up to 1.7 cm wide), tightly surrounding the spadix, thick and succulent throughout, the margins crisped; fruits green to dark purplish-green; distal portion of leaf blade often with several broad, coarse veins similar to the midvein, the remainder of the veins fine (sometimes the distal portion of the leaf with fine veins only); leaf underside somewhat paler green than upper surface, but not at all glaucescent | Spathe green (rarely with a narrow cream-colored or whitish margin up to 1.7 cm wide), tightly surrounding the spadix, thick and succulent throughout, the margins crisped; fruits green to dark purplish-green; distal portion of leaf blade often with several broad, coarse veins similar to the midvein, the remainder of the veins fine (sometimes the distal portion of the leaf with fine veins only); leaf underside somewhat paler green than upper surface, but not at all glaucescent | |||||
Sagittaria | Plant with all leaves phyllodial, if expanded at the summit, the expanded blade of weak texture, floating. | Plant with all leaves phyllodial, if expanded at the summit, the expanded blade of weak texture, floating. | |||||
Hydrocharitaceae | Leaves basal, either elongate with parallel sides, or petiolate with a leaf blade. | ||||||
Hydrocharitaceae | Leaves differentiated into petiole and blade, the blade ovate to orbicular. | ||||||
Hydrocharitaceae | Leaves straplike, elongate, linear, the sides parallel and not differentiated into petiole and blade. | ||||||
Potamogetonaceae | Stipules not adnate, or adnate to the blade < ½ the length of the stipule; peduncle stiff, the flowering spike elevated above the water's surface; submersed leaves translucent, flat, flexible; floating leaves present or absent | ||||||
Potamogetonaceae | Stipules adnate to the blade for at least 2/3 the length of the stipule; peduncle flexible, the flowering spike submersed; submersed leaves opaque, channeled, stiff; floating leaves absent | ||||||
Potamogeton | Stipular sheaths of submersed leaves adnate with leaf blade base, the tip usually projecting as a ligule | ||||||
Potamogeton | Stipular sheaths of submersed leaves free from the leaf blade base, or with only a few adnate, the ligule not obvious. | ||||||
Trillium | Ovary ellipsoid; leaves acute, the margins of the outer 1/3 more or less straight; leaf blade mottled with 3 or more shades of green, the palest shade forming a very conspicuous pale silvery-green streak along the midvein; [of the Coastal Plain and fall-line area of GA, AL, and FL Panhandle]; [T. sessile group]. | Ovary ellipsoid; leaves acute, the margins of the outer 1/3 more or less straight; leaf blade mottled with 3 or more shades of green, the palest shade forming a very conspicuous pale silvery-green streak along the midvein; [of the Coastal Plain and fall-line area of GA, AL, and FL Panhandle]; [T. sessile group]. | |||||
Trillium | Ovary ovoid; leaves acute to acuminate, the margins of the outer 1/3 convex; leaf blade mottled with 2-3 shades of green, paler shades sometimes prominent along the midvein, but not as above; [collectively widespread in our area]; [T. maculatum group]. | ||||||
Melanthiaceae | Main (basal) leaves obovate or oblanceolate, the main secondary veins diverging individually (at angles of < 10°) from the midvein in the lower half of the expanded blade and rejoining at the apex; flowers pink, white or cream. | Main (basal) leaves obovate or oblanceolate, the main secondary veins diverging individually (at angles of < 10°) from the midvein in the lower half of the expanded blade and rejoining at the apex; flowers pink, white or cream. | |||||
Melanthiaceae | Leaves cauline; leaves strongly plicate, 6-15 cm wide; tepals pubescent, 8-13 mm long, 3-5 mm wide, with a conspicuous pair of glands near the base of the tepal blade (these sometimes more or less fused); filaments free from the tepals | ||||||
Melanthium | Leaf blades (the larger, basal) linear or narrowly oblanceolate, 30-85 cm long, 1-7 cm wide, lacking an obvious petiole; tepals white to cream, clawed; tepal blade 1-1.5× as long as wide. | ||||||
Melanthium | Leaf blades (the larger, basal) narrowly to broadly elliptic, 17-50 cm long, 3-14 cm wide, with an obvious petiolar base 1-10 cm long; tepals green to maroon or purple, cuneate (not clawed); tepal blade 2-4× as long as wide. | ||||||
Veratrum | Leaves cauline; leaves strongly plicate, 6-15 cm wide; tepals pubescent, 8-13 mm long, 3-5 mm wide, with a conspicuous pair of glands near the base of the tepal blade (these sometimes more or less fused); filaments free from the tepals | ||||||
Clintonia | Flowers yellow, the tepals 12-16 mm long; flowers 3-8 (-10) per inflorescence (in fruit often fewer by abortion); berries blue (rarely to whitish-blue), 8-12 mm long, each with 8-16 seeds; leaf margins and lower surface of midvein (near lower, sheathing portion of leaf) glabrous or slightly ciliate; plants colonial by rhizomes 1-2 mm in diameter; leaf blade 1.5-2.5 (-3.5)× as long as wide; [mostly northern in our region or in the Mountains at high elevations, generally associated with spruce-fir or northern hardwoods forests, but sometimes in oak forests and seepages] | Flowers yellow, the tepals 12-16 mm long; flowers 3-8 (-10) per inflorescence (in fruit often fewer by abortion); berries blue (rarely to whitish-blue), 8-12 mm long, each with 8-16 seeds; leaf margins and lower surface of midvein (near lower, sheathing portion of leaf) glabrous or slightly ciliate; plants colonial by rhizomes 1-2 mm in diameter; leaf blade 1.5-2.5 (-3.5)× as long as wide; [mostly northern in our region or in the Mountains at high elevations, generally associated with spruce-fir or northern hardwoods forests, but sometimes in oak forests and seepages] | |||||
Clintonia | Flowers white (often marked with red or purple blotches, spots, or lines), the tepals 5.5-8 mm long; flowers 10-30 per inflorescence (in fruit often fewer by abortion); berries black or blue, 6-8 mm long, each with 2-4 seeds; leaf margins and lower surface of midvein (near lower, sheathing portion of leaf) retrorsely ciliate; plants solitary or somewhat colonial, the rhizomes 2-4 mm in diameter; leaf blade 2-5× as long as wide; [plants of middle elevations, or northwards at low elevations as well, generally associated with oak or cove forests] | Flowers white (often marked with red or purple blotches, spots, or lines), the tepals 5.5-8 mm long; flowers 10-30 per inflorescence (in fruit often fewer by abortion); berries black or blue, 6-8 mm long, each with 2-4 seeds; leaf margins and lower surface of midvein (near lower, sheathing portion of leaf) retrorsely ciliate; plants solitary or somewhat colonial, the rhizomes 2-4 mm in diameter; leaf blade 2-5× as long as wide; [plants of middle elevations, or northwards at low elevations as well, generally associated with oak or cove forests] | |||||
Agavaceae | Leaves with an expanded ovate blade; perianth segments 40-130 mm long; [cultivated plants occasionally escaping] | ||||||
Agavaceae | Leaves with an expanded ovate blade; perianth segments 40-130 mm long; [cultivated plants occasionally escaping] | ||||||
Hosta | Leaves ovate to cordate, the blade 20-30 cm long, 15-20 cm wide, with 7-9 lateral veins on each side of the midvein; scapes 80-95 cm tall; flowers bluish purple; anthers spotted purple | ||||||
Hosta | Leaves ovate to cordate, the blade 20-30 cm long, 15-20 cm wide, with 7-9 lateral veins on each side of the midvein; scapes 80-95 cm tall; flowers bluish purple; anthers spotted purple | ||||||
Arecaceae | Leaves palmate or costapalmate (lacking a central axis or with a short central axis, the outline of the leaf blade about as long as wide); [subfamily Coryphoideae]. | ||||||
Arecaceae | Leaves pinnate or bipinnate (with a well-developed central axis, the outline of the leaf blade much longer than wide). | ||||||
Tradescantia | Leaf blades of the upper stem constricted at their bases to a narrower subpetiolar sheath, the opened sheath narrower than the leaf blade; leaf blades 6-27 cm long, 1.0-5.0 cm wide, mostly < 10× as long as wide; stomates much more abundant on the lower leaf surface than on the upper, giving the lower surface a much paler color. | Leaf blades of the upper stem constricted at their bases to a narrower subpetiolar sheath, the opened sheath narrower than the leaf blade; leaf blades 6-27 cm long, 1.0-5.0 cm wide, mostly < 10× as long as wide; stomates much more abundant on the lower leaf surface than on the upper, giving the lower surface a much paler color. | |||||
Tradescantia | Leaf blades of the upper stem constricted at their bases to a narrower subpetiolar sheath, the opened sheath narrower than the leaf blade; leaf blades 6-27 cm long, 1.0-5.0 cm wide, mostly < 10× as long as wide; stomates much more abundant on the lower leaf surface than on the upper, giving the lower surface a much paler color. | Leaf blades of the upper stem constricted at their bases to a narrower subpetiolar sheath, the opened sheath narrower than the leaf blade; leaf blades 6-27 cm long, 1.0-5.0 cm wide, mostly < 10× as long as wide; stomates much more abundant on the lower leaf surface than on the upper, giving the lower surface a much paler color. | |||||
Tradescantia | Leaf blades of the upper stem not constricted to a subpetiolar sheath, the opened sheath about as wide or wider than the leaf blade; leaf blades 4-45 cm long, 0.2-2.8 (-4.5) cm wide, mostly > 10× as long as wide; stomates slightly more abundant on the lower leaf surface than on the upper, or about equally distributed on the two surfaces, the lower surface slightly to not at all paler than the upper. | Leaf blades of the upper stem not constricted to a subpetiolar sheath, the opened sheath about as wide or wider than the leaf blade; leaf blades 4-45 cm long, 0.2-2.8 (-4.5) cm wide, mostly > 10× as long as wide; stomates slightly more abundant on the lower leaf surface than on the upper, or about equally distributed on the two surfaces, the lower surface slightly to not at all paler than the upper. | |||||
Tradescantia | Leaf blades of the upper stem not constricted to a subpetiolar sheath, the opened sheath about as wide or wider than the leaf blade; leaf blades 4-45 cm long, 0.2-2.8 (-4.5) cm wide, mostly > 10× as long as wide; stomates slightly more abundant on the lower leaf surface than on the upper, or about equally distributed on the two surfaces, the lower surface slightly to not at all paler than the upper. | Leaf blades of the upper stem not constricted to a subpetiolar sheath, the opened sheath about as wide or wider than the leaf blade; leaf blades 4-45 cm long, 0.2-2.8 (-4.5) cm wide, mostly > 10× as long as wide; stomates slightly more abundant on the lower leaf surface than on the upper, or about equally distributed on the two surfaces, the lower surface slightly to not at all paler than the upper. | |||||
Tradescantia | Leaf blades of the upper stem not constricted to a subpetiolar sheath, the opened sheath about as wide or wider than the leaf blade; leaf blades 4-45 cm long, 0.2-2.8 (-4.5) cm wide, mostly > 10× as long as wide; stomates slightly more abundant on the lower leaf surface than on the upper, or about equally distributed on the two surfaces, the lower surface slightly to not at all paler than the upper. | Leaf blades of the upper stem not constricted to a subpetiolar sheath, the opened sheath about as wide or wider than the leaf blade; leaf blades 4-45 cm long, 0.2-2.8 (-4.5) cm wide, mostly > 10× as long as wide; stomates slightly more abundant on the lower leaf surface than on the upper, or about equally distributed on the two surfaces, the lower surface slightly to not at all paler than the upper. | |||||
Typha | Mucilage glands absent from blade; pistillate spikes after flowering medium to dark brown, rarely bright orange-brown | Mucilage glands absent from blade; pistillate spikes after flowering medium to dark brown, rarely bright orange-brown | |||||
Typha | Mucilage glands usually present on adaxial surface of blade near sheath summit; pistillate spikes after flowering bright orange-brown | ||||||
Typha | Mucilage glands absent from adaxial surface of blade and generally from central part of sheath near sheath summit; pistillate bracteole tips darker than (or as dark as) stigmas, very dark to medium brown, rounded (to acute), in mature spikes about equaling pistil hairs; pistil-hair tips medium brown, distinctly enlarged at 10-20× magnification; pistillate spikes medium to dark brown; leaf sheath summits with membranous auricles (often disintegrating late in season) | Mucilage glands absent from adaxial surface of blade and generally from central part of sheath near sheath summit; pistillate bracteole tips darker than (or as dark as) stigmas, very dark to medium brown, rounded (to acute), in mature spikes about equaling pistil hairs; pistil-hair tips medium brown, distinctly enlarged at 10-20× magnification; pistillate spikes medium to dark brown; leaf sheath summits with membranous auricles (often disintegrating late in season) | |||||
Typha | Mucilage glands present on adaxial surface of all of sheath and usually about 1-10 cm of adjacent blade; pistillate bracteole tips much paler than to about same color as stigmas, straw-colored to light brown, mostly acute to acuminate, in mature spikes exceeding pistil hairs; pistil-hair tips colorless to usually orangish (or slightly brownish in hybrids), not evidently enlarged, or often with 1 subapical, orange, swollen cell evident at 20-30×; pistillate spikes bright cinnamon- to orange- or medium brown; leaf sheath summits tapered to blade or sometimes with membranous auricles. | Mucilage glands present on adaxial surface of all of sheath and usually about 1-10 cm of adjacent blade; pistillate bracteole tips much paler than to about same color as stigmas, straw-colored to light brown, mostly acute to acuminate, in mature spikes exceeding pistil hairs; pistil-hair tips colorless to usually orangish (or slightly brownish in hybrids), not evidently enlarged, or often with 1 subapical, orange, swollen cell evident at 20-30×; pistillate spikes bright cinnamon- to orange- or medium brown; leaf sheath summits tapered to blade or sometimes with membranous auricles. | |||||
Typha | Pistillate bracteole blades much paler than to nearly same color as stigmas, straw-colored to mostly bright orange-brown, usually many acuminate; pistillate spikes usually bright cinnamon- to orange-brown; mucilage glands numerous on proximal 1-10 cm of leaf blade | ||||||
Typha | Pistillate bracteole blades usually about same color as stigmas, light- to medium brown, usually acute; pistillate spikes usually medium brown; mucilage glands often few or absent from leaf blade | Pistillate bracteole blades usually about same color as stigmas, light- to medium brown, usually acute; pistillate spikes usually medium brown; mucilage glands often few or absent from leaf blade | |||||
Juncus | Widest leaf blade (2.6-) 3.1-4.5 (-7.0) mm wide; sheath of lowest leaf (3.2-) 4.3-7.8 (-9.7) cm long; tallest culm (27.2-) 50.8-81.2 (-100.7) cm; anthers (0.5-) 0.6-1.0 (-1.3) mm long, exserted; stem base (3.4-) 5.8-9.6 (-12.0) mm wide | ||||||
Juncus | Widest leaf blade (1.3-) 1.6-2.6 (-3.5) mm wide; sheath of lowest leaf (1.7-) 2.2-3.8 (-4.7) cm long; tallest culm (19.2-) 26.0-44.0 (-56.8) cm; anthers (0.2-) 0.3-0.5 (-0.7) mm long, concealed by tepals; stem base (0.4-) 2.0-4.4 (-6.0) mm wide | ||||||
Juncus | Uppermost cauline leaf blade much shorter than its sheath; tepals reddish to reddish brown; outer tepals significantly longer than the inner tepals; basal leaf sheaths and cataphylls deep reddish purple | ||||||
Juncus | Uppermost cauline leaf blade equaling or longer than its sheath; tepals green to straw-colored; outer tepals and inner tepals of similar length; basal leaf sheaths and cataphylls straw-colored to brown. | ||||||
Carex | Bracts of the lowermost non-basal spike bladeless, or with a blade < 2 mm long. | ||||||
Carex | Bracts of the lowermost non-basal spike with blade > 3 mm long (and often much longer). | ||||||
Carex | Ventral leaf sheaths not transversely rugose, more or less concave at the apex and not prolonged upward past the base of the blade, thickened, not friable | ||||||
Carex | Ventral leaf sheaths transversely rugose, more or less convex at the apex and prolonged upward past the base of the blade, friable. | ||||||
Carex | Inflorescence 2-8 cm long, the basal 1-5 branches indistinct to slightly separated; perigynia ovoid to lance-ovoid, ca. 2× as long as wide; sheaths prolonged beyond the blade; leaves 1-3 mm wide; [of Mountain wetlands in VA (and TN?) and northward]. | Inflorescence 2-8 cm long, the basal 1-5 branches indistinct to slightly separated; perigynia ovoid to lance-ovoid, ca. 2× as long as wide; sheaths prolonged beyond the blade; leaves 1-3 mm wide; [of Mountain wetlands in VA (and TN?) and northward]. | |||||
Carex | Perigynia thin, often not winged to the base; leaf sheaths somewhat expanded toward the apex, bearing narrow wings continuous with the midvein and the edges of the leaf blade; leaves 3-7.5 mm wide; vegetative shoots tall, conspicuous, with numerous leaves spaced along the upper half of the culm. | ||||||
Carex | Leaves green; longest bract blade of uppermost lateral spike 1.6-4.6 (-7.1) cm long; perigynia (1.6-) 1.9-3× as long as thick; [Coastal Plain; NC s. to FL, w. to MS] | ||||||
Carex | Leaves glaucous (rarely green); longest bract blade of uppermost lateral spike 4.1-15.8 cm long; perigynia 1.4-2.2 (-2.4)× as long as thick; [widespread] | ||||||
Carex | Widest leaf blade 3-6 mm wide; peduncles of lateral spikes usually drooping | ||||||
Carex | Widest leaf blade 10-25 mm wide; peduncles of lateral spikes usually erect or spreading. | ||||||
Carex | Widest leaf blade 11-25 mm wide; leaf blades of vegetative shoots 3.8-9.0 × as wide as bract leaves; bract blades from middle and basal portions of the culms 2.0-6.2 cm long; foliage glaucous | ||||||
Carex | Widest leaf blade 2-14 mm wide; leaf blades of vegetative shoots 1.0-3.5 × as wide as bract leaves; bract blades from middle and basal portions of the culms 4.5-24 cm long; foliage green or glaucous. | ||||||
Carex | Foliage usually bright green; longest (per plant) terminal spike 0.6-2.0 (-2.3) cm long; widest leaf blade 5.3-8.3 mm wide | ||||||
Carex | Foliage usually glaucous; longest (per plant) terminal spike (1.0-) 1.2-2.5 cm long; widest leaf blade 6.4-11.8 mm wide | ||||||
Carex | Terminal spike usually surpassing the bract blade of the distalmost lateral spike; longest (per plant) peduncle of terminal spike (6.3-) 8.1-15.9 cm long; widest leaf blade 2.0-2.9 (-3.5) mm wide; each perigynium face 7-10-nerved | ||||||
Carex | Terminal spike usually surpassed by the bract blade of the distalmost lateral spike; longest (per plant) peduncle of terminal spike 0.9-7.2 (-11.4) cm long; widest leaf blade 2.7-4.5 (-5.3) mm wide; each perigynium face (8-) 11-15-nerved. | ||||||
Carex | Perigynia spirally imbricate; longer lateral spikes with (6-) 8-13 perigynia; peduncles of proximal spikes usually erect, the longest (per plant) peduncle (7.0-) 15-42 (-49) mm long; bract blade of distalmost lateral spike 5.6-17 (-26) × as long as wide; loosely or densely cespitose; [primarily of the Coastal Plain in our area, though extending rarely into the Piedmont and Mountains] | Perigynia spirally imbricate; longer lateral spikes with (6-) 8-13 perigynia; peduncles of proximal spikes usually erect, the longest (per plant) peduncle (7.0-) 15-42 (-49) mm long; bract blade of distalmost lateral spike 5.6-17 (-26) × as long as wide; loosely or densely cespitose; [primarily of the Coastal Plain in our area, though extending rarely into the Piedmont and Mountains] | |||||
Carex | Perigynia distichously imbricate; longer lateral spikes with 4-8 (-9) perigynia; peduncles of proximal spikes usually drooping or nodding, the longest (per plant) peduncle (28-) 44-84 (-91) mm long; bract blade of distalmost lateral spike (12-) 17-51 × as long as wide; densely cespitose; [primarily of the Mountains and Piedmont] | Perigynia distichously imbricate; longer lateral spikes with 4-8 (-9) perigynia; peduncles of proximal spikes usually drooping or nodding, the longest (per plant) peduncle (28-) 44-84 (-91) mm long; bract blade of distalmost lateral spike (12-) 17-51 × as long as wide; densely cespitose; [primarily of the Mountains and Piedmont] | |||||
Eriophorum | Blade of the uppermost leaf on the stem 1-4 cm long, much shorter than its sheath; stems glabrous throughout | ||||||
Eriophorum | Blade of the uppermost leaf on the stem 3-25 cm long, as long as the sheath or longer; stems scabrous near the inflorescence | Blade of the uppermost leaf on the stem 3-25 cm long, as long as the sheath or longer; stems scabrous near the inflorescence | |||||
Poaceae | Leaf blade margins not or only slightly bleached in winter, terminal blade parallel to shoot axis, blades often variegated | ||||||
Poaceae | Leaf blade margins more or less bleached in winter, terminal blade often angled from shoot axis, blades usually not variegated | ||||||
Poaceae | Leaf blade margins not bleached in winter, terminal blade parallel to shoot axis; culm buds initially open or closed | ||||||
Poaceae | Leaf blade margins bleached in winter, terminal blade often deflexed from shoot axis; culm buds initially closed | ||||||
Anthenantia | Leaves weakly if at all geniculate and auriculate at junction of blade and sheath, ascending to erect (lacking a sharp bend outward at the summit of the sheath), medium green; blade (3-) 4-8 (-10) mm wide, the proximal margins glabrous or sometimes ascending pilose-ciliate; pigmentation of leaves, spikelets and their trichomes variously reddish or purplish; fertile lemma red-brown to nearly black, leaf tip with a very short taper to a blunt or rounded apex; lower sheaths crowded and keeled (therefore distichous) | Leaves weakly if at all geniculate and auriculate at junction of blade and sheath, ascending to erect (lacking a sharp bend outward at the summit of the sheath), medium green; blade (3-) 4-8 (-10) mm wide, the proximal margins glabrous or sometimes ascending pilose-ciliate; pigmentation of leaves, spikelets and their trichomes variously reddish or purplish; fertile lemma red-brown to nearly black, leaf tip with a very short taper to a blunt or rounded apex; lower sheaths crowded and keeled (therefore distichous) | |||||
Anthenantia | Leaves strongly geniculate and auriculate at junction of blade and sheath, spreading, usually squarrose (with a sharp bend outward at the summit of the sheath), yellowish green; blade 4-10 (-15) mm wide, the proximal margins ciliate at least basally with ascending strumose-hirsute cilia; pigment of leaves, spikelets and their trichomes usually with little or any red; fertile lemma brown; leaf tip with a long taper to a sharp apex; lower sheaths not crowded, keeled, or distichous | Leaves strongly geniculate and auriculate at junction of blade and sheath, spreading, usually squarrose (with a sharp bend outward at the summit of the sheath), yellowish green; blade 4-10 (-15) mm wide, the proximal margins ciliate at least basally with ascending strumose-hirsute cilia; pigment of leaves, spikelets and their trichomes usually with little or any red; fertile lemma brown; leaf tip with a long taper to a sharp apex; lower sheaths not crowded, keeled, or distichous | |||||
Aristida | Base of blade and collar (and often the upper sheath) with conspicuous tuft or bearding of woolly to villous pubescence (sometimes deciduous on foliage more than a year old); leaves usually glabrous above the basal 2 cm of the blade; [of s. SC south and west to s. FL and s. MS] | ||||||
Aristida | Base of blade, collar, and upper sheath lacking a conspicuous tuft of woolly to villous pubescence; leaves with 2 lines of villous pubescence on either side of the midrib on the lower surface extending nearly or entirely the length of the blade (sometimes deciduous on foliage more than a year old); [of n. SC and NC] | Base of blade, collar, and upper sheath lacking a conspicuous tuft of woolly to villous pubescence; leaves with 2 lines of villous pubescence on either side of the midrib on the lower surface extending nearly or entirely the length of the blade (sometimes deciduous on foliage more than a year old); [of n. SC and NC] | |||||
Brachyelytrum | Lemmas hirsutulous or minutely scabrous, the longest hairs (0.06-) 0.08-0.14 (-0.2) mm long (not evident at 10×); lemma (0.7-) 0.8-1.2 (-1.4) mm wide; widest leaf blade (8-) 10-14 (-16) mm wide; second glume (0.6-) avg. 1.2 (-3.0) mm long; [northeastern, south of PA only in the Mountains] | ||||||
Brachyelytrum | Lemmas hirsute with hairs (0.2-) 0.4-0.8 (0.9) mm long (easily seen at 10×); lemma (0.8-) 1.1-1.5 (-1.8) mm wide; widest leaf blade (9-) 11-17 (-23) mm wide; second glume (0.2-) avg. 2.2 (7.0) mm long; [widely distributed in our area] | ||||||
Coleataenia | Sheath summit truncate to broadly auriculate, much wider than base of blade; ligule membranous, to 0.3 mm long; blades to 2.5 mm wide; [endemic to c. and s. FL] | Sheath summit truncate to broadly auriculate, much wider than base of blade; ligule membranous, to 0.3 mm long; blades to 2.5 mm wide; [endemic to c. and s. FL] | |||||
Coleataenia | Sheath summit not truncate or broadly auriculate, about as wide as base of blade; ligule membranous or ciliate (if membranous, then 0.3-3 mm long); blades 2-12 mm wide; [collectively widespread]. | Sheath summit not truncate or broadly auriculate, about as wide as base of blade; ligule membranous or ciliate (if membranous, then 0.3-3 mm long); blades 2-12 mm wide; [collectively widespread]. | |||||
Dichanthelium | Spikelets pubescent, 1.5-2.1 mm long; blade surfaces glabrous | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Spikelets glabrous, 1.1-1.8 mm long; blade surfaces pubescent or glabrous. | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Lowest elongate internode puberulent to glabrous; lower culm sheaths shorter than internodes, upper culm sheaths longer; blades lanceolate, about 10× as long as wide; blade bases narrowly rounded to subcordate; spikelets 3.3-4.0 mm long, blunt to acute; first glume broadly ovate; second glume equaling or exceeding fertile lemma by 0.2 mm | Lowest elongate internode puberulent to glabrous; lower culm sheaths shorter than internodes, upper culm sheaths longer; blades lanceolate, about 10× as long as wide; blade bases narrowly rounded to subcordate; spikelets 3.3-4.0 mm long, blunt to acute; first glume broadly ovate; second glume equaling or exceeding fertile lemma by 0.2 mm | |||||
Dichanthelium | Lowest elongate internode moderately to densely papillose-pubescent with spreading to ascending hairs; all culm sheaths shorter than internodes; blades narrowly lanceolate, about 15× as long as wide; blade bases narrowed; spikelets 3.5-4.5 mm long, beaked; first glume triangular to ovate; second glume exceeding fertile lemma by 0.2-0.5 mm | Lowest elongate internode moderately to densely papillose-pubescent with spreading to ascending hairs; all culm sheaths shorter than internodes; blades narrowly lanceolate, about 15× as long as wide; blade bases narrowed; spikelets 3.5-4.5 mm long, beaked; first glume triangular to ovate; second glume exceeding fertile lemma by 0.2-0.5 mm | |||||
Dichanthelium | Upper sheaths papillose-pubescent; ligules 0.3-0.5 mm long, ciliate; culm blade bases rounded; panicles usually less than half as wide as long; spikelets 3.2-4.1 mm long, obovoid, blunt | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Blades (15-) 20× or more as long as wide, increasing in length upwards on culm; blade adaxial surface (weakly-) strongly scabrous; sheaths glabrous; second glume and sterile lemma exceeding fertile lemma | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Blades < 15× as long as wide, similar or more often decreasing in size upwards on culm (if increasing, then sheaths strongly retrorsely pilose in D. laxiflorum); blade adaxial surface smooth to moderately scabrous; second glume and sterile lemma shorter than to exceeding fertile lemma. | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Culm internodes glabrous to sparsely pilose; culm nodes bearded with long retrorse hairs; blade surfaces glabrous to velvety-pubescent | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Culm internodes, at least the lower, strigose, pilose, or villous; culm nodes bearded with ascending or spreading hairs; blade surfaces glabrous or variously hairy. | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Leaves basally disposed, usually matted or cushion-forming, larger than the mid and upper culm leaves; blade margins uniformly papillose-ciliate; culms branching only at the base, 0.5-3.5 dm tall; internodes glabrous or sparsely pubescent | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Basal leaves usually rosette-forming, not matted or cushion-forming, usually much smaller than culm leaves; blade margins glabrous, or ciliate only below the middle (or sometimes papillose-ciliate throughout in D. portoricense ssp. patulum, which has densely puberulent internodes); culms branching at the nodes in age, 1.5-7.5 dm tall. | Basal leaves usually rosette-forming, not matted or cushion-forming, usually much smaller than culm leaves; blade margins glabrous, or ciliate only below the middle (or sometimes papillose-ciliate throughout in D. portoricense ssp. patulum, which has densely puberulent internodes); culms branching at the nodes in age, 1.5-7.5 dm tall. | |||||
Dichanthelium | Blades progressively longer upwards on culm, the larger 9-20 cm long and 3-8 mm wide, (15-) 20 × or more as long as wide, firm but not stiff, not longitudinally grooved or wrinkled; blade adaxial surface (weakly-) strongly scabrous; sheaths glabrous; second glume and sterile lemma exceeding fertile lemma | Blades progressively longer upwards on culm, the larger 9-20 cm long and 3-8 mm wide, (15-) 20 × or more as long as wide, firm but not stiff, not longitudinally grooved or wrinkled; blade adaxial surface (weakly-) strongly scabrous; sheaths glabrous; second glume and sterile lemma exceeding fertile lemma | |||||
Dichanthelium | Blades similar or more often decreasing in size upwards on culm, the larger 3-16 cm long and 2-25 mm wide; if 15 × or more as long as wide, then blades stiff and longitudinally grooved or wrinkled (sect. Angustifolia); blade adaxial surface smooth to moderately scabrous; sheaths glabrous or pilose; second glume and sterile lemma shorter than to exceeding fertile lemma. | Blades similar or more often decreasing in size upwards on culm, the larger 3-16 cm long and 2-25 mm wide; if 15 × or more as long as wide, then blades stiff and longitudinally grooved or wrinkled (sect. Angustifolia); blade adaxial surface smooth to moderately scabrous; sheaths glabrous or pilose; second glume and sterile lemma shorter than to exceeding fertile lemma. | |||||
Dichanthelium | Vegetative parts pubescent, at least in the lower portion of plant; mature panicles usually more than half as wide as long, the branches spreading-ascending, the spikelets not noticeably subsecund; autumnal blades 1-6 cm long, involute and < 2 mm wide in D. aciculare and D. arenicoloides, or to 9 cm long, flat and 2-4 mm wide in D. angustifolium (autumnal blade dimensions not yet known for D. wilcoxianum); spikelets 1.5-3.2 mm long. | Vegetative parts pubescent, at least in the lower portion of plant; mature panicles usually more than half as wide as long, the branches spreading-ascending, the spikelets not noticeably subsecund; autumnal blades 1-6 cm long, involute and < 2 mm wide in D. aciculare and D. arenicoloides, or to 9 cm long, flat and 2-4 mm wide in D. angustifolium (autumnal blade dimensions not yet known for D. wilcoxianum); spikelets 1.5-3.2 mm long. | |||||
Dichanthelium | Spikelets pubescent, 1.5-2.1 mm long; blade surfaces glabrous | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Spikelets glabrous, 1.1-1.8 mm long; blade surfaces pubescent or glabrous. | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Blades progressively longer upwards on culm, the larger 9-20 cm long and 3-8 mm wide, (15-) 20 × or more as long as wide, firm but not stiff, not longitudinally grooved or wrinkled; blade adaxial surface (weakly-) strongly scabrous; sheaths glabrous; second glume and sterile lemma exceeding fertile lemma | Blades progressively longer upwards on culm, the larger 9-20 cm long and 3-8 mm wide, (15-) 20 × or more as long as wide, firm but not stiff, not longitudinally grooved or wrinkled; blade adaxial surface (weakly-) strongly scabrous; sheaths glabrous; second glume and sterile lemma exceeding fertile lemma | |||||
Dichanthelium | Blades similar or more often decreasing in size upwards on culm; if 15 × or more as long as wide, then larger blades 4-10 cm long and 2-5 mm wide, stiff and longitudinally grooved or wrinkled (sect. Angustifolia); blade adaxial surface smooth to moderately scabrous; sheaths glabrous or pilose; second glume and sterile lemma shorter than to equaling fertile lemma. | Blades similar or more often decreasing in size upwards on culm; if 15 × or more as long as wide, then larger blades 4-10 cm long and 2-5 mm wide, stiff and longitudinally grooved or wrinkled (sect. Angustifolia); blade adaxial surface smooth to moderately scabrous; sheaths glabrous or pilose; second glume and sterile lemma shorter than to equaling fertile lemma. | |||||
Dichanthelium | Internodes (sparsely-) moderately to densely pubescent to pilose; ligule 1-5 mm long; blade margins either weakly ciliate, papillose-ciliate basally only, or eciliate, lacking a white-beige cartilaginous edge 0.2 mm wide. | Internodes (sparsely-) moderately to densely pubescent to pilose; ligule 1-5 mm long; blade margins either weakly ciliate, papillose-ciliate basally only, or eciliate, lacking a white-beige cartilaginous edge 0.2 mm wide. | |||||
Dichanthelium | Internodes sparsely pilose; ligule < 1 mm long; blade margins various. | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Blade margins coarsely papillose-ciliate throughout; spikelets 1.1-2.1 mm long; autumnal form branching from the base. | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Spikelets pubescent, 1.5-2.1 mm long; blade surfaces glabrous | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Spikelets glabrous, 1.1-1.8 mm long; blade surfaces pubescent or glabrous. | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Spikelets pubescent, 1.5-2.1 mm long; blade surfaces glabrous | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Spikelets glabrous, 1.1-1.8 mm long; blade surfaces pubescent or glabrous. | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Leaf blade basal cilia usually conspicuous; larger vernal blades 6-10 cm by 6-10 mm; internodes, especially lower, sometimes pilose; spikelets obovoid; plant often yellowish-green (orange-brown in age) | ||||||
Dichanthelium | Leaf blade basal cilia usually inconspicuous or absent; larger vernal blades 2.5-10 cm long, 2-9 mm wide; all internodes glabrous (rarely the lowest sparsely pilose); spikelets ellipsoid; plant often green to purplish. | ||||||
Eragrostis | Plants with glandular pits or bands on the culm below the nodes, on the veins of the sheath, on the margins and veins of the blade, on the rachis, on the inflorescence branches and pedicels, and/or on the midveins of the lemma and palea. | ||||||
Eragrostis | Inflorescence with glandular areas of spots or rings on the rachis below the panicle branch bases, the glands often shiny or yellowish; stamens 3; blade margins lacking crateriform glands | ||||||
Eragrostis | Inflorescence sometimes with glandular areas of spots or crateriform pits on the rachis below the panicle branch bases, the glands usually dull and greenish-gray to straw-colored; stamens 2; blade margins sometimes with crateriform glands | Inflorescence sometimes with glandular areas of spots or crateriform pits on the rachis below the panicle branch bases, the glands usually dull and greenish-gray to straw-colored; stamens 2; blade margins sometimes with crateriform glands | |||||
Eragrostis | Plants lacking glandular pits or bands on the culm below the nodes, on the veins of the sheath, on the margins and veins of the blade, on the rachis, on the inflorescence branches and pedicels, and/or on the midveins of the lemma and palea. | ||||||
Panicum | Culms to 1 m long; internodes sparsely to densely hispid; blades to 12 mm wide; blade of flag (inflorescence bract) usually > ½ as long as panicle; panicle ellipsoid to obovoid, moderately to densely flowered; pulvini glabrous to sparsely pilose; spikelets 1.7-2.4 mm long | ||||||
Panicum | Culms to 0.5 m long; internodes glabrate to hispid; blades to 6 mm wide; blade of flag (inflorescence bract) usually < ½ as long as panicle; panicle ovoid to deltoid, sparingly to moderately flowered; pulvini sparsely to moderately pilose; spikelets 1.4-2.2 (-2.4) mm long | ||||||
Menispermaceae | Leaves unlobed, with 3-7 palmate veins; leaf blade glabrous or sparsely to densely tomentose on the upper and lower surfaces; pistil 1; stamens 2-6; [of s. peninsular FL] | ||||||
Menispermaceae | Leaves (at least the larger) with 3-5 (-7) shallow, palmate lobes and the same number of palmate veins; leaf blade glabrous or with scattered hairs; fruits blue-black, glabrous; pistils (2-) 3 (-4); stamens 12-36; [of n. FL northwards] | ||||||
Ranunculaceae | Basal leaves various, but not as above, generally long-petiolate, with an expanded, crenate-toothed, 3-lobed, or palmately-lobed blade; receptacle globose to sub-cylindric, mostly < 1 cm long. | ||||||
Delphinium | Basal leaves usually present at anthesis; flowers (sepals) blue or white; stems 2-8 (-10) dm tall; blade of midstem leaves distinctly 3-7-parted (and then usually additionally divided), the ultimate segments 3-15 in number, 2-10 mm wide. | ||||||
Delphinium | Basal leaves absent at anthesis; flowers (sepals) blue to purplish (rarely white); stems (3-) 6-10 (-15) dm tall; blade of midstem leaves not distinctly 3-parted, the ultimate segments 12-25 in number, 0.5-1.5 mm wide | ||||||
Hepatica | Leaves 3 (-7) lobed, the lobes acute, the primary sinuses deep, over halfway to the petiole (the middle lobe 70-90% as long as the total length of the leaf blade); involucral bracts acute | ||||||
Hepatica | Leaves 3-lobed, the lobes broadly rounded, the primary sinuses less deep, about halfway to the petiole (the middle lobe 50-70% as long as the total length of the leaf blade); involucral bracts obtuse | ||||||
Clematis | Leaf blade thin in texture; secondary and tertiary veins impressed rather than raised on the upper leaflet surface | ||||||
Clematis | Leaf blade leathery in texture; secondary and tertiary veins forming a prominently raised reticulum on the upper leaflet surface. | ||||||
Clematis | Leaf blade coarsely reticulate-veined, the ultimate closed areoles often > 2 mm long in the longer dimension, the tertiary and quaternary veins not prominently raised; achene beak sparsely pubescent to silky, with ascending or appressed hairs | ||||||
Clematis | Leaf blade finely reticulate-veined, the ultimate closed areoles mostly < 2 mm long in the longest dimension, the tertiary and quaternary veins often prominently raised; achene beak plumose, with spreading hairs | ||||||
Ranunculus | Larger leaves mostly pinnately 3-7-foliolate, the terminal leaflet larger than the lateral leaflets, the leaflets (especially the terminal) often further cleft or lobed, the blade usually longer than wide in outline, the segments often rather narrow; naked receptacle conical, tapering gradually to the apex (the region of staminal attachment as thick as the region of gynoecial attachment, which tapers through all or nearly all of its length, best seen by stripping off the achenes); rhizome regenerating totally each growing season, producing both fibrous and (at the end of the growing season) tuberous roots (1.3-4.9 mm in diameter); [rare in our area, in calcareous, mafic, or ultramafic sites with prairie affinities] | Larger leaves mostly pinnately 3-7-foliolate, the terminal leaflet larger than the lateral leaflets, the leaflets (especially the terminal) often further cleft or lobed, the blade usually longer than wide in outline, the segments often rather narrow; naked receptacle conical, tapering gradually to the apex (the region of staminal attachment as thick as the region of gynoecial attachment, which tapers through all or nearly all of its length, best seen by stripping off the achenes); rhizome regenerating totally each growing season, producing both fibrous and (at the end of the growing season) tuberous roots (1.3-4.9 mm in diameter); [rare in our area, in calcareous, mafic, or ultramafic sites with prairie affinities] | |||||
Ranunculus | Larger leaves mostly palmately 3-foliolate, the terminal leaflet about the same size as the lateral leaflets, the leaflets sometimes further cleft or lobed, the blade usually as wide as long or wider; naked receptacle clavate or ellipsoid (the region of staminal attachment distinctly narrower than the region of gynoecial attachment, thus forming a waist, from which the gynoecial region expands and then tapers to the apex); rhizome regenerated partially each growing season, producing uniform, fibrous roots (up to 3.0 mm in diameter); leaves usually simple and ovate, or trifoliate with ovate leaflets; [collectively widespread in our area]. | Larger leaves mostly palmately 3-foliolate, the terminal leaflet about the same size as the lateral leaflets, the leaflets sometimes further cleft or lobed, the blade usually as wide as long or wider; naked receptacle clavate or ellipsoid (the region of staminal attachment distinctly narrower than the region of gynoecial attachment, thus forming a waist, from which the gynoecial region expands and then tapers to the apex); rhizome regenerated partially each growing season, producing uniform, fibrous roots (up to 3.0 mm in diameter); leaves usually simple and ovate, or trifoliate with ovate leaflets; [collectively widespread in our area]. | |||||
Hamamelidaceae | Petals 0; stamens 10-32; flowers numerous in dense globose or elongate spikes; leaves with a symmetric or asymmetric (oblique) base, the lateral veins marginal for a distance of at least 2-3 mm (F. major) or included in the blade tissue; [tribe Fothergilleae] | ||||||
Hamamelidaceae | Petals 0; stamens 10-32; flowers numerous in dense globose or elongate spikes; leaves with a symmetric or asymmetric (oblique) base, the lateral veins marginal for a distance of at least 2-3 mm (F. major) or included in the blade tissue; [tribe Fothergilleae] | ||||||
Hamamelidaceae | Petals 4; stamens 4; flowers few in small clusters; leaves with a weakly to strongly asymmetric (oblique) base, the lateral veins included in the blade tissue or barely exposed for a distance of <1 mm; [tribe Hamamelideae] | ||||||
Hamamelidaceae | Petals 4; stamens 4; flowers few in small clusters; leaves with a weakly to strongly asymmetric (oblique) base, the lateral veins included in the blade tissue or barely exposed for a distance of <1 mm; [tribe Hamamelideae] | ||||||
Saxifragaceae | Basal leaves short-petioled or sessile, the petioles 0-1× as long as the blade; basal leaves cuneate or rounded at the base; leaf venation predominately pinnate. | ||||||
Saxifragaceae | Basal leaves long-petioled, the petioles (1-) 2-5× as long as the blade; basal leaves cordate at the base; leaf venation predominantly palmate. | ||||||
Micranthes | Leaves not petiolate, cuneate to the base, gradually increasing in width from the base to the widest point; leaf blade margins densely ciliate with long, gland-tipped hairs; corolla normally bilaterally symmetrical, the 3 upper petals distinctly clawed and each with 2 yellow spots, the 2 lower petals smaller, cuneate, and not spotted (corolla sometimes radially symmetric and all 5 petals clawed and spotted); [section Stellares]. | Leaves not petiolate, cuneate to the base, gradually increasing in width from the base to the widest point; leaf blade margins densely ciliate with long, gland-tipped hairs; corolla normally bilaterally symmetrical, the 3 upper petals distinctly clawed and each with 2 yellow spots, the 2 lower petals smaller, cuneate, and not spotted (corolla sometimes radially symmetric and all 5 petals clawed and spotted); [section Stellares]. | |||||
Micranthes | Leaves petiolate, the blade rather abruptly contracted to the petiole; leaf blade margins sparsely ciliate with short, gland-tipped hairs; corolla radially symmetrical, all the petals alike; [section Micranthes]. | ||||||
Fabaceae | Leaflet blades elliptic, widest near the midpoint of the blade; flowers pink, rose, or purplish; legume straight; [native of the Coastal Plain, se. NC south to s. FL, west to e. LA]; [tribe Genisteae] | ||||||
Fabaceae | Leaflet blades oblanceolate, widest well past the midpoint of the blade; flowers yellow; legume coiled; [rare waif]; [tribe Loteae] | ||||||
Fabaceae | Petiole winged its entire length; leaflet blade 2-4× as long as wide, sagittate at the base; foliage not glandular; [tribe Phaseoleae] | ||||||
Fabaceae | Petiole not winged; leaflet blade 8-15× as long as wide, cuneate at the base; foliage glandular-punctate; [tribe Psoraleeae] | ||||||
Cercis | Flowering pedicels 10-20 mm long; main palmate veins 5 (usually with an additional pair of less prominent veins running very close to and parallel to the lower blade margin); flowers (11-) 12-14 mm long (measured dried, from base of calyx to the end of the longest petal); leaf apex prominently acuminate | Flowering pedicels 10-20 mm long; main palmate veins 5 (usually with an additional pair of less prominent veins running very close to and parallel to the lower blade margin); flowers (11-) 12-14 mm long (measured dried, from base of calyx to the end of the longest petal); leaf apex prominently acuminate | |||||
Cercis | Flowering pedicels 6-8 mm long; main palmate veins 7 (usually with an additional pair of less prominent veins running very close to and parallel to the lower blade margin); flowers 8-13 mm long; leaf apex acuminate, acute, rounded, or emarginate. | ||||||
Prunus | Leaves evergreen, entire or serrate with few or rather many (but widely spaced) prominent teeth; petioles lacking 2 glands near junction with leaf blade. | ||||||
Prunus | Leaves deciduous, regularly and rather finely toothed; petioles with 2 glands near the junction with the leaf blade. | ||||||
Prunus | Leaves 7-15 cm long, persistently hairy beneath, at least along the midrib and veins; pair of petiolar glands on the petiole near the blade; fruit sweet when ripe | ||||||
Prunus | Leaves 4-8 cm long, glabrous beneath once fully-expanded; pair of petiolar glands on the base of the leaf blade; fruit sour when ripe | ||||||
Prunus | Leaves narrowly to broadly cuneate at the base; petiole usually lacking glands near its junction with the leaf blade; sepals glabrous on the lower side | ||||||
Prunus | Leaves broadly rounded at the base; petiole usually with glands near its junction with the leaf blade; sepals pubescent on the lower side | ||||||
Crataegus | Leaf blades mostly ovate or deltate, widest below their midpoint; blade base subcordate, truncate, rounded, or abruptly contracted | ||||||
Crataegus | Leaf blades elliptical, rhomboid, suborbicular, obovate or oblanceolate, widest at midpoint or beyond midpoint; blade base usually cuneate. | ||||||
Crataegus | Leaf blades often nearly wide as long, blade broadly obovate or suborbicular. | ||||||
Crataegus | Leaf blade attenuate along most of petiole, margin subentire, obscurely toothed near apex | ||||||
Crataegus | Leaf blade cuneate at base, margin distinctly toothed or dentate near apex. | ||||||
Crataegus | Leaf margin mostly subentire; may have glandular-denticulate teeth or 3 lobelike points on distal part of blade. | Leaf margin mostly subentire; may have glandular-denticulate teeth or 3 lobelike points on distal part of blade. | |||||
Crataegus | Leaves elliptic-obovate, blade attenuate for about half of petiole | ||||||
Crataegus | Leaves generally spatulate, blade attenuate for most of petiole | ||||||
Crataegus | Leaf apex rounded or with an abrupt short point, margins finely or sharply toothed beyond middle of blade; terminal shoot leaves unlobed to very obscurely lobed. | ||||||
Crataegus | Petioles often half as long as the leaf blade, or longer. | ||||||
Crataegus | Petioles mostly 1/3 or less as long as the leaf blade. | ||||||
Pyracantha | Leaf margins crenulate to serrulate for at least ½ the length of the blade. | ||||||
Trema | Leaf blade 2-4 (-6) cm long, harshly pubescent on both surfaces; leaf venation prominently raised-reticulate on the lower surface; fruits pink | Leaf blade 2-4 (-6) cm long, harshly pubescent on both surfaces; leaf venation prominently raised-reticulate on the lower surface; fruits pink | |||||
Trema | Leaf blade 5-15 cm long, scabrous on the upper surface, velvety and densely white-pubescent on the lower surface; leaf venation noticeable but not strongly raised-reticulate on the lower surface; fruits red-orange to yellow, or black. | Leaf blade 5-15 cm long, scabrous on the upper surface, velvety and densely white-pubescent on the lower surface; leaf venation noticeable but not strongly raised-reticulate on the lower surface; fruits red-orange to yellow, or black. | |||||
Ficus | Basal pair of secondary veins borne at a narrower (more acute) angle to the midvein than the other secondary veins, extending 1/3rd or more the length of the blade | Basal pair of secondary veins borne at a narrower (more acute) angle to the midvein than the other secondary veins, extending 1/3rd or more the length of the blade | |||||
Ficus | Basal pair of secondary veins borne at a narrower (more acute) angle to the midvein than the other secondary veins, extending 1/3rd or more the length of the blade | Basal pair of secondary veins borne at a narrower (more acute) angle to the midvein than the other secondary veins, extending 1/3rd or more the length of the blade | |||||
Ficus | Basal pair of veins borne at a similar angle to the midvein as the other secondary veins, extending 1/8th or less the length of the blade | Basal pair of veins borne at a similar angle to the midvein as the other secondary veins, extending 1/8th or less the length of the blade | |||||
Ficus | Basal pair of veins borne at a similar angle to the midvein as the other secondary veins, extending 1/8th or less the length of the blade | Basal pair of veins borne at a similar angle to the midvein as the other secondary veins, extending 1/8th or less the length of the blade | |||||
Ficus | Basal pair of veins borne at a similar angle to the midvein as the other secondary veins, extending 1/8th or less the length of the blade | Basal pair of veins borne at a similar angle to the midvein as the other secondary veins, extending 1/8th or less the length of the blade | |||||
Urticaceae | Plant a tree; petiole attachment to leaf blade peltate; leaves alternate; [tribe Cecropieae] | ||||||
Urticaceae | Plant an herb; petiole attachment to leaf blade marginal; leaves alternate or opposite. | ||||||
Urticaceae | Flowers in axillary spikes; foliage dull, yellow-green; leaves 3-veined from the base, the 2 main side veins reaching the margin about 2/3s of the way from blade base to blade tip, the midvein with 1-2 or more prominent secondary veins borne near or past the midpoint and at a sharply acute angle to the midvein, these arching to the leaf margin; [tribe Boehmerieae] | Flowers in axillary spikes; foliage dull, yellow-green; leaves 3-veined from the base, the 2 main side veins reaching the margin about 2/3s of the way from blade base to blade tip, the midvein with 1-2 or more prominent secondary veins borne near or past the midpoint and at a sharply acute angle to the midvein, these arching to the leaf margin; [tribe Boehmerieae] | |||||
Urticaceae | Flowers in axillary panicles or fascicles; foliage shiny, bright green; leaves 3-veined from the base, the 2 main side veins extending to the apex of the blade, the midvein with many secondary veins borne along its length at a nearly right angle, and connecting to the 2 main side veins rather than reaching the leaf margin; [tribe Lecantheae] | Flowers in axillary panicles or fascicles; foliage shiny, bright green; leaves 3-veined from the base, the 2 main side veins extending to the apex of the blade, the midvein with many secondary veins borne along its length at a nearly right angle, and connecting to the 2 main side veins rather than reaching the leaf margin; [tribe Lecantheae] | |||||
Quercus | Leaf blade strongly convex; lower leaf surface orange-scurfy; [of sandhills and scrub from n. FL southward] | ||||||
Quercus | Leaf blade planar (the margins sometimes revolute); lower leaf surface glabrous or pubescent and also with tufts of hairs in the vein axils; [collectively more widespread in habitat and distribution]. | ||||||
Quercus | Leaves predominantly lanceolate, mostly 6-12 cm long and 0.7-2 cm wide, most of them 5-8× as long as wide, the apex acute; mature leaves with tufts of hairs in the vein axils below, and sometimes also some pubescence on the blade surface near the midrib; blades never with lobes or teeth; leaves deciduous in autumn; young leaves bronze red, emerging tightly rolled lengthwise and appearing linear; [trees of bottomlands and upland depression swamps, mesic uplands, and also weedy and frequent in disturbed successional habitats] | Leaves predominantly lanceolate, mostly 6-12 cm long and 0.7-2 cm wide, most of them 5-8× as long as wide, the apex acute; mature leaves with tufts of hairs in the vein axils below, and sometimes also some pubescence on the blade surface near the midrib; blades never with lobes or teeth; leaves deciduous in autumn; young leaves bronze red, emerging tightly rolled lengthwise and appearing linear; [trees of bottomlands and upland depression swamps, mesic uplands, and also weedy and frequent in disturbed successional habitats] | |||||
Quercus | Leaves predominantly oblanceolate, obovate, or rhombic, mostly 2.5-10 cm long and 1.5-4 cm wide, most of them 2-5× as long as wide, the apex acute, obtuse, or rounded; mature leaves with or without tufts of hairs in the vein axils below, lacking pubescence on the blade surface; blades sometimes with 1-5 lateral lobes or teeth; leaves persisting until spring, or tardily and irregularly deciduous in winter; young leaves red, yellow, or green, not emerging tightly rolled lengthwise; [trees primarily either of swamp forests, maritime forests, or sandhills, not typically weedy]. | Leaves predominantly oblanceolate, obovate, or rhombic, mostly 2.5-10 cm long and 1.5-4 cm wide, most of them 2-5× as long as wide, the apex acute, obtuse, or rounded; mature leaves with or without tufts of hairs in the vein axils below, lacking pubescence on the blade surface; blades sometimes with 1-5 lateral lobes or teeth; leaves persisting until spring, or tardily and irregularly deciduous in winter; young leaves red, yellow, or green, not emerging tightly rolled lengthwise; [trees primarily either of swamp forests, maritime forests, or sandhills, not typically weedy]. | |||||
Quercus | Leaf blades flat, or the margins slightly to strongly revolute, the sides of the blade sometimes rolled downward, usually not obscuring part of the lower surface, the leaf not boatlike (the leaf much wider than deep); midvein and major lateral veins not impressed (or very slightly so) on the upper surface and only very slightly, if at all, raised on the lower surface (the lower surface therefore not appearing notably rugose); buds red-brown; cup scales red-tipped; pubescence of the lower surface stellate, all of it tightly appressed, the individual stellae readily visible only at 30× magnification (sometimes barely distinguishable at 20× magnification); acorns 1-2 per stalk. | Leaf blades flat, or the margins slightly to strongly revolute, the sides of the blade sometimes rolled downward, usually not obscuring part of the lower surface, the leaf not boatlike (the leaf much wider than deep); midvein and major lateral veins not impressed (or very slightly so) on the upper surface and only very slightly, if at all, raised on the lower surface (the lower surface therefore not appearing notably rugose); buds red-brown; cup scales red-tipped; pubescence of the lower surface stellate, all of it tightly appressed, the individual stellae readily visible only at 30× magnification (sometimes barely distinguishable at 20× magnification); acorns 1-2 per stalk. | |||||
Quercus | Leaves mostly obovate (but sometimes narrower and broadest near the middle of the leaf blade or towards the base, especially on sun leaves), with rounded teeth (crenations), the teeth sometimes with a minute mucro; hairs of the leaf undersurface clustered in sessile, stellate-appearing clusters of 2-8 hairs; acorns 2.5-3.5 cm long; large trees; [section Quercus; subsection Albae]. | Leaves mostly obovate (but sometimes narrower and broadest near the middle of the leaf blade or towards the base, especially on sun leaves), with rounded teeth (crenations), the teeth sometimes with a minute mucro; hairs of the leaf undersurface clustered in sessile, stellate-appearing clusters of 2-8 hairs; acorns 2.5-3.5 cm long; large trees; [section Quercus; subsection Albae]. | |||||
Quercus | Woody twigs of the season glabrous or with scattered, deciduous 2-forked hairs; petioles of mature leaves 3-10 (-15) mm long; leaf blades (2.5-) 4-8 (-13.5) cm long, irregularly and often rather shallowly 3-5 (-7) lobed, the overall form of the leaf only rarely cruciform; largest lateral lobes usually at the midpoint of the blade (or even below it), the lobes usually not sublobed, tapering from base to tip; [xeric sandy sites in the Coastal Plain from se. VA southwards to c. peninsular and westwards to c. OK and c. TX] | Woody twigs of the season glabrous or with scattered, deciduous 2-forked hairs; petioles of mature leaves 3-10 (-15) mm long; leaf blades (2.5-) 4-8 (-13.5) cm long, irregularly and often rather shallowly 3-5 (-7) lobed, the overall form of the leaf only rarely cruciform; largest lateral lobes usually at the midpoint of the blade (or even below it), the lobes usually not sublobed, tapering from base to tip; [xeric sandy sites in the Coastal Plain from se. VA southwards to c. peninsular and westwards to c. OK and c. TX] | |||||
Quercus | Woody twigs of the season densely and persistently stellate-pubescent, especially toward the tip of the twig; petioles of mature leaves 15-20 mm long (Q. stellata) or 3-10 (-15) mm long (Q. boyntonii and Q. similis); leaf blades (5-) 7.5-15 (-20) cm long, usually 5-lobed, the overall form of the leaf typically cruciform (Q. stellata) or not (Q. boyntonii and Q. similis); largest lateral lobes of the leaves usually above the midpoint of the blade, these lobes either often sublobed or squarish in shape, usually wider near their tips than at their bases (Q. stellata) or not sublobed, tapering from base to tip (Q. boyntonii and Q. similis); [collectively widespread in our area]. | Woody twigs of the season densely and persistently stellate-pubescent, especially toward the tip of the twig; petioles of mature leaves 15-20 mm long (Q. stellata) or 3-10 (-15) mm long (Q. boyntonii and Q. similis); leaf blades (5-) 7.5-15 (-20) cm long, usually 5-lobed, the overall form of the leaf typically cruciform (Q. stellata) or not (Q. boyntonii and Q. similis); largest lateral lobes of the leaves usually above the midpoint of the blade, these lobes either often sublobed or squarish in shape, usually wider near their tips than at their bases (Q. stellata) or not sublobed, tapering from base to tip (Q. boyntonii and Q. similis); [collectively widespread in our area]. | |||||
Quercus | Leaves usually cruciform, the largest lateral lobes often sublobed or squarish in shape, usually wider near their tips than at their bases, and borne at right angles to the midrib; upper leaf blade surface glabrous; [usually of dry to dry-mesic upland situations, widespread in our area] | ||||||
Quercus | Leaves not cruciform, the largest lateral lobes usually not sublobed, the lobes tapering from base to tip, and borne at ascending angles relative to the midrib; upper leaf blade surface at least sparsely stellate-puberulent (even late into the season); [of temporarily flooded calcareous swamps of the Coastal Plain, from SC (NC?) southward and westward (Q. similis) or localized on sandstone in nc. AL (Q. boyntonii)]. | Leaves not cruciform, the largest lateral lobes usually not sublobed, the lobes tapering from base to tip, and borne at ascending angles relative to the midrib; upper leaf blade surface at least sparsely stellate-puberulent (even late into the season); [of temporarily flooded calcareous swamps of the Coastal Plain, from SC (NC?) southward and westward (Q. similis) or localized on sandstone in nc. AL (Q. boyntonii)]. | |||||
Quercus | Petioles 0.5-1.0 (-1.8) cm long, generally twisted such that the blade is oriented in a vertical plane; leaves all deeply lobed, some of the sinuses extending > 4/5 of the way to the midrib; pubescence of the lower leaf surface greenish yellow, matted, and glandlike, usually sloughing off by late in the year; [section Lobatae; subsection Phellos] | Petioles 0.5-1.0 (-1.8) cm long, generally twisted such that the blade is oriented in a vertical plane; leaves all deeply lobed, some of the sinuses extending > 4/5 of the way to the midrib; pubescence of the lower leaf surface greenish yellow, matted, and glandlike, usually sloughing off by late in the year; [section Lobatae; subsection Phellos] | |||||
Quercus | Petioles 0.5-1.0 (-1.8) cm long, generally twisted such that the blade is oriented in a vertical plane; leaves all deeply lobed, some of the sinuses extending > 4/5 of the way to the midrib; pubescence of the lower leaf surface greenish yellow, matted, and glandlike, usually sloughing off by late in the year; [section Lobatae; subsection Phellos] | Petioles 0.5-1.0 (-1.8) cm long, generally twisted such that the blade is oriented in a vertical plane; leaves all deeply lobed, some of the sinuses extending > 4/5 of the way to the midrib; pubescence of the lower leaf surface greenish yellow, matted, and glandlike, usually sloughing off by late in the year; [section Lobatae; subsection Phellos] | |||||
Quercus | Petioles 2-5 cm long, not twisted so that the blade is oriented in a vertical plane; leaves shallowly to deeply lobed, some of the leaves on a tree generally shallowly lobed, none of the sinuses extending > 2/3 of the way to the midrib; pubescence of the lower leaf surface tawny or gray, stellate, not glandlike, persistent or sloughing off by late in the year. | Petioles 2-5 cm long, not twisted so that the blade is oriented in a vertical plane; leaves shallowly to deeply lobed, some of the leaves on a tree generally shallowly lobed, none of the sinuses extending > 2/3 of the way to the midrib; pubescence of the lower leaf surface tawny or gray, stellate, not glandlike, persistent or sloughing off by late in the year. | |||||
Quercus | Petioles 0.5-1.0 (-1.8) cm long, generally twisted such that the blade is oriented in a vertical plane; inner cup-scales of the acorn cup inflexed, thus the cup appearing to have a broadly rounded rim; [section Lobatae; subsection Phellos] | ||||||
Quercus | Petioles 2.0-7 cm long, not twisted so that the blade is oriented in a vertical plane; inner cup-scales of the acorn cup not inflexed, thus the cup appearing to have a sharp rim appressed against the acorn. | ||||||
Cucumis | Leaf blade central lobe broadly triangular; corolla tube of female flower 3.5-6.5 mm long; corolla tube of male flower 3.4-4.9 mm long; [cucumber] | Leaf blade central lobe broadly triangular; corolla tube of female flower 3.5-6.5 mm long; corolla tube of male flower 3.4-4.9 mm long; [cucumber] | |||||
Cucumis | Leaf blade central lobe elliptic, oblong or ovate; corolla tube of female 0.8-2.8 mm long; corolla tube of male flower 0.8-2.0 mm long. | Leaf blade central lobe elliptic, oblong or ovate; corolla tube of female 0.8-2.8 mm long; corolla tube of male flower 0.8-2.0 mm long. | |||||
Hypericum | Leaves with an articulation at the very base, this appearing as a narrow line, groove, or abrupt change of color and texture which extends (usually laterally) across the base of the petiole or leaf blade (if sessile); plants shrubs; [section Myriandra]. | ||||||
Hypericum | Leaves with an articulation at the very base, this appearing as a narrow line, groove, or abrupt change of color and texture which extends (usually laterally) across the base of the petiole or leaf blade (if sessile); plants shrubs; [section Myriandra]. | ||||||
Hypericum | Leaves with an articulation at the very base, this appearing as a narrow line, groove, or abrupt change of color and texture which extends (usually laterally) across the base of the petiole or leaf blade (if sessile); plants shrubs; [section Myriandra]. | ||||||
Hypericum | Leaves with an articulation at the very base, this appearing as a narrow line, groove, or abrupt change of color and texture which extends (usually laterally) across the base of the petiole or leaf blade (if sessile); plants shrubs; [section Myriandra]. | ||||||
Violaceae | Plant acaulescent or caulescent; leaf blades of many species about as broad as long or broader, base cordate; peduncle not articulated; bottom petal spurred at base, blade distinctly shorter than lateral and upper petals | ||||||
Violaceae | Plant caulescent; leaf blades much longer than broad, base narrowly cuneate; peduncle/pedicel juncture articulated; bottom petal saccate at base, blade slightly to greatly exserted beyond lateral and upper petals. | ||||||
Violaceae | Leaves strictly alternate; leaf blades entire or with 1-2 random coarse teeth on either margin; corolla uniformly green; bottom petal < 1.3× as long as the others, blade slightly expanded, retuse; capsule 15-23 mm long; seeds 4.5-5.0 × 3.5-4.8 mm, subglobose, tan; [native, of nutrient-rich forests] | ||||||
Violaceae | Leaves strictly opposite, or upper leaves alternate and lower (sub)opposite; leaf blades entire, with few random crenations, or uniformly crenate or serrate; corolla white to violet or blue with yellow throat; bottom petal 1.5-3× as long as the others, blade somewhat to very much expanded, emarginate to broadly rounded; capsule < 10 mm long; seeds < 2 mm broad, flattened, black; [native of OK and TX westward, also as exotic waifs eastward] | Leaves strictly opposite, or upper leaves alternate and lower (sub)opposite; leaf blades entire, with few random crenations, or uniformly crenate or serrate; corolla white to violet or blue with yellow throat; bottom petal 1.5-3× as long as the others, blade somewhat to very much expanded, emarginate to broadly rounded; capsule < 10 mm long; seeds < 2 mm broad, flattened, black; [native of OK and TX westward, also as exotic waifs eastward] | |||||
Viola | Leaf blades narrowly ovate or lance-triangular to rhombic-lanceolate, base cuneate to broadly rounded or truncate; leaf blade surfaces uniformly green. | Leaf blades narrowly ovate or lance-triangular to rhombic-lanceolate, base cuneate to broadly rounded or truncate; leaf blade surfaces uniformly green. | |||||
Viola | At least some leaf blades broader than long, bicolorous with darker green upper surface and paler lower surface, usually pubescent on one or both surfaces, obtuse to acute (acuminate) at apex, blade margins most often shallowly serrate; cleistogamous capsules with dense fine purple spots, on prostrate to arching peduncles; seeds 1.2-2.2 × 0.7-1.3 mm, brown or blackish-brown, unspotted. | At least some leaf blades broader than long, bicolorous with darker green upper surface and paler lower surface, usually pubescent on one or both surfaces, obtuse to acute (acuminate) at apex, blade margins most often shallowly serrate; cleistogamous capsules with dense fine purple spots, on prostrate to arching peduncles; seeds 1.2-2.2 × 0.7-1.3 mm, brown or blackish-brown, unspotted. | |||||
Viola | Leaves glabrous except for scattered appressed hairs on upper surface of leaf blades; largest leaf blades abruptly acute at apex, inner edges of basal lobes close or overlapping in life, sinus < 1/4 length of blade, margins shallowly crenate; petioles and peduncles red-tinged or -spotted; all petals glabrous; cleistogamous capsules 6.5-8 mm long; seeds 1.2-1.3 × 0.7-0.8 mm, blackish-brown; [Appalachian Mtn region and adjacent uplands, common at higher elevations] | Leaves glabrous except for scattered appressed hairs on upper surface of leaf blades; largest leaf blades abruptly acute at apex, inner edges of basal lobes close or overlapping in life, sinus < 1/4 length of blade, margins shallowly crenate; petioles and peduncles red-tinged or -spotted; all petals glabrous; cleistogamous capsules 6.5-8 mm long; seeds 1.2-1.3 × 0.7-0.8 mm, blackish-brown; [Appalachian Mtn region and adjacent uplands, common at higher elevations] | |||||
Viola | Petioles and/or either or both surfaces of leaf blades glabrous or sparsely to densely hirsute; largest leaf blades typically obtuse to rounded at apex, inner edges of basal lobes well separated or divergent in life, sinus > 1/4 (often > 1/3) length of blade, margins low-serrate with noticeable teeth; petioles and peduncles not red-tinged or -spotted; lateral petals bearded; cleistogamous capsules 7-14 mm long; seeds 1.6-2.2 × 1.0-1.3 mm, light to medium brown; [widely distributed in northeastern region, most common at lower elevations] | Petioles and/or either or both surfaces of leaf blades glabrous or sparsely to densely hirsute; largest leaf blades typically obtuse to rounded at apex, inner edges of basal lobes well separated or divergent in life, sinus > 1/4 (often > 1/3) length of blade, margins low-serrate with noticeable teeth; petioles and peduncles not red-tinged or -spotted; lateral petals bearded; cleistogamous capsules 7-14 mm long; seeds 1.6-2.2 × 1.0-1.3 mm, light to medium brown; [widely distributed in northeastern region, most common at lower elevations] | |||||
Turneraceae | Shrub to 20 dm tall; leaves with 2 glands at the juncture of the petiole and the blade | ||||||
Populus | Stamens 5-12; scales of the catkins dentate or with only 3-7 linear-triangular lobes; petioles strongly flattened laterally (90 degrees to the plane of the leaf blade), especially near the junction with the blade; [section Populus]. | ||||||
Populus | Petiole terete or dorsally flattened (in the plane of the leaf blade), and often also channeled above; leaf blades dark green above, glaucous white beneath; leaf margin not translucent, finely serrate with teeth < 1 mm deep; [section Tacamahaca]. | Petiole terete or dorsally flattened (in the plane of the leaf blade), and often also channeled above; leaf blades dark green above, glaucous white beneath; leaf margin not translucent, finely serrate with teeth < 1 mm deep; [section Tacamahaca]. | |||||
Populus | Petiole laterally flattened (90 degrees to the plane of the leaf blade), especially near the junction with the blade; leaf blades light green above, often paler beneath but not distinctly whitened; leaf margin translucent, finely to coarsely serrate with teeth > 1 mm deep. | Petiole laterally flattened (90 degrees to the plane of the leaf blade), especially near the junction with the blade; leaf blades light green above, often paler beneath but not distinctly whitened; leaf margin translucent, finely to coarsely serrate with teeth > 1 mm deep. | |||||
Salix | Leaf margin coarsely and irregularly serrate; leaves glabrous beneath; leaf blade 4-7 (-10)× as long as wide; petioles (7-) 10-20 mm long, glabrous; [section Salix] | ||||||
Salix | Leaf margin minutely and uniformly serrulate; leaves long-sericeous or glabrate beneath; leaf blade 5-13× as long as wide; petioles 3-12 mm long, tomentose or sericeous. | ||||||
Erodium | Primary leaflets sessile or nearly so, sometimes connected by blade tissue; blades of the primary leaflets divided nearly or quite to the base; apical pits of mericarp lacking sessile glands | ||||||
Aesculus | Petals usually 5, white with a reddish mark near the cordate base of the petal blade; buds glutinous (sticky); fruit spiny; leaflets 7 (-9) per leaf; [exotic, uncommonly planted, rarely naturalized]; [section Aesculus] | ||||||
Citrus | Petiole winged (except C. reticulata, which sometimes lacks wings entirely), and with an articulation at the juncture with the blade; fruit 4.5-15 cm long | Petiole winged (except C. reticulata, which sometimes lacks wings entirely), and with an articulation at the juncture with the blade; fruit 4.5-15 cm long | |||||
Citrus | Petiole not winged, and lacking an articulation at the juncture with the blade; fruit 15-25 cm long, the rind (exocarp) wider than the pulp (mesocarp) | ||||||
Triumfetta | Capsule densely tomentose; spines of the capsule densely hirsute on one side; lower leaf side moderately hairy with simple hairs on the veins and stellate hairs on the blade surface; stamens 5 (10) | ||||||
Triumfetta | Capsule glabrous or sparsely and minutely hirtellous; lower leaf side densely stellate-tomentose on veins and blade surface; stamens 15, 20, or 25 | ||||||
Sida | Stipules 1.5-2× as long as the petiole, linear; leaf blade narrowly rhombo-elliptic, 4-6× as long as wide, glabrate above; seeds pubescent apically and ventro-apically; peduncles 0.5-2 (-3) cm long, 0.5-0.75× as long as the subtending leaf, articulated ca. 0.5-1 cm below the calyx; [endemic to peninsular Florida] | Stipules 1.5-2× as long as the petiole, linear; leaf blade narrowly rhombo-elliptic, 4-6× as long as wide, glabrate above; seeds pubescent apically and ventro-apically; peduncles 0.5-2 (-3) cm long, 0.5-0.75× as long as the subtending leaf, articulated ca. 0.5-1 cm below the calyx; [endemic to peninsular Florida] | |||||
Sida | Stipules 0.5-1× as long as the petiole, falcate or subulate, not linear; leaf blade linear, lance-linear to narrowly elliptic, (3-) 4-21× as long as wide, but if (3-) 4-6× as long as wide then the leaves crenulate-serrate and the peduncle not articulated; seeds glabrous to apically pubescent, usually ventro-apically glabrous; peduncle 0.5-1.25× as long as the subtending leaf, but if articulated then 0.75-1.25× as long; [collectively more widespread]. | Stipules 0.5-1× as long as the petiole, falcate or subulate, not linear; leaf blade linear, lance-linear to narrowly elliptic, (3-) 4-21× as long as wide, but if (3-) 4-6× as long as wide then the leaves crenulate-serrate and the peduncle not articulated; seeds glabrous to apically pubescent, usually ventro-apically glabrous; peduncle 0.5-1.25× as long as the subtending leaf, but if articulated then 0.75-1.25× as long; [collectively more widespread]. | |||||
Alcea | Leaf blade lobing shallow, < ½ to the midrib; corolla white, pink, red, or purple (rarely yellow), not drying greenish; bractlets of the involucel > ½ as long as the calyx | ||||||
Alcea | Leaf blade lobing deep, > ½ way to the midrib; corolla pale yellow (greenish when dried); bractlets of the involucel usually > ½ as long as the calyx | ||||||
Brassicaceae | Cauline leaves sessile; blade bases auriculate, sagittate, or amplexicaulous. | ||||||
Brassicaceae | Cauline leaves sessile; blade bases auriculate, sagittate, or amplexicaule. | ||||||
Rumex | Tubercles 3, equal or nearly so in size; leaf blade >8× as long as wide, 20-55 (-70) cm long, 2-7 cm wide | ||||||
Rumex | Tubercles absent, 1 or 2-3 (if 2-3, then one much larger than the other 1 or 2 tubercles); leaf blade <6× as long as wide, 15-45 (-50) cm long, 2-15 cm wide. | ||||||
Rumex | Leaf blade 15-30 (-35) cm long, 2-6 cm wide, the margins strongly undulate; inner tepals 3.5-6 mm long; tubercles normally 3 (rarely 1-2) | ||||||
Rumex | Leaf blade 30-45 (-50) cm long, 10-15 cm wide; the margins plane or weakly undulate; inner tepals (5-) 5.5-8 (-10) mm long; tubercles normally 1 (rarely 2-3) | ||||||
Rumex | Leaf blade > 4× as long as wide; inner tepals (not including the teeth) ca. 2× as long as wide | ||||||
Rumex | Leaf blade 2-3× as long as wide; inner tepals (not including the teeth) ca. 1.5× as long as wide (sometimes to 2× as long as wide in R. obtusifolius). | ||||||
Rumex | Plants perennial; base of leaf blade usually distinctly cordate. | ||||||
Rumex | Plants annual or biennial; base of leaf blade cuneate (rarely rounded). | ||||||
Dianthus | Petal blade 5-9 (-10) mm long, toothed | ||||||
Dianthus | Petal blade (8-) 12-18 mm long, fringed | ||||||
Stellaria | Leaves narrow, usually linear, lanceolate, oblanceolate, or narrowly elliptic, the blade 3-10× as long as wide, 0.8-10 mm wide; stems prominently 4-angled. | Leaves narrow, usually linear, lanceolate, oblanceolate, or narrowly elliptic, the blade 3-10× as long as wide, 0.8-10 mm wide; stems prominently 4-angled. | |||||
Stellaria | Leaves broad, usually ovate, obovate, or broadly elliptic, the blade 1-2.5× (or to 4×) as long as wide, 4-30 mm wide (if > 2.5× as long as wide, then definitely > 10 mm wide); stems terete or 4-angled. | ||||||
Stellaria | Leaves long-petiolate, the petiole about as long as the blade, the blades cordate to truncate at the base; sepals 2.5-3.5 mm long, obtuse to broadly acute; seeds 0.6-0.8 mm long; stem glabrous or glandular-puberulent (the pubescence not in lines); [Petiolares clade] | ||||||
Amaranthus | Utricle with conspicuous and regular longitudinal ridges; bract > 1.5 mm long, with a stout midrib not far excurrent beyond the bract blade | ||||||
Aizoaceae | Leaves linear, lanceolate, or oblanceolate, the blade > 3× as long as wide; [subfamily Sesuvioideae] | Leaves linear, lanceolate, or oblanceolate, the blade > 3× as long as wide; [subfamily Sesuvioideae] | |||||
Aizoaceae | Leaves orbicular, obovate, or triangular-ovate, the blade < 2.5× as long as wide. | ||||||
Claytonia | Basal rosette leaves erect or ascending, the blade 1-7 cm long | ||||||
Claytonia | Basal rosette leaves flattened against the ground, the blade 0.5-1.5 cm long | ||||||
Claytonia | Cauline leaves 3-6 (-11) cm long (including the evident petiole), the blade narrowly diamond-shaped, 2.5-6 (-8)× as long as wide; leaves 10-15 (-30) mm wide. | ||||||
Claytonia | Cauline leaves (5-) 7-20 cm long (including the poorly differentiated petiole), the blade > 8× as long as wide; leaves 1-10 (-20) mm wide | ||||||
Nyssa | Petioles of mature leaves 3-6 cm long; leaves to 30 cm long and 15 cm wide, at least the larger on a tree normally > 8 cm wide, often with a few irregular teeth, these typically located near the widest part of the blade | ||||||
Sarracenia | Narrowed base of the hood not purple-spotted, its sides revolute but not rolled backward and nearly touching; blade of the hood ovate, slightly cordate basally; [of the Coastal Plain, from s. AL west to e. TX] | ||||||
Sarracenia | Narrowed base of the hood usually purple-spotted, its sides strongly rolled backward (away from the orifice) such that they nearly touch; blade of the hood broadly reniform to orbicular-reniform, broadly cordate basally; [of the Coastal Plain and rarely Piedmont, from se. VA southward to n. FL and west to se. MS] | Narrowed base of the hood usually purple-spotted, its sides strongly rolled backward (away from the orifice) such that they nearly touch; blade of the hood broadly reniform to orbicular-reniform, broadly cordate basally; [of the Coastal Plain and rarely Piedmont, from se. VA southward to n. FL and west to se. MS] | |||||
Pyrola | Leaves mostly 1-3 cm long, the blade mostly < 2.5 cm wide; calyx lobes broadly ovate, the apex subacute to obtuse; [VA and WV northwards]' [section Ampliosepala; series Chloranthae] | Leaves mostly 1-3 cm long, the blade mostly < 2.5 cm wide; calyx lobes broadly ovate, the apex subacute to obtuse; [VA and WV northwards]' [section Ampliosepala; series Chloranthae] | |||||
Pyrola | Leaves mostly 3-9 cm long, the blade mostly > 2.5 cm wide; calyx lobes triangular, the apex acute to acuminate; [nw. NC, VA, WV, and OH northwards]; [section Pyrola; series Ellipticae] | Leaves mostly 3-9 cm long, the blade mostly > 2.5 cm wide; calyx lobes triangular, the apex acute to acuminate; [nw. NC, VA, WV, and OH northwards]; [section Pyrola; series Ellipticae] | |||||
Rhododendron | Leaf blade (3.2-) 3.4-4.7 (-5.2) cm long, (0.8-) 1.1-1.9 (-2.0) cm wide; plant typically strongly rhizomatous; [Coastal Plain from s. NJ south to sc. GA] | Leaf blade (3.2-) 3.4-4.7 (-5.2) cm long, (0.8-) 1.1-1.9 (-2.0) cm wide; plant typically strongly rhizomatous; [Coastal Plain from s. NJ south to sc. GA] | |||||
Rhododendron | Leaf blade (3.9-) 5.0-7.3 (-8.7) cm long, (1.2-) 1.8-3.0 (-3.7) cm wide; plant typically nonrhizomatous; [Mountains and upper Piedmont] | Leaf blade (3.9-) 5.0-7.3 (-8.7) cm long, (1.2-) 1.8-3.0 (-3.7) cm wide; plant typically nonrhizomatous; [Mountains and upper Piedmont] | |||||
Chiococca | Mature plants 1-4 m tall, compact or scandent shrubs to high-climbing vines, rarely rooting where stems touch the ground; the central stem 1.2-5.4 cm wide at the plant base, trunk-like and becoming much wider than distal stems; bark of older stems becoming light gray below newer green (rarely purplish) growth; leaves to 10 cm long and 4 cm wide, the petiole usually distinct and to 15 mm long, the secondary veins 3-6 on each side of the midrib, the secondary veins often relatively conspicuous on the upper surface and discolorous (whitish to yellow-green) from the green blade surface, reticulate veins sometimes apparent, the upper blade surface lustrous; peduncle, rachis, pedicel, and ovary green; peduncle 7-25 mm long, the peduncle+rachis 2-9 cm long; calyx and corolla (4) 5-merous; corolla yellow to whitish; [n. FL south to s. FL; also s. TX] | Mature plants 1-4 m tall, compact or scandent shrubs to high-climbing vines, rarely rooting where stems touch the ground; the central stem 1.2-5.4 cm wide at the plant base, trunk-like and becoming much wider than distal stems; bark of older stems becoming light gray below newer green (rarely purplish) growth; leaves to 10 cm long and 4 cm wide, the petiole usually distinct and to 15 mm long, the secondary veins 3-6 on each side of the midrib, the secondary veins often relatively conspicuous on the upper surface and discolorous (whitish to yellow-green) from the green blade surface, reticulate veins sometimes apparent, the upper blade surface lustrous; peduncle, rachis, pedicel, and ovary green; peduncle 7-25 mm long, the peduncle+rachis 2-9 cm long; calyx and corolla (4) 5-merous; corolla yellow to whitish; [n. FL south to s. FL; also s. TX] | |||||
Chiococca | Mature plants 0.1-3.5 m tall, sprawling or procumbent subshrubs to vines, commonly rooting where stems touch the ground; the central stem 0.1-1 (-2) cm wide at the plant base, not much wider than distal portions of the stems; bark of older stems becoming dark purplish gray to gray-black below newer green to purplish growth or if gray then the mature plant <1 m tall; leaves to 6 cm long and 1.8 cm wide, the petiole often indistinct or to 4 mm long, the secondary veins unapparent or 1-3 on each side of the midrib and sometimes concolorous with the blade surface, reticulate veins usually unapparent, the upper blade surface dull; peduncle, rachis, pedicel, and ovary green to purplish; peduncle 2-10 mm long, the peduncle+rachis 0.5-4 cm long; calyx and corolla 4-5-merous; corolla yellow to purplish; [s. FL only]. | Mature plants 0.1-3.5 m tall, sprawling or procumbent subshrubs to vines, commonly rooting where stems touch the ground; the central stem 0.1-1 (-2) cm wide at the plant base, not much wider than distal portions of the stems; bark of older stems becoming dark purplish gray to gray-black below newer green to purplish growth or if gray then the mature plant <1 m tall; leaves to 6 cm long and 1.8 cm wide, the petiole often indistinct or to 4 mm long, the secondary veins unapparent or 1-3 on each side of the midrib and sometimes concolorous with the blade surface, reticulate veins usually unapparent, the upper blade surface dull; peduncle, rachis, pedicel, and ovary green to purplish; peduncle 2-10 mm long, the peduncle+rachis 0.5-4 cm long; calyx and corolla 4-5-merous; corolla yellow to purplish; [s. FL only]. | |||||
Richardia | Stems hirsute or villous near the tips, but progressively more sparsely so to glabrate toward the base; adaxial leaf surface glabrous to strigillose near the margins only, the median portion of the leaf blade glabrous; mericarps papillose to tuberculate, the adaxial surface closed to a narrow groove; annual. | Stems hirsute or villous near the tips, but progressively more sparsely so to glabrate toward the base; adaxial leaf surface glabrous to strigillose near the margins only, the median portion of the leaf blade glabrous; mericarps papillose to tuberculate, the adaxial surface closed to a narrow groove; annual. | |||||
Spermacoce | Terminal head (1-) 2-3 cm wide; leaves broadly elliptic, the blade 3-4 cm long, 1.2-1.5 cm wide, obtuse to rounded at the apex | ||||||
Convolvulus | Leaves with posteriorly directed lobes, the blade often conspicuously narrowly triangular to linear; stems and leaves often strongly pubescent; [Coastal Plain] | Leaves with posteriorly directed lobes, the blade often conspicuously narrowly triangular to linear; stems and leaves often strongly pubescent; [Coastal Plain] | |||||
Datura | Corollas < 6 cm long; leaf blade < 1.5 × as long as wide; spines of fruit unequal along axis of fruit, some > 1.5 cm long | ||||||
Datura | Corollas 6-9 cm long; leaf blade > 1.5 × as long as wide; spines of fruit +/- equal along axis of fruit, all < 1.5 cm long | ||||||
Chelone | Petioles (2-) 10-40 mm long; leaf blade rounded or truncate at the base; leaf blades averaging ca. 2× as long as wide, 4-8 cm wide; staminodes with white to light pink tips; corolla purple; inflorescence bracts 2-7 mm long | Petioles (2-) 10-40 mm long; leaf blade rounded or truncate at the base; leaf blades averaging ca. 2× as long as wide, 4-8 cm wide; staminodes with white to light pink tips; corolla purple; inflorescence bracts 2-7 mm long | |||||
Chelone | Petioles 0-15 mm long; leaf blade cuneate at the base; staminodium white or green; leaf blades averaging 3× (or more) as long as wide, 1-6 cm wide; corolla purple or white; inflorescence bracts 4-23 mm long. | Petioles 0-15 mm long; leaf blade cuneate at the base; staminodium white or green; leaf blades averaging 3× (or more) as long as wide, 1-6 cm wide; corolla purple or white; inflorescence bracts 4-23 mm long. |
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