1 Fruit a fleshy drupe; plant a small tree, shrub, or sprawling vine; mature stems terete or obscurely 4-sided (by secondary growth).

  2 Flowers zygomorphic; palmately (3-) 5-7 (-9) foliolate or simple (V. rotundifolia); [subfamily Viticoideae]

  2 Flowers essentially actinomorphic; leaves simple.

    3 Stems pubescent with dendritic hairs; inflorescence axillary; calyx 0.5-2 mm, lobes diminutive to nearly obsolete

    3 Stems glabrous or pubescent with simple (unbranched) hairs; inflorescence terminal (rarely only axillary); calyx lobes conspicuous or diminuitive.

      4 Corolla 5-40 mm long; calyx 5-18 mm, the lobes conspicuous, the calyx length often surpassing the fruit when mature; [subfamily Ajugoideae]

      4 Corolla 2-5 mm long; the calyx lobes inconspicuous and not surpassing the mature fruit; [subfamily Premnoideae]

1 Fruit a schizocarp of 4 dry mericarps; plant either an herb or a shrub to 5 (-20) dm tall; mature stems usually distinctly 4-sided (sometimes terete or obscurely 4-sided).

        5 Calyx with either a distinctly enlarged protuberance on the upper surface, or the upper lobe expanded and “cap-like”.

          6 Calyx with 5 lobes, clearly separate apically, with the upper lobe expanded and “cap-like”

          6 Calyx with 2 entire lobes joined at the margins, rounded apically, with a distinct protuberance on the upper surface

        5 Calyx without an enlarged protuberance or “cap-like” upper lobe.

             7 Upper lip of corolla greatly reduced or lobes laterally disposed, thus the corolla appearing to consist of one large lower lip; [subfamily Ajugoideae].

               8 Lower lip with 2-4 lobes; flowers yellow or deep blue-purple; plants stoloniferous

               8 Lower lip appearing 5-lobed (proximal 2 lateral, erect lobes represent the cryptic upper lip); flowers white to pink; plants cespitose

             7 Upper lip of corolla conspicuous, flaring or galeate.

                 9 Plants distinctly repent and rooting at the nodes, or producing elongate stolons.

                   10 Plants repent.

                     11 Herbs; leaves cordate-reniform, coarsely crenate, the blade > 1 cm long; inflorescence of axillary cymules; corollas 10-20 mm

                     11 Subshrubs; leaves ovate to elliptic, entire, the blade < 1 cm long; inflorescence a terminal thyrse; corollas 4-5 mm

                   10 Plants stoloniferous.

                       12 Inflorescence in dense axillary verticils; calyx and corolla actinomorphic, calyx 4-5-lobed, flowers 3-4 mm long

                       12 Inflorescence terminal; calyx and corolla zygomorphic, calyx 5-lobed, flowers 20-30 mm long

                 9 Plants not distinctly repent or stoloniferous.

                          13 Calyx with 6-10 lobes or teeth.

                            14 Calyx zygomorphic, canescent with simple trichomes, spinose lobe tips straight

                            14 Calyx actinomorphic or essentially so, densely pubescent with stellate hairs, spinose lobe tips uncinate

                          13 Calyx with 5 or fewer lobes or teeth.

                              15 Calyx with 3-4 prominent lobes (rarely 5, if one includes small teeth).

                                16 Calyx and corolla essentially actinomorphic

                                16 Calyx and corolla zygomorphic.

                                  17 Calyx with 4 unequal primary lobes; flowers large, 2.5-3.5 cm long, in bracteate terminal racemes

                                  17 Calyx with 3 primary lobes (upper lobe occasionally with 3 apiculate teeth, e.g. Salvia lyrata); flowers 3 cm or less, in terminal thyrses.

                                    18 Stamens 4; calyx enveloped and partially concealed by subtending bracts

                                    18 Stamens 2; calyx not enveloped by subtending bracts.

                                       19 Herbs; calyx with simple trichomes; leaves non-revolute, margins various, membranaceous

                              15 Calyx usually with 5 prominent lobes (except for Clinopodium with rarely fused upper lobes).

                                         20 Fertile stamens 0-2.

                                           21 Calyx actinomorphic or essentially so; corollas actinomorphic or zygomorphic.

                                             22 Corolla actinomorphic, lobes spreading and nearly equal (one lobe slightly emarginate and/or enlarged).

                                               23 Inflorescences axillary; foliage not or faintly aromatic

                                               23 Inflorescences terminal; foliage strongly aromatic

                                             22 Corolla zygomorphic (bilabiate).

                                                 24 Inflorescence in loose terminal and axillary cymules; corollas not galeate or arching

                                                 24 Inflorescence densely capitate (often also axillary); corollas strongly galeate, arching

                                           21 Calyx and corollas clearly zygomorphic.

                                                    25 Corolla 7-20 mm; inflorescence a densely clustered terminal or axillary cyme, or a well developed panicle.

                                                      26 Inflorescence a dense cluster of one or more terminal cymules (occasionally just axillary); lower lip of corolla not fringed

                                                      26 Inflorescence a panicle; lower lip of corolla conspicuously fringed

                                                    25 Corolla ca. 3-10 mm long; inflorescence a loose axillary cyme or slender terminal spike or spike-like panicle.

                                                        27 Corolla 3.5-4 mm, borne 2 per node in a slender terminal spike; middle lobe of upper calyx reduced

                                                        27 Corolla 4-10 mm, borne in axillary cymes or spike-like panicle; upper calyx lobes similar.

                                                          28 Flowers in loose axillary cymes; calyx gibbous, throat closed by hairs; corollas ca. 4-5 mm long

                                                          28 Flowers in a spike-like panicle; calyx not gibbous or closed by hairs; corollas ca. 10 mm long

                                         20 Fertile stamens 4.

                                                            29 Stamens ascending under the upper corolla lip, either included within the tube (or at least not clearly exserted beyond it).

                                                              30 Calyx actinomorphic.

                                                                 31 Flowers borne in terminal verticils or thyrses, with reduced bracteal leaves.

                                                                   32 Calyx 15-nerved; verticils tightly aggregated

                                                                   32 Calyx 5-10-nerved; verticils well spaced

                                                                 31 Flowers borne in axils of well-developed leaves, or a terminal raceme with 1 flower per node.

                                                                     33 Calyx lobes with thickened spinescent apices.

                                                                       34 Stems often with swollen nodes (areas just below appear dark and sunken upon drying, except G. ladanum); hairs of the stem either exclusively hispid or short recurved and mixed with longer glandular trichomes; corolla 15-28 mm long

                                                                       34 Stems without swollen nodes; hairs of the stem finely and softly retrorse, generally lacking glandular hairs (though sessile glands may be present); corolla 5-14 mm long.

                                                                         35 Corolla 5-7 mm long, not much longer than the calyx, weakly bilabiate and lacking an annulus

                                                                         35 Corolla 8-14 mm long and well-exceeding the calyx, strongly galeate and annulate

                                                                     33 Calyx lobes without spinescent apices (although lobes may be pointed or acute).

                                                                           36 Flowers in terminal racemes, corolla tube broadly inflated

                                                                           36 Flowers borne in axils of well developed leaves, corolla tube not broadly inflated.

                                                                              37 Verticils 2-6-flowered, loose; corollas 5-7 mm

                                                                              37 Verticils 6-12-flowered, compact; corollas 10-30 mm.

                                                                                38 Corolla 10-15 mm long; calyx with 10+ nerves

                                                                                38 Corolla 10-30 mm long; calyx 5-nerved

                                                              30 Calyx zygomorphic.

                                                                                  39 Shrubs, diffusely branched; [restricted to se. Coastal Plain and Cumberland Plateau]

                                                                                  39 Herbs, branched or unbranched; [collectively widespread].

                                                                                    40 Calyx teeth distinctly white or pink, noticeably different from the tube

                                                                                    40 Calyx teeth coloration not noticeably different from the tube.

                                                                                      41 Flowers 1 per bracteal axil.

                                                                                        42 Corolla nearly regular, 4-6 mm long.

                                                                                        42 Corolla bilabiate, >10 mm long

                                                                                      41 Flowers 2-many per bract or leaf axil.

                                                                                           43 Plants lemon-scented, flowers in the axils of well-developed leaves

                                                                                           43 Plants mint-scented or non-aromatic, flowers terminal and/or axillary.

                                                                                             44 Upper median calyx lobe longer and wider than the other 4; flowers terminal

                                                                                             44 Upper lobes differing in sinus depth and/or size from the lower lobes; flowers borne variously.

                                                                                               45 Bracts broadly rounded, apiculate or absent.

                                                                                                 46 Bracts broadly rounded, apiculate; inflorescence terminal

                                                                                                 46 Bracts wanting; inflorescence axillary

                                                                                               45 Bracts setaceous or elliptic, but not broadly rounded or apiculate, present.

                                                                                                   47 Calyx clearly bilabiate; corollas 7-15 mm long

                                                                                                   47 Calyx scarcely bilabiate; corollas 5-7 mm long

                                                            29 Stamens (at least some) well exserted beyond the upper corolla lobe.

                                                                                                     48 Lower lip of corolla distinctly fringed

                                                                                                     48 Lower lip of corolla not fringed.

                                                                                                        49 Calyx zygomorphic.

                                                                                                          50 Flowers in dense terminal capitate clusters, subtended by large bracteal leaves (these often whitened on the upper surface and especially towards the base)

                                                                                                          50 Flowers borne otherwise.

                                                                                                            51 Flowers borne in few-flowered cymose axillary clusters, overall appearing paniculate; [subfamily Ajugoideae]

                                                                                                            51 Flowers borne in a spike-like terminal thyrse.

                                                                                                              52 Corolla pink to lavender or white, 11-17 mm long

                                                                                                              52 Corolla blue (rarely white), 7-12 mm long

                                                                                                        49 Calyx actinomorphic.

                                                                                                                53 Flowers borne in a dense terminal spike, 2-3-verticilled globose head, or spiciform thryse.

                                                                                                                  54 Inflorescence secund

                                                                                                                  54 Inflorescence terete.

                                                                                                                     55 Small plants to ca. 30 cm; leaves short, sessile, linear- lanceolate with revolute, entire margins; [endemic to FL and se. GA]

                                                                                                                     55 Large plants, well over 30 cm tall; leaves often petiolate, broadly ovate or lanceolate, margins not revolute or entire; [collectively widespread].

                                                                                                                       56 Bracts broadly rounded; corolla distinctly bilabiate; plants 1-3 m tall

                                                                                                                       56 Bracts linear-lanceolate; corolla nearly regular; plants < 1 m tall

                                                                                                                53 Flowers borne in axillary verticils or terminal (capitate to loosely flowered) clusters.

                                                                                                                         57 Flowers in axillary clusters, corolla nearly regular.

                                                                                                                           58 Axillary clusters loose, 1-3-flowered; [subfamily Ajugoideae]

                                                                                                                           58 Axillary clusters dense, many-flowered; corolla white-pink

                                                                                                                             59 Stems scabrous; corolla mostly blue-violet

                                                                                                                             59 Stems glabrous to pubescent; corolla mostly white-pink

                                                                                                                         57 Flowers in densely capitate or loosely flowered terminal clusters, corolla distinctly bilabiate.

                                                                                                                               60 Flowers in loosely branched terminal and axillary cymes

                                                                                                                               60 Flowers densely capitate cluster or terminal spike of well spaced verticils.

                                                                                                                                  61 Inflorescence either capitate or a spike, not subtended by large bracteal leaves

                                                                                                                                  61 Inflorescence capitate, subtended by large bracteal leaves (these often whitened on the upper surface and especially towards the base)

1 Leaves predominantly basal.

  2 Upper corolla-lip strongly arched; leaves serrate

  2 Upper corolla-lip straight (or only slightly curved, not strongly arching); leaves lobed or toothed

    3 Veins of the 3 upper calyx lobes parallel, the lobes themselves minute and widely-spaced (> 1 mm between the 2 lateral teeth), separated by flattish sinuses; basal leaves lobed; [native, though weedy, common throughout our area]

    3 Veins of the 3 upper calyx lobes converging, the lobes themselves minute and spaced within a distance of 1 mm; basal leaves lobed or toothed; cauline leaves toothed (rarely lobed); [exotic weed, rarely naturalized in our area].

1 Leaves predominantly cauline, not lobed.

      4 Leaves rhombic-ovate (ovate-lanceolate in the waif S. hispanica), the bases cordate, subcordate, truncate, or broadly cuneate.

        5 Petiole not clearly differentiated from the leaf blade (leaf tissue decurrent on the petiole for most or all its length, appearing winged); corolla blue.

          6 Calyx < 5 mm long (ca. 2 mm); plants < 1 m tall; leaves 2-5 cm long and 1-3 cm wide; [c. FL (Orange County) southward]

          6 Calyx lobes > 5 mm long; plants 1.4-2.0 m tall; leaves 6-12 cm long and 3.0-6.5 cm wide; [n. FL north and westward]

             7 Leaves with cuneate bases extending into a winged petiole; plants typically with both terminal and axillary inflorescences; corolla 7-12 mm long; flowering Aug-Oct

             7 Leaves with abruptly truncate bases into a winged petiole; plants typically with a single terminal inflorescence; corolla 10-17 mm long; flowering Apr-May

        5 Petiole clearly differentiated from the leaf blade (not appearing winged); corolla blue, white, or scarlet.

               8 Corolla scarlet; larger leaves 3-6.5 cm long; [native]

               8 Corolla blue or whitish; leaves 5-20 cm long; [natives or non-natives]

                 9 Calyx lobes awned, spinulose, or otherwise sharply acuminate; [FL and s. TX only in our area]

                 9 Calyx lobes acute, obtuse, or rounded; [collectively widespread].

                   10 Leaves ovate-lanceolate

                   10 Leaves rhombic-ovate.

                     11 Leaves 1.5-4.5 cm long; plants annual, to 0.5 m tall; calyx with extensive capitate-glandular pubescence; [native, c. and s. FL].

                       12 Calyx 4.5-7 mm long (mature 5.5-8.0 mm long); corolla blue to violet; leaf blades 1.5-4.5 cm long, deltoid, the abaxial surface glabrous, pubescent on the veins

                       12 Calyx 3.5-4 mm long (mature 5.0-5.5 mm long); corolla white to lavender; leaf blades 1.0-2.5 cm long, ovate, the abaxial surface densely pubescent

                     11 Leaves 5.0-20 cm long; plants biennial or perennial, to ca. 1 m tall; [waifs, NC and MO northward].

                          13 Upper calyx lip > ½× as long as the calyx tube; flowers 4-12 per node; leaves (8-) 12-20 cm long

                          13 Upper calyx lip < 1/3× as long as the calyx tube; flowers 12-30 per node; leaves 5-10 cm long

      4 Leaves lanceolate, linear, or narrowly elliptic, the bases cuneate to attenuate.

                            14 Herb, not woody; leaves lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, not revolute

                              15 Leaves canescent, gray (sometimes sparsely so in S. farinacea, which has densely canescent calyx lobes).

                                16 Calyx lobes densely canescent; leaves linear to elliptic, sometimes curved upwards; [native of limestone uplands w. of MS river, waif in n. FL]

                                16 Calyx lobes pubescent, but not densely canescent; leaves lanceolate to elliptic, flat; [introduced, rarely persistent from cultivation in gardens]

                              15 Leaves puberulent, green; [native, of dry woodlands from sc. NC southward and westward].

                                  17 Flowers 2 (-4) per node; corolla 8-12 mm long; annual

                                  17 Flowers 6-10 flowers per node; corolla > 13 mm long; perennial.

                                    18 Stem usually with sparse, antrorse or somewhat spreading pubescence; calyx with antrorse hairs limited to major veins; flowers of mature inflorescences spaced out, most internodes elongate and ranging up to 25 (-34) mm; [Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain and adjacent piedmont, from south-central NC to central FL to southeast LA]

                                    18 Stem usually with dense, retrorse pubescence; calyx with dense antrorse pubescence; flowers of mature inflorescences densely arranged, internodes between flowers very short, only the lowermost 1-3 internodes elongate and ranging up to 12 (-17) mm; [inland and prairie sites, ranging from IL, IA, NE, and e. CO south to nw. GA, n. AL, ne. MS, LA, and se. and c. TX]