1 Inflorescences spikelike branches, the spikelets partially embedded in the rachises

1 Inflorescences panicles or spikes (if spikes, the spikelets not embedded.

  2 Spikelets (at least the terminal) subtended by 1-many stiff, terete bristles.

    3 Bristles persistent on the inflorescence, each spikelet disarticulating above the bristles

    3 Bristles falling with the spikelets at maturity (the disarticulation at the base of the fascicles)

  2 Spikelets not subtended by stiff bristles.

      4 Inflorescences of spikelike branches 1-3.7 cm long, the branch extending 2.5-4 mm beyond the attachment of the distal spikelets

      4 Inflorescences not as above.

        5 Upper florets laterally compressed

        5 Upper florets dorsally compressed.

          6 Fertile (upper) florets shiny and black to brown-colored when mature; the glumes abruptly apiculate and (internally) oily, the lower glume bases saccate; plants erect, arching, climbing, or decumbent; [s. FL only in our flora area]

          6 Plants not as above (if robust, lacking shiny black florets and not arching or climbing); [collectively widespread, including s. FL].

             7 Lower glumes or lower lemmas awned.

               8 Leaves > 10× as long as wide; ligules absent or of hairs

               8 Leaves < 8× as long as wide; ligules present, membranous or of hairs.

                 9 Lower glumes unawned or very shortly so; upper glumes ciliate-margined; plants erect or basally decumbent

                 9 Lower glumes awned; upper glumes not ciliate-margined; culms trailing; plants strongly trailing, rooting at the nodes

             7 Lower glumes and lower lemmas unawned.

                   10 Lemma margins flat, hyaline; lower glumes absent or < ¼ the length of the upper glume.

                     11 Subterranean (cleistogamous) inflorescences present; aerial inflorescences with elongate rachises; spikelets of the aerial inflorescences often sterile; spikelets glabrous; leaves either with a white cartilaginous margin or prominently ciliate; [of the Coastal Plain]

                     11 Subterranean inflorescences absent; aerial inflorescences either with digitate or subdigitate branches and glabrous spikelets, or with elongate rachises and conspicuously pubescent spikelets; spikelets of the aerial inflorescences fertile; spikelets glabrous, ciliate, or pubescent; leaves various (often not as above); [collectively widespread]

                       12 Inflorescence a narrow panicle with the branches strongly ascending to appressed; spikelets ellipsoid to obovoid; [of Coastal Plain pinelands]

                       12 Inflorescence either a panicle with digitate or subdigitate clusters of spikelike branches or a broad panicle with widely divergent branches; [widespread]

                   10 Lemma margins not hyaline, frequently involute; lower glumes various (absent, < ¼ the length, to longer than the upper glume).

                          13 Spikelets subtended by a cuplike callus

                          13 Spikelets not subtended by a cuplike callus.

                            14 Leaves primarily lacking ligules (at least the upper, and often all, leaves without ligules, if vestigial ligules present, these of hairs)

                            14 Leaves with ligules, these either membranous or of hairs.

                              15 Lower (sterile) palea indurate and expanding the spikelet at maturity, as long as the lower (sterile) lemma; lower and upper florets standing apart from one another at maturity; outer surface of the upper (fertile) palea with compound papillae

                              15 Lower (sterile) palea membranous, not expanding the spikelet at maturity, usually shorter than lower (sterile) lemma, or absent; lower and upper florets closely appressed at maturity; outer surface of the upper (fertile) palea lacking compound papillae.

                                16 Inflorescence of 1-sided, spikelike primary branches.

                                  17 Spikelets with lower lemmas (and lower glumes, if present) adjacent to the branch axes.

                                    18 Lower glumes present on at least most spikelets

                                  17 Spikelets with upper lemmas (and upper glumes, if present) adjacent or appressed to the branch axes.

                                       19 Both glumes absent from all or most spikelets

                                       19 Upper or both glumes present on all spikelets.

                                         20 Lower glumes usually absent; upper lemmas smooth to slightly rugose

                                         20 Lower glumes present; upper lemmas rugose and verrucose

                                16 Inflorescence either paniculate with well-developed secondary branchlets or if the primary branches spikelike, then the spikelets not borne in a 1-sided arrangement on the spicate branches.

                                           21 Inflorescences dense, the spikelets obscuring most of the internal branches

                                           21 Inflorescences open panicles, or if narrowed, all or nearly all the panicle branches readily visible.

                                             22 First glume 5-7.5 mm long, nearly as long as sterile lemma; fertile lemma 1/3 length of sterile lemma; rachilla prolonged between the florets

                                             22 First glume shorter, or if this long, then at most 3/4 length of sterile lemma; fertile lemma > ½ the length of the sterile lemma; rachilla not prolonged between the florets.

                                               23 Plant developing a terminal (“spring”) inflorescence usually before mid-summer, followed by lateral (“autumnal”) inflorescences from lower, mid, and/or upper nodes, these often included or hidden among the fascicles of smaller “autumnal” leaves; often developing a rosette of overwintering basal leaves

                                               23 Plant developing a terminal inflorescence usually after mid-summer, the lateral inflorescences, when present, from the upper nodes, usually appearing at the same time as the terminal panicle, and not hidden by dense fascicles of smaller leaves; plants lacking a rosette of overwintering basal leaves.

                                                 24 Spikelets tuberculate (or tuberculate-hispid)

                                                 24 Spikelets smooth, not tuberculate.

                                                    25 Panicle < 2 cm wide at maturity.

                                                      26 Spikelets > 4.5 mm long; first glume > 2.4 mm long; ligule 4-6 mm long; [of coastal dunes]

                                                      26 Spikelets < 4 mm long; first glume < 2.1 mm long; ligule < 2 mm long; [not of coastal dunes].

                                                        27 Blades involute, 1.5-4 mm wide; culms wiry

                                                        27 Blades flat, the larger 6-20 mm wide; culms stout.

                                                          28 Panicles constricted, 0.3-1.6 cm wide; spikelets subsessile to short-pediceled; summit of fertile palea not enclosed by fertile lemma

                                                          28 Panicles > 1 cm wide; spikelets short to long-pedicelled; summit of fertile palea enclosed by fertile lemma

                                                    25 Panicle > 2 cm wide at maturity.

                                                            29 Fertile lemmas rugose with cross-venation between the main parallel veins

                                                            29 Fertile lemmas not rugose.

                                                              30 Lower primary panicle branches in whorls of 4-7 at the nodes, stiffly spreading, naked on the proximal ½, the axils strongly pilose; lower culm internodes appressed papillose-pubescent; first glume acuminate, ½ as long as spikelet; fertile lemma chestnut brown at maturity

                                                              30 Plants without the above combination of characters.

                                                                 31 Plants from a cluster of fibrous roots, without rhizomes or hard knotty crowns, annual

                                                                 31 Plants with rhizomes or hard knotty crowns, perennial.

                                                                   32 Plants with hard crowns, lacking rhizomes; fertile lemma 1.2-1.6 mm long

                                                                   32 Plants with rhizomes; fertile lemma 1.6-4 mm long.

                                                                     33 Rhizomes about 1 cm thick with pubescent scale-like leaves; lower portion of culm hard, nearly woody

                                                                     33 Rhizomes less than 1 cm thick with glabrous scale-like leaves; culms not woody.

                                                                       34 First glume truncate apically

                                                                       34 First glume acute to obtuse.

                                                                         35 Culms slightly compressed below; ligules 0.5 mm long or less; spikelet pedicels appressed, the spikelets subsecund, usually some obliquely bent above the first glume; fertile lemma 1.8-2.2 mm long

                                                                         35 Culms terete; ligules 1-6 mm long; at least some spikelet pedicels spreading, spikelets not at all secund, essentially straight; fertile lemma 2-4 mm long

1 Spikelets 2-flowered, often dorsally compressed, falling entire at maturity (the abscission below the glumes), the upper floret usually bisexual, the lower one male or sterile; [tribe Paniceae]

  2 Lemma margins hyaline, flat; lower glumes various (absent, < ¼ the length, or longer than the upper glume)

  2 Lemma margins not hyaline, frequently involute; lower glumes absent or < ¼ the length of the upper glume.

    3 Spikelets with lower lemmas (and lower glumes, if present) adjacent to the branch axes.

      4 Lower glumes present on at least most spikelets

    3 Spikelets with upper lemmas (and upper glumes, if present) adjacent or appressed to the branch axes.

        5 Both glumes absent from all or most spikelets

        5 Upper or both glumes present on all spikelets.

          6 Lower glumes usually absent; upper lemmas smooth to slightly rugose

          6 Lower glumes present; upper lemmas rugose and verrucose

1 Spikelets 1-, 2-, or many-flowered, usually terete or somewhat laterally compressed, either abscising at maturing above the glumes or if 2-flowered then both florets bisexual, or the upper sterile; [tribes Cynodonteae and Zoysieae]

             7 Spikes normally solitary (rarely 2), divergent at the summit of the culm; second glume with a recurved spine arising from the back; fresh plants aromatic with a citrus odor; [tribe Cynodonteae; subtribe “incertae sedis”]

             7 Spikes normally 2 or more, alternate, digitate, subdigitate, or verticillate along the main inflorescence axis; second glume lacking a recurved spine; fresh plants not aromatic with a citrus odor.

               8 Spikes arranged along the central inflorescence axis alternately, solitary at each node or inflorescences consisting of a solitary spikelike raceme (Zoysia).

                 9 Spikelets with 1 bisexual floret, sometimes also accompanied by modified male, sterile, or rudimentary florets above the fertile floret.

                   10 Spikelets with modified male, sterile, or rudimentary florets above the fertile floret; [plants of uplands]; [tribe Cynodonteae; subtribe Boutelouinae]

                   10 Spikelets lacking any modified florets; [tribe Zoysieae; subtribes Sporobolinae and Zoysiinae]

                     11 Spikelets with 1 fertile floret accompanied by a sterile, reduced floret; inflorescence of 1-many spike-like panicles (the branches appressed to strongly divergent); [plants of wetlands, primarily saline and coastal]; [tribe Zoysieae; subtribe Sporobolinae]

                     11 Spikelets with 1 solitary fertile floret; inflorescence of solitary spike-like racemes; [waifs or uncommon non-native turf grasses of disturbed areas]; [tribe Zoysieae; subtribe Zoysiinae]

                 9 Spikelets with 2 or more bisexual florets (sometimes also with additional reduced florets); [tribe Cynodonteae; subtribe Eleusininae].

                       12 Ligules 4-8 (-15) mm long, acute to attenuate, entire (lacerate only by tearing)

                       12 Ligules 0.3-5.4 mm long, truncate to obtuse, erose or entire.

                          13 Lemmas 3-veined; ligule (0.2-) 0.5-5.5 (-7.0) mm long; apex erose or entire

                          13 Lemmas 5-veined; ligule 0.8-2.2 mm long, apex erose

               8 Spikes arranged along the central inflorescence axis in a digitate, subdigitate, or verticillate manner, all or most nodes with 2 or more spikes; [tribe Cynodonteae].

                            14 Spikelets with 1 fertile floret (there may also be 1 or more sterile florets); [tribe Cynodonteae; subtribe Eleusininae].

                              15 Spikelets lacking sterile florets

                              15 Spikelets with 1 or more sterile florets.

                                16 Lowest lemmas awned (rarely unawned); upper glumes acute to acuminate, mucronate or short-awned

                                16 Lowest lemmas unawned (or with an awn to 1.2 mm long); upper glumes truncate or bilobed, sometimes short-awned from between the lobes

                            14 Spikelets with 2 or more fertile florets.

                                  17 Spikes to 7 cm long, terminating in a point (the spikes acuminate); [tribe Cynodonteae; subtribe “incertae sedis”]

                                  17 Spikes to 22 cm long, terminating in a functional or rudimentary spikelet (the spikes acute to obtuse); [tribe Cynodonteae; subtribe Eleusininae].

                                    18 Lemmas glabrous

                                    18 Lemmas pubescent, at least towards the base.

                                       19 Lemma apices obtuse to truncate or emarginate

                                       19 Lemma apices acute