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Key to Rudbeckia

Asteraceae

Rudbeckia

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1 Leaves grasslike, linear-lanceolate, never lobed, > 10× as long as wide, the basal with blade 10-20 cm long and < 1 cm wide; [of Coastal Plain, of s. GA southward and westward].
  2 Plant with 1 head; rays red, orange, or maroon, 1.0-1.5 cm long; plant pubescent
  2 Plant with several heads; rays yellow, 1.5-3.5 cm long; plant glabrous
1 Leaves broader, lanceolate, ovate, or pinnately-cleft, < 10× as long as wide; [collectively widespread].
    3 Leaves (at least some of the largest and generally more basal) 3-lobed or more divided (except R. laciniata var. heterophylla with sometimes few if any leaves lobed, and these usually the stem leaves).
      4 Disc flowers yellow or yellowish-green; achenes 3.5-6.0 mm long.
        5 Basal and lower stem leaves 1-2-pinnatifid (thus leaf lobes more deeply cleft and leaves therefore appearing more dissected overall), with 5-many lobes; plants 1-3 m tall.
          6 Achenes 3.5-4.0 mm long; pappus 0.7-1.5 mm long; pales 3.1-4.1 mm long; [of e. VA, DE, MD, and PA northward]
          6 Achenes 4.2-6.0 mm long; pappus 0.1-0.7 mm long; pales 4.4-6.1 mm long; [widespread in our area]
        5 Basal and lower stem leaves 1-5-lobed (not pinnatifid, occasionally unlobed); plants 0.5-2 m tall.
             7 Heads larger, the disc mostly 1.5-2.0 cm wide; rays usually 8 or 13; [of high elevations of the Appalachians, VA and KY south to NC and TN]
             7 Heads small, the disc mostly 1.0-1.5 cm wide; rays usually 5 or 8; [of the Coastal Plain and Piedmont, VA south to FL, west to LA]
               8 Leaves lobed; upper leaf surfaces moderately to densely hairy; [widespread in the Coastal Plain]
               8 Leaves sometimes unlobed (basal leaves typically so); upper leaf surfaces sparsely to densely hairy; [of Levy County, FL]
      4 Disc flowers purple-brown; achenes 1.9-3.5 mm long.
                 9 Pales acute, hairy near the tip; rays 20-40 mm long
                 9 Pales cuspidate, with awn-like tips ca. 1.5 mm long, glabrous; rays 8-30 mm long.
                   10 Cauline leaves 1-3-lobed (at least some on a plant 3-lobed).
                     11 Ray blades 8-17 mm long; discs 10-15 mm across; [widespread in our area]
                     11 Ray blades 18-30 mm long; discs 15-20 mm across; [at moderate to high elevations in the Appalachians]
                   10 Cauline leaves 1-7-lobed (at least some on a plant 5-7-lobed).
                       12 Phyllaries > 9 mm long; [of the Mountains of NC, VA, and TN]
                       12 Phyllaries < 7 mm long; [of the Coastal Plain of s. AL and Panhandle FL]
    3 Leaves simple, unlobed, toothed (or entire).
                          13 Pales (bracts of the receptacle) densely pubescent near the tip.
                            14 Plants glabrous or with scattered inconspicuous hairs.
                              15 Stem very sparsely spreading-villous (to more conspicuously hairy, and then keyable under 21b); disc to 15 mm high
                              15 Stem glabrous; disc elongating in fruit, ultimately 12-60 mm high.
                                16 Leaves strongly blue-green and glaucous, strongly clasping stems.
                                  17 Plants perennial; cypsela with pappi; rays yellow throughout; [typically in dry habitats]
                                  17 Plants annual; cypsela lacking pappi; rays basally colored red-maroon; [typically in moist habitats]
                                16 Leaves green, not glaucous, not strongly clasping stems.
                                    18 Blades of basal leaves 15-60 cm long, 2-8 cm wide, avg. 7× as long as wide; paleae 5-6 mm long, the apices acute to acuminate; achenes 3-5.5 mm long; [native of pitcherplant bogs and wet flatwoods of e. GA and ne. FL west to s. AL]
                                    18 Blades of basal leaves 15-50 cm long, 3-9 cm wide, avg. 5× as long as wide; paleae 6-8 mm long, the apices acute; achenes 5-7.5 mm long;; [native of coastal prairies and wetlands in LA and TX]
                            14 Plants conspicuously hirsute or pilose.
                                       19 Plants perennials from a woody rhizome; pappus a low crown; style appendages short, blunt.
                                         20 Disc 10-15 mm across; rays 6-12, mostly spreading, 15-25 mm long; leaves not folded longitudinally
                                         20 Disc 15-25 mm across; rays 12-25, mostly reflexed, 30-50 mm long; leaves folded longitudinally.
                                           21 Stem hairy only on the upper stem, the hairs ascending and < 0.5 mm long
                                           21 Stem hairy throughout, the hairs spreading on the lower stem, ascending on the upper stem and ca. 1.0 mm long
                                       19 Plants annuals, biennials, or perennials from fibrous roots; pappus lacking or a low crown to 0.1 mm high; style appendages elongate, subulate (R. hirta) or short, acute to obtuse (R. mollis).
                                             22 Stems and leaves softly pilose to woolly; style branches short, acute to obtuse; [plants of dry sands of the Coastal Plain of SC southward]
                                             22 Stems and leaves with coarse and stiffish hairs; style branches elongate, subulate; [plants collectively widespread in our area].
                                               23 Stems leafy mainly toward the base, branched mainly near the middle or base; peduncles usually ½ the height of the plants; [of the Coastal Plain]
                                                 24 Plants never scapose, rarely branching at the base; leaves mostly pale green, rough but not harsh to the touch; basal leaves narrowly to broadly oblanceolate; [SC s. to FL, w. to TX]
                                                 24 Plants scapose (or nearly so), branching at or near the base; leaves mostly dark green, harsh to the touch; basal leaves broadly obovate to nearly orbiculate; [c. and s. FL]
                                               23 Stems leafy throughout, branched mainly well above the middle; peduncles < 1/3 the height of the plants; [collectively widespread].
                                                    25 Basal leaves broadly elliptic to ovate, 2.5-7 cm wide, mostly ca. 2× as long as wide, with coarsely serrate margins; rays typically yellow or tinged orange throughout; [mostly undisturbed woodlands and fields, Appalachian highlands westward to IL]
                                                    25 Basal leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate 1-2.5 (-5) cm wide, mostly 3-5× as long as wide (or basal leaves absent), with entire to serrate margins; rays typically yellow with maroon, brown, or reddish bases; [disturbed areas OR glades and similar dry habitats, e. US westward].
                                                      26 Plants annual; lacking basal tufts of leaves; cauline leaves with consistent size; lower leaves sessile or subsessile; [sandstone glades, other dry areas, IL and IN south to MS and TX]
                                                      26 Plants biennial or short-lived perennials; with basal tufts of leaves; cauline leaf size gradually decreasing along stem; lower leaves petiolate; [disturbed areas, widespread]
                          13 Pales (bracts of the receptacle) glabrous or nearly so (except sometimes for a minutely ciliate margin).
                                                        27 Pales cuspidate, with awn-like tips ca. 1.5 mm long
                                                          28 Cauline leaves 1-3-lobed (at least some on a plant 3-lobed).
                                                            29 Ray blades 8-17 mm long; discs 10-15 mm across; [widespread in our area]
                                                            29 Ray blades 18-30 mm long; discs 15-20 mm across; [at moderate to high elevations in the Appalachians]
                                                          28 Cauline leaves 1-7-lobed (at least some on a plant 5-7-lobed).
                                                              30 Phyllaries > 9 mm long; [of the Mountains of NC, VA, and TN]
                                                              30 Phyllaries < 7 mm long; [of the Coastal Plain of s. AL and Panhandle FL]
                                                        27 Pales obtuse to acute.
                                                                 31 Larger leaves < 2 cm wide
                                                                 31 Larger leaves > 2 cm wide.
                                                                   32 Stem leaves auriculate or auriculate-clasping.
                                                                     33 Plants 2-3 m tall; stem leaves strongly auriculate-clasping; paleae 4-6 mm; [sandy stream banks, wet roadsides in AL, FL, and GA]
                                                                     33 Plants 2 m tall or less; stem leaves weakly auriculate, not clasping; paleae 6-8 mm; [seepages in w. LA and e. TX]
                                                                   32 Stem leaves petiolate or sessile, but not auriculate-clasping.
                                                                       34 Basal leaves with bases cordate (some may be merely rounded); upper stem leaves notably reduced in size relative to the lower stem leaves.
                                                                         35 Paleae eciliate; rays 25-40 mm long
                                                                         35 Paleae ciliate; rays 15-25 mm long.
                                                                           36 Plants densely clonal, spreading by leafy stolons; lower stems coarsely angled in ×-section, 4-7 mm in diameter; basal leaf blades 9-20 cm long, 4-13 cm wide, 1.6-3.0× as long as wide; [saturated soils of seeps, fens, streambanks, and seepage swamps]
                                                                           36 Plants solitary, lacking leafy stolons; lower stems rounded or nearly so in ×-section, 1.5-3.0 mm in diameter; basal leaf blades 7.5-10 cm long, 5-6.5 cm wide, 1.0-1.6× as long as wide; [mesic soils of forests]
                                                                       34 Basal leaves with bases cuneate to broadly cuneate or rounded; upper stem leaves similar in size to the lower stem leaves.
                                                                              37 Paleae ciliate.
                                                                                38 Stem leaves elliptic to ovate
                                                                                38 Stem leaves spatulate to oblanceolate
                                                                              37 Paleae eciliate (erose to minutely toothed, rarely with 1-2 cilia).
                                                                                  39 Leaves elliptic to ovate.
                                                                                    40 Rays 6-12 mm long; stem and leaves with appressed soft hairs; flowering heads opening during mid-July to mid-August
                                                                                    40 Rays 16-23 mm long; stem and leaves with spreading pustulate hairs; flowering heads opening during early August to mid-September
                                                                                  39 Leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear.
                                                                                      41 Stems and leaves nearly smooth; upper stem leaves entire or slightly toothed, auriculate at the base; [dry rocky glades and woodlands]
                                                                                      41 Stems and leaves hirsute; upper stem leaves coarsely toothed to laciniately lobed; [mesic to wet meadows, fens, marshes, and stream banks].
                                                                                        42 Stems densely hirsute, the hairs retrorse; rays 15-25 mm long
                                                                                        42 Stems sparsely hirsute, the hairs spreading; rays 20-40 mm long

Key to Asteraceae, Key J: Herbaceous composites with the leaves alternate or basal and the heads radiate, the rays yellow, orange, red

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1 Disc florets functionally staminate (sterile), with style undivided.
  2 Phyllaries 10 or less, in 2 series; plants annual; [primarily OK and TX]
  2 Phyllaries 12 or more, in (2-) 3-4 series; plants perennial; [collectively widespread, including OK and TX in our area]
    3 Cypselae with broad wings with 2 confluent awns
    3 Cypselae not winged, pappus absent or of 2-4 ciliate scales.
      4 Disc florets green, red, or maroon; pappus absent; leaves lanceolate, lyrate, or lyrate-pinnatifid (but not deeply pinnatifid); [nc. TX westward]
      4 Disc florets primarily yellow; pappus of 2-4 ciliate scales; leaves deeply pinnatifid [sw. AR and e. TX westward, waif in e. LA]
1 Disc florets bisexual (fertile), with style bifurcate.
        5 Leaves decurrent down the stem (the stem appearing winged); cypselae strongly flattened and often winged
        5 Leaves not decurrent; cypselae moderately compressed to 4-angled, not winged (or if winged, the cypselae obcompressed or obconic).
          6 Receptacular bracts connate to form a honeycomb-like structure in which the flowers are set; pappus of 7-12 scales
          6 Receptacular bracts not fused and not forming a honeycomb-like structure; pappus absent, of awns/scales, or a fused crown (Phoebanthus sometimes with up to 4 additional scales shorter than 2 primary lacerate scales).
             7 Heads subtended by a calyculus (bracts distinct from phyllaries)
             7 Heads without a calyculus.
               8 Leaves not noticeably clasping the stem.
                 9 Leaves pinnately lobed, the primary lobes usually pectinately divided; [non-native]
                 9 Leaves unlobed or if pinnatifid to pinnately lobed, the primary lobes not pectinate; [natives].
                   10 Pappus of 2 caducous, or readily-falling scales; receptacles flat
                   10 Pappus absent, or of 1-2 lacerate scales (on shoulders of cypselae) plus additional lacerate (bristlelike) scales; receptacles subspheric, conical, columnar, or otherwise convex.
                     11 Receptacle low conic to convex; phyllaries (14-) 20-40+, in 2-3 series.
                       12 Leaf blades linear; plants from slender, horizontal tubers; pappus absent or of 1-2 lacerate scales (on shoulders of cypselae) plus additional lacerate (bristlelike) scales; [natives of AL and FL; subtribe Ecliptinae]
                       12 Leaf blades variously shaped, not all linear (often with some ovate or rhombic leaves); plants from woody caudices; pappus absent; [waif in SC, native in arid southwest; subtribe Helianthinae]
                     11 Receptacle strongly conic or columnar; phyllaries 3-21, in 1-2 series; [subtribe Rudbeckiinae].
                          13 Phyllary series unequal (outer longer than inner); cypselae strongly compressed; ray florets subtended by receptacular bracts
                          13 Phyllary series subequal; cypselae not strongly compressed; ray florets not subtended by receptacular bracts (only the disc flowers with bracts)