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Key G2: woody plants with alternate, simple, palmately lobed leaves

Plantae

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1 Liana.
  2 Liana climbing by adventitious root
  2 Liana climbing by twining or by tendril.
    3 Liana climbing by twining
    3 Liana climbing by tendril.
      4 Tendril branched, leaf-opposed; leaves mostly 5-7-lobed, the margin also serrate or dentate
      4 Tendril simple (though paired in Smilax in SMILACACEAE), axillary; leaves 3-lobed, the margin entire, serrulate, or prickly.
        5 Leaves longer than wide, entire or prickly-margined; stems usually obviously armed with prickle; flowers 6-merous, greenish, in umbel borne in leaf axil; tendril stipular, 2 per leaf axil, adnate to the petiole basally
        5 Leaves wider than long, entire or serrulate; stems not armed; flowers 5-merous, blue-purple or yellow, solitary or in small fascicle in leaf axil; tendril 1 per leaf axil
1 Trees or shrubs.
          6 Trees.
             7 Leaves > 3 dm long and wide; tree monopodial, with a single, unbranched stem (rarely with a few branches).
               8 Leaf lobe > 15, not sublobed; venation of each lobe parallel; fruit a drupe, with 1 seed; [Monocot]
               8 Leaf lobe < 13, most of these sublobed; venation of each lobe pinnate; fruit either a many-seeded berry or a single-seeded nutlet; [Eudicot].
                 9 Petiole attachment marginal; leaf lobe mostly sublobed; fruit a large berry, with many seeds
                 9 Petiole attachment peltate; leaf lobe not sublobed; fruit an nutlet, single-seeded
             7 Leaves < 3 dm long and wide; tree branching; [Eudicot].
                   10 Leaves 2-lobed (deeply notched at the apex), each lobe separated by the midvein, asymmetrical; [peninsular FL and s. TX]
                   10 Leaves 3-5 (-7) lobed; [collectively widespread].
                     11 Leaf blade (3-) 5 (-7) lobed, to 15 cm wide and long, each lobe finely serrate-crenate (>3 teeth per cm of margin) and rarely with a small sub-lobe; multiple fruit spherical and spiky, consisting of multiple bird-beak-like loculicidal capsule; buds axillary
                     11 Leaves 3 (-5)-lobed, to 35 cm wide and long, each lobe coarsely toothed or sublobed, the teeth or sublobes (at most 1-2 per cm of margin) attenuate-acuminate; multiple fruit spherical and merely rough on the surface, consisting of multiple achene with tawny bristle; buds infrapetiolar (completely hidden in the swollen petiole base)
          6 Shrubs.
                       12 Leaf lobe margin entire (or undulate to sublobed at the tip).
                          13 Leaves bilobed; fruit a legume
                          13 Leaves palmate, usually with at least 3-7 lobe; fruit a capsule
                       12 Leaf lobe margin serrate.
                            14 Leaves glabrous
                            14 Leaves pubescent (slightly or strongly).
                              15 Pubescence of simple hair; plants armed or not with nodal spine
                                16 Leaves 10-30 cm long and wide; fruit a berry; inflorescence of solitary to a few flowers, or a raceme
                                16 Leaves 2-10 cm long and wide; fruit an aggregate of drupelet; inflorescence a cyme
                              15 Pubescence of stellate hair; plants unarmed.
                                  17 Leaves > 30 cm wide

Key G5: shrubs and subshrubs with alternate, simple, unlobed, toothed leaves

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1 Subshrub or dwarf shrubs, aboveground stems creeping or erect, < 15 cm tall; leaves evergreen.
  2 Leaves 1.5-3 cm wide, coarsely toothed; flowers lacking sepal and petal; [exotic species, sparingly naturalized or spreading in suburban situations]
  2 Leaves < 1.5 cm wide, finely toothed or entire; flowers with sepal and petal; [native species, collectively widespread and common].
    3 Leaves fleshy, terete in ×-section; petal 5, bright pink
    3 Leaves flat, not fleshy; petal white or pale pink.
      4 Leaves < 2.5 mm wide; corolla with petal distinct; plant creeping
      4 Leaves > 5 mm wide; corolla with petal fused (distinct in Chimaphila); plant creeping or erect
1 Shrubs, aboveground stems erect, > 30 cm tall; leaves evergreen or deciduous.
        5 Inflorescence an involucrate (composite) head subtended by phyllaries, the heads solitary or many and variously arrayed in secondary inflorescence, the ovary inferior, the corolla connate and tubular at least basally, the calyx absent, the stamen 5, the fruit a cypsela
        5 Inflorescence, flower, and fruit structure various, but not with the combination of features as above.
          6 Leaves evergreen.
             7 Leaves glandular-punctate on one or both surfaces with golden-yellow gland; flowers unisexual, lacking a perianth (arranged in axillary catkin); fruit a pale gray, waxy drupe with a single seed
             7 Leaves not glandular punctate; flowers bisexual or unisexual, with a white, pink, or yellow perianth; fruit various: a red, blue, or black drupe, a berry with several seeds, or a capsule.
               8 Petal connate, flowers urceolate (ERICACEAE) or rotate, white to pale pink; flowers bisexual; fruit a drupe (Ehretia in EHRETIACEAE), OR a capsule or berry (ERICACEAE)
                 9 Flowers rotate, fragrant, the petal white, arranged primarily in terminal cyme; fruit an orange or yellow drupe, each bearing 2 hemispheric nutlet (these each also composed of 2 seeds, thus the fruit bearing 4 seeds)
                 9 Flowers urceolate, fragrant or not, the petal white to pale pink, variously arranged in terminal or axillary inflorescence (occasionally solitary in axil); fruit either a capsule or a red, blue, or black berry
               8 Petal distinct, yellow or white; flowers unisexual or bisexual; fruit either a black or red drupe with several pyrene, a red berry with several seeds, or red or black pome.
                   10 Plants with nodal, simple or tripartite thorn; flowers bisexual, with a yellow perianth; fruit a red berry with several seeds
                   10 Plants lacking thorn; flowers unisexual or bisexual, with a white perianth (yellow or red in Ochna); fruit either a black or red drupe with several pyrene or a red or black pome.
                     11 Petal yellow, clawed; sepal red and forming a persistent red receptacle (torus) bearing numerous blackened drupe.
                     11 Petal white, not clawed; sepal not bright red nor persistent, the fruit a drupe or pome.
                       12 Flowers unisexual; fruit a black or red drupe with several pyrene
                       12 Flowers bisexual; fruit a red or black pome
          6 Leaves deciduous.
                          13 Plants with nodal, simple or tripartite thorn; leaf teeth spinulose
                          13 Plants lacking thorn; leaf teeth acute, blunt, rounded, or callus-tipped, but not spinulose.
                            14 Leaf blade base conspicuously oblique-cordate or angled-truncate.
                              15 Leaves crenate-wavy, with 1-2 teeth per cm of leaf margin; pubescence of leaves and stems stellate
                              15 Leaves crenate or serrate, but usually not wavy, pubescence of leaves and stems simple
                            14 Leaves crenulate, serrate or serrulate, with >2 teeth per cm of leaf margin; leaves cuneate, rounded, or subcordate at base, not oblique; pubescence of leaves and stems absent or simple.
                                16 Leaves prominently 3-veined from the base.
                                  17 Ovary 5-locular; stamen many or 5, fused or separate; fruit a 5-valved capsule or of 5 mericarp; flowers yellow or pink, or white with a pink blaze
                                  17 Ovary 3-locular; stamen 5, separate; fruit a 3-valved capsule or drupe; flowers white or pale green
                                16 Leaves pinnately veined.
                                    18 Flowers in catkin; perianth absent or very small; fruit a 1-seeded nut, samara, or waxy drupe (capsule in Salix in SALICACEAE).
                                       19 Leaves > 4 cm wide, lacking punctate gland; fruit a 1-seeded nut or samara
                                       19 Leaves < 3 cm wide, either punctate-glandular on one or both surfaces or lacking punctate gland; fruit a 1-seeded waxy drupe or a capsule.
                                         20 Leaves punctate-glandular on one or both surfaces; fruit a 1-seeded waxy drupe.
                                         20 Leaves lacking punctate gland; fruit a capsule.
                                    18 Flowers arrayed variously, but not in catkin; perianth present, conspicuous; fruit a 1-many-seeded capsule, pome, berry, or follicle.
                                           21 Ovary inferior; fruit fleshy and indehiscent, a berry or pome.
                                             22 Fruit a berry; leaves lacking stipule
                                             22 Fruit a pome; leaves usually prominently stipular
                                           21 Ovary superior; fruit either dry and dehiscent, a capsule or an aggregate of follicle or achene, or fleshy and indehiscent, a drupe with 4-8 pyrene.
                                               23 Flower apocarpous; fruit an aggregate of follicle or achene
                                               23 Flower syncarpous; fruit either a capsule or a fleshy drupe.
                                                 24 Ovary 1-carpellate; fruit a 1-seeded drupe
                                                 24 Ovary 2-8-carpellate; fruit either a capsule or a drupe with 4-8 pyrene
                                                    25 Ovary 2-8-locular; fruit fleshy and indehiscent, a drupe with 2-8 pyrene; flowers mostly functionally unisexual (or sometimes bisexual in RHAMNACEAE).
                                                      26 Petal connate at the base; stamen alternate to the petal and opposite to the sepal; fruit 4-8-locular, with 4-8 pyrene
                                                      26 Petal separate (or absent in Rhamnus alnifolia); stamen opposite to the petal (when present) and alternate to the sepal; fruit 2-4-locular, with 2-4 pyrene
                                                    25 Ovary 2-3- or 5-locular; fruit dry and dehiscent, a capsule; flowers bisexual (except Stillingia in EUPHORBIACEAE).
                                                        27 Ovary and capsule 5-locular; stamen 10-many.
                                                          28 Stamen 10; corolla urceolate, sympetalous
                                                          28 Stamen many; corolla spreading, apopetalous
                                                        27 Ovary and capsule 2-3-locular; stamen 2, 5, or 10.
                                                            29 Leaves > 5× as long as wide; stamen 2; ovary and capsule 3-locular; [plants of the Coastal Plain of SC, GA, AL, and FL]
                                                            29 Leaves < 3× as long as wide; stamen 5 or 10; ovary and capsule 2-3-locular; [plants collectively widespread].
                                                              30 Stamen 5; ovary and capsule 2-locular; leaves elliptic (widest near the middle), the teeth fine (usually > 5 points per cm of margin), and along much of the margin; inflorescence a terminal raceme; hair of the lower leaf surface simple, erect
                                                              30 Stamen 10; ovary and capsule 3-locular; leaves obovate (widest towards the apex), the teeth obscure to coarse (usually < 4 points per cm of margin), and primarily in the upper half of the leaf; inflorescence a terminal or axillary raceme or cyme; hair of the lower leaf surface either simple and appressed, or stellate.
                                                                 31 Leaf margin regularly and evenly serrate in the upper half of the leaf (usually nearly entire towards the base); inflorescence an elongate, many flowered (>30) raceme borne at the end of branchlet of the season; corolla of separate petal, the stamen separate; hair of the lower leaf surface simple and appressed
                                                                 31 Leaf margin wavy or irregularly dentate, mainly in the upper half of the leaf; inflorescence a few flowered (<20) axillary raceme, cyme, or cluster; corolla fused basally into a tube, the stamen adnate to the tube; hair of the lower leaf surface stellate

Key N2: herbaceous dicots with mainly basal, simple leaves

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1 Inflorescence an involucrate head subtended by phyllaries, the heads solitary or many and variously arrayed in secondary inflorescence, the ovary inferior, the corolla connate and tubular at least basally, the calyx absent, the stamen 5, the fruit a cypsela
1 Inflorescence, flower, and fruit structure various, but not with the combination of features as above (sometimes the flowers in a head subtended by bract, e.g. Eryngium in APIACEAE, but then with other features differing, such as stamen 4, or green calyx present, or petal separate, or fruit a schizocarp of mericarp, etc.).
  2 Basal leaves 2-lobed, pinnately lobed, or palmately lobed (not considering cordate, hastate, or auriculate leaf base as “lobed”).
    3 Basal leaves 2-lobed, hinged between the lobe, each lobe with stiff, marginal, eyelash-like bristle; [Coastal Plain of NC and SC, rarely planted and weakly naturalized elsewhere]
    3 Basal leaves 3-many-lobed, palmately or pinnately; [collectively widespread].
      4 Leaf lobing pinnate.
        5 Gynoecium of separate pistil (each with a single carpel); fruit an aggregate
        5 Gynoecium of a single pistil (with 2, rarely more, carpel); fruit simple.
          6 Stamen many; sepal 2, petal 4; fresh plants with yellow, orange, or white milky juice
          6 Stamen 4, 5, or 6; sepal 4 or 5; petal 4 or 5.
             7 Petal 4, distinct; stamen 6
             7 Petal 5, fused; stamen 2, 4, or 5.
               8 Corolla radially symmetrical; stamen 5
               8 Corolla 2-lipped, bilaterally symmetrical or asymmetrical; stamen 2 or 4.
                 9 Corolla lobe not twisted, the flower bilaterally symmetrical; stamen 2
                 9 Corolla lobe twisted so as to make the flower asymmetrical; stamen 4
      4 Leaf lobing palmate.
                   10 Petiole attachment peltate.
                     11 Leaves < 10 cm in diameter
                     11 Leaves > 15 cm in diameter
                   10 Petiole attachment marginal.
                       12 Ovary inferior.
                          13 Petal 4; stamen 8; fruit a capsule
                          13 Petal 5; stamen 5; fruit a schizocarp of 2 mericarp.
                            14 Fruit tuberculate; leaves 3-lobed
                            14 Fruit smooth; leaves with 5 or more lobe
                       12 Ovary superior, or half-inferior by fusion of a hypanthium a part of the way up the ovary wall.
                              15 Gynoecium of separate pistil (each with a single carpel); fruit an aggregate.
                                16 Perianth of 5 green sepal and 5 colored petal.
                                  17 Carpel separate, spiral, many
                                16 Perianth of a single whorl of 3-12 petaloid sepal (the petal absent or small and rudimentary).
                                    18 Leaves 2, the single flower terminal and associated with the upper leaf; fruit an aggregate of berries
                                    18 Leaves normally > 2, flowers not as above; fruit an aggregate of achene, utricle, or follicle
                              15 Gynoecium of a single pistil (with 1-5 carpel); fruit simple.
                                       19 Hypanthium present, partially fused or not fused to the pistil; ovary partially inferior to superior
                                       19 Hypanthium absent; ovary superior.
                                         20 Petal connate at base; leaves sharply toothed
                                         20 Petal distinct; leaves with rounded lobe or teeth.
                                           21 Corolla radially symmetrical; petal 8-12; capsule fusiform, narrowed to both ends, > 5× as long as wide
                                           21 Corolla bilaterally symmetrical; petal 5; capsule ovoid, < 2× as long as wide
  2 Basal leaves not lobed, at most serrate or crenate (and sometimes also cordate, hastate, auriculate, or peltate at the base).
                                             22 Basal leaves petiolate, the blade with a cordate, hastate, auriculate, or peltate base.
                                               23 Leaf margin entire.
                                                 24 Inflorescence a terminal and/or axillary raceme, panicle, or cyme of many small flowers; fruit an achene; perianth uniseriate, of 0, 4-5, or 6 tepal.
                                                    25 Flowers unisexual; staminate flowers 4-5 tepal, pistillate flowers lacking a perianth
                                                    25 Flowers bisexual; flowers with 6 tepal
                                                 24 Inflorescence either a terminal spike, or a 1-7-flowered terminal cyme, or of a solitary axillary or terminal flower; fruit various; perianth biseriate (of differentiated sepal and petal (except uniseriate, of 3 fused sepal in ARISTOLOCHIACEAE).
                                                      26 Flowers bilaterally symmetrical; inflorescence a terminal spike (with > 20 flowers); petal 4, usually scarious, transparent; sepal 4, green; stamen 4
                                                      26 Flowers radially symmetrical; inflorescence either of a solitary flower or of a 1-7-flowered terminal cyme; petal 5, 8-12, or 0; sepal 5 (green), 3 (brown), or 5-9 (yellow); stamen 5, 12, or many.
                                                        27 Gynoecium of separate pistil (each with a single carpel); fruit an aggregate of achene or follicle; flowers bright yellow, either of 5-9 distinct petaloid sepal, or of 8-12 distinct petal subtended by 3-4 green distinct sepal
                                                        27 Gynoecium either of a single pistil with 6 carpel or of a single pistil with 4 carpel or of 2 nearly separate carpel; fruit a simple capsule (or deeply 2-lobed); flowers white, brown, or greenish, either of 5 fused or distinct white petal and 5 fused or distinct green sepal, or of 3 fused brown or greenish petaloid sepal.
                                                          28 Flowers brown or green, of 3 fused brown or greenish petaloid sepal (and 0 petal); carpel 6; stamen 12; leaves 4-10 cm wide
                                                          28 Flowers white, of 5 white or whitish petal and 5 green sepal; carpel 2; stamen 5; leaves 1-12 (-15) cm wide
                                                            29 Petal separate; sepal separate; plant glabrous
                                                            29 Petal fused (at least basally in Dichondra); sepal fused; carpel 2; plant pubescent.
                                                              30 Fruit a deeply 2-lobed capsule; sepal longer or ca. as long as petal; petal not undulate, fused at their base or distal ½, the anther maroon or brown-colored; [common, widespread in our area]
                                                              30 Fruit a fleshy berry; sepal shorter than the petal; petal undulate, fused, the anther yellow; [rare exotic]
                                               23 Leaf margin crenate, serrate, or incised.
                                                                 31 Gynoecium of separate pistil (each with a single carpel); fruit an aggregate; perianth of 5 green sepal and 5 colored petal (or of 2 or 4 (-5) white-colored tepal in Begonia).
                                                                   32 Flowers typically with 2 or 4 (-5) white-colored tepal; leaf base conspicuously oblique (sometimes variegated); fruit unequally or subequally 3-winged capsule; [ornamental waif or uncommon non-natives]
                                                                   32 Flowers with 5 green sepal and 5 colored petal (not merged into tepal); leaf base oblique or not; fruit various but not 3-winged capsule; [natives and non-natives].
                                                                     33 Carpel 10-20, partly fused, arrayed in a ring; petal white, pink, red, or purplish
                                                                     33 Carpel many, separate, spiral; petal yellow or white.
                                                                       34 Flowers lacking a hypanthium; fruit an aggregate of achene or aggregate of follicle
                                                                       34 Flowers with a hypanthium; fruit an aggregate of drupelet or aggregate of achene
                                                                 31 Gynoecium of a single pistil (with 1-5 carpel); fruit simple.
                                                                         35 Flowers bilaterally symmetrical; inflorescence of a solitary flower; fruit a 3-locular capsule
                                                                         35 Flowers radially symmetrical; inflorescence an umbel (or composite of umbelliform units, or a terminal panicle.
                                                                           36 Ovary superior; inflorescence a terminal panicle or terminal raceme.
                                                                              37 Inflorescence a terminal raceme; perianth of 4 green sepal and 4 white petal; fruit a silique/silicle; fresh foliage in spring and summer with a strong garlic odor; larger leaves < 10 cm in diameter
                                                                              37 Inflorescence a terminal panicle; perianth of 6 cream-colored petaloid sepal; fruit a winged achene; fresh foliage lacking a garlic odor; larger leaves typically > 30 cm in diameter
                                                                           36 Ovary inferior; inflorescence an umbel (or a composite of umbellate units); fruit a schizocarp of mericarp.
                                                                                38 Petiole attachment peltate
                                                                                38 Petiole attachment marginal (the blade cleft to the petiole.
                                                                                  39 Leaf blade longer than wide, sharply V-cleft at the base and otherwise shallowly denticulate
                                                                                  39 Leaf blade as broad or broader than long, cleft at the base and also irregularly serrate or crenate around the margin
                                             22 Basal leaves petiolate or not, with a truncate, rounded, or cuneate leaf base.
                                                                                    40 Leaves tubular, with a sutured ventral flange, erect or reclining, adapted as a pitfall for insects (flat, phyllodial leaves sometimes present as well, common in the winter in some species, such as S. oreophila)
                                                                                    40 Leaves flat, not sutured into a tubular shape.
                                                                                      41 Stem leaves opposite; perianth 5-merous, at least the corolla bilaterally symmetrical (barely so in VALERIANACEAE), or the parts curved so as to be asymmetrical (Pedicularis in OROBANCHACEAE); stamen 2, 3, or 4.
                                                                                        42 Ovary inferior; stamen 3
                                                                                        42 Ovary superior; stamen 2 or 4.
                                                                                           43 Corolla narrowly tubular, the five lobe flaring at nearly 90 degrees and nearly radially symmetrical
                                                                                           43 Corolla distinctly 2-lipped (with prominently large upper and lower corolla lobe) or hooded (the upper lip hood-like), distinctly bilaterally symmetrical, or the lobe twisted so as to make the corolla asymmetrical.
                                                                                             44 Corolla yellow, the upper lip often slightly to strongly maroon, hooded but the corolla lobe twisted so as to make the flower asymmetrical
                                                                                             44 Corolla white, lavender, or blue, 2-lipped and bilaterally symmetrical.
                                                                                               45 Sepal separate to the base or nearly so, not forming a tube
                                                                                               45 Sepal connate for at least 0.3× their length to form a tube
                                                                                      41 Stem leaves alternate; perianth radially symmetrical (less commonly bilaterally symmetrical); stamen 5, 6-8, 9, 10 (rarely 4).
                                                                                                 46 Ovary inferior (or half-inferior in Samolus).
                                                                                                   47 Perianth 4-merous; stamen 8
                                                                                                   47 Perianth 5-merous; stamen 5.
                                                                                                     48 Inflorescence an umbel; fruit a schizocarp of 2 mericarp
                                                                                                     48 Inflorescence an axillary or terminal raceme; fruit a capsule
                                                                                                 46 Ovary superior.
                                                                                                        49 Pistil many, each with a single carpel; fruit an aggregate of achene
                                                                                                        49 Pistil 1, with 1-5 carpel; fruit simple (a legume, silique/silicle, capsule, utricle, or schizocarp of 4 nutlet).
                                                                                                          50 Corolla bilaterally symmetrical (barely so in Limosella in SCROPHULARIACEAE); stamen 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10.
                                                                                                            51 Stamen 6-8 or 10.
                                                                                                              52 Petal separate; stamen 10
                                                                                                              52 Petal fused; stamen 10 or 6-8.
                                                                                                                53 Stamen 10, monadelphous
                                                                                                                53 Stamen 6-8, epipetalous
                                                                                                            51 Stamen 2 or 4.
                                                                                                                  54 Stamen 2
                                                                                                                  54 Stamen 4.
                                                                                                                     55 [plants of coastal wetlands]
                                                                                                                     55 [plants of uplands or inland seep or fen]
                                                                                                                       56 Flowers (and subtending bract) red or yellow
                                                                                                                       56 Flowers purple, blue, or lavender
                                                                                                          50 Corolla radially symmetrical; stamen 5, 10, 4-6, or 9.
                                                                                                                         57 Perianth of 6 tepal; stamen 4-6 or 9; carpel 3
                                                                                                                         57 Perianth of green sepal and more brightly colored petal; stamen 5 or 10; carpel 2, 3, 4, or 5.
                                                                                                                           58 Leaves covered with sticky, gland-tipped hair (often red), as flypaper traps for insects
                                                                                                                           58 Leaves lacking sticky gland-tipped hair.
                                                                                                                             59 Fruit a schizocarp of 4 nutlet (ovary obviously 4-lobed in flower)
                                                                                                                             59 Fruit a capsule or silique/silicle (or utricle in Limonium in PLUMBAGINACEAE).
                                                                                                                               60 Inflorescence of a solitary, terminal flower; carpel 2-3 (-4).
                                                                                                                                  61 Corolla with a long tube and flaring corolla lobe (united > ½ its length)
                                                                                                                                  61 Corolla of separate petal or united only for a short length (< ¼ its length).
                                                                                                                                    62 Leaves serrate
                                                                                                                                    62 Leaves entire
                                                                                                                               60 Inflorescence of several to many flowers; carpel 5 (3 in Galax in DIAPENSIACEAE).
                                                                                                                                      63 Inflorescence an umbel; petal recurved, pink to almost white
                                                                                                                                      63 Inflorescence a raceme or panicle.
                                                                                                                                        64 Fruit a silique/silicle; petal 4; stamen 6
                                                                                                                                        64 Fruit either a capsule or a utricle; petal 5; stamen 5 or 10.
                                                                                                                                          65 Inflorescence a somewhat to very diffuse panicle, with 3 or more orders of branching, not giving at all the impression that the overall inflorescence is made of racemose units.
                                                                                                                                            66 Leaves entire; stamen 5; [plants of tidal marsh]
                                                                                                                                            66 Leaves serrate or crenate; stamen 10; [plants of various habitats, especially rock outcrops and bottomland forests and streambanks, never in tidal marsh]
                                                                                                                                          65 Inflorescence either a single terminal raceme (sometimes spike-like), or of 1 to several terminal and axillary raceme (these sometimes combined into a diffuse panicle, but one whose structure is clearly made up of many raceme).
                                                                                                                                               67 Inflorescence of 1-several terminal and axillary raceme, the plant typically well-branched, especially from the base; stamen 5
                                                                                                                                               67 Inflorescence of a single, terminal raceme, the plant unbranched; stamen 10 (or 5, with 5 staminode)
                                                                                                                                                 68 Inflorescence spike-like, the flowers many (> 40), barely pedicelled; capsule 3-locular
                                                                                                                                                 68 Inflorescence a raceme, the flowers fewer (< 20) and distinctly pedicelled; capsule 5-locular

Key P1: herbaceous dicots with alternate, simple, and unlobed leaves on the stem

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1 Inflorescence an involucrate head subtended by phyllaries, the heads solitary or many and variously arrayed in secondary inflorescence, the ovary inferior, the corolla connate and tubular at least basally, the calyx absent, the stamen 5, the fruit a cypsela
1 Inflorescence, flower, and fruit structure various, but not with the combination of features as above (sometimes the flowers in a head, e.g. Eryngium in APIACEAE, but then with other features differing, such as stamen 4, or green calyx present, or fruit a schizocarp of mericarp, etc.).
  2 Perianth uniseriate (represented only by undifferentiated tepal or sepal; look at the front and back of the flowers for two layers) or completely absent; flowers usually unisexual, less commonly bisexual).
    3 Inflorescence a cyathium, consisting of a single pistillate flower (reduced to a single 3-carpellate pistil) and 2 or more staminate flowers (each reduced to 1 stamen), borne in a cup-like involucre, the involucre bearing pointed or rounded gland, these sometimes brightly colored and petaloid, mimicking an individual flower (the cyathia then secondarily arranged in terminal cyme, or solitary and axillary, etc.); fresh plants with milky juice; fruit a 3-lobed, 3-locular capsule
    3 Inflorescence not a cyathium (and staminate or bisexual flowers with > 1 stamen; fresh plants lacking milky juice (except Stillingia in EUPHORBIACEAE); fruit various, not as above.
      4 Leaf margin toothed in some manner (serrate, dentate, crenate, etc.)
        5 Leaf teeth rounded to subacute, resembling shallow lobe, irregular, few (mostly < 6 per leaf side).
          6 Fruit a single-seeded achene or utricle; [plants of various disturbed or saline, usually sunny habitats]
          6 Fruit a 3-lobed, circumscissilely dehiscent capsule; [plants native of rich moist shaded forests or exotic in suburban woodlands]
        5 Leaf teeth sharp to crenate, not lobe-like, regular, many (mostly > 10 per leaf side).
             7 Leaf base cuneate (or strongly oblique in Begonia, with one leaf base usually being cuneate, the other variously rounded or cordate).
               8 Flowers typically with 2 or 4 (-5) showy, white-colored tepal; leaves sometimes variegated; fruit unequally or subequally 3-winged capsule; [ornamental waif or uncommon non-natives]
               8 Flowers cyathia, not merely bearing showy tepal; leaf not variegated but sometimes bearing darkened red or black splotches; fruit capsule, but these not conspicuously winged; [natives and non-natives, usually not ornamental]
             7 Leaf base cordate to rounded.
                 9 Style 3; fruit a 3-lobed, 3-carpellate capsule (1 carpel sometimes aborting); inflorescence either a terminal or leaf opposed raceme, or a dense axillary condensed cyme with conspicuous toothed bract subtending the flowers
                 9 Style 1 or 2; fruit either an achene or a multiple of achene; inflorescence either an axillary dense cyme (almost a head), or an axillary spike with glomerule, or a terminal or axillary panicle.
                   10 Style 2; inflorescence a dense axillary cyme (almost a head); fruit a multiple of achene; plant lacking stinging hair; [exotic plant of weedy situations]
                   10 Style 1; inflorescence an axillary spike with glomerule, or a terminal or axillary panicle; plant either with stinging hair or not; [plant a rare exotic (Boehmeria nivea) or a native of moist forests (Boehmeria cylindrica, Laportea)]
      4 Leaf margin entire.
                     11 Ovary inferior (flowers epigynous, the ovary sitting below the perianth and androecium) or half-inferior (perigynous, the ovary sitting level with the remaining floral parts).
                       12 Leaf base cordate; calyx 3-lobed, fused into a bilaterally symmetrical, curved brown or yellowish tube; fruit a capsule
                       12 Leaf base cuneate, rounded, or truncate; calyx of 3-4-5 distinct sepal, radially symmetrical, white or yellow; fruit a dry, nutlike drupe or an achene.
                          13 Leaves subsessile or very short petiolate, elliptic or narrowly elliptic, broadest near the middle; [native]
                          13 Leaves distinctly petiolate, rhombic, widest near the base; [rarely naturalized exotic].
                            14 Inflorescence of a single axillary flower
                            14 Inflorescence terminal, spikelike
                     11 Ovary superior (flowers hypogynous, the ovary sitting above the perianth and androecium).
                              15 Inflorescence a leaf-opposed spike or raceme, the inflorescence arising opposite of stem leaves (except Saururus, whose spikelike raceme are leaf-opposed and/or terminal); flowers visually white from white petaloid sepal, white bract, or white stamen.
                                16 Sepal present, 4 or 5; petaloid, white; carpel 1 to many (-12); stamen 4 to many (-25); fruit a berry or an apically 2-lobed achene (as in Petiveria); leaf base cuneate or rounded (but not cordate); [Eudicot].
                                  17 Sepal 4; carpel 1; fruit subglobose berries or apically lobed achene
                                  17 Sepal 5; carpel 5-12, distinct; fruit an oblate berry
                                16 Sepal absent; carpel 3-4; stamen 2-6 (-8); fruit a capsule, a 1-seeded drupe, or a schizocarp of 3-4 mericarp; leaf base cordate or subcordate; [Basal Angiosperm].
                                    18 Fruit a 1-seeded drupe; stamen 2; plants terrestrial or epiphytic
                                    18 Fruit a capsule or schizocarp with 3-4 mericarp; stamen 3 or 6-8; plants terrestrial
                              15 Inflorescence not leaf opposed, instead arising with stem leaves (axillary) or terminal, the inflorescence not spike nor raceme, instead either simpler (single axillary or glomerule of flowers) or more complexly branched (terminal or axilary panicle or terminal complex cyme); flowers white, reddish, scarious, or greenish.
                                       19 Stipule tubular, sheathing (= ocreae); flowers subtended by tubular, sheathing bracteole (= ocreolae); node usually prominently swollen; perianth usually of 5-6 white to pink tepal
                                       19 Stipule not tubular or sheathing; flowers not subtended by ocreolae; node not swollen; perianth absent or of 3-5 sepal.
                                         20 Inflorescence a terminal involucrate cluster; flowers bisexual; stamen 9
                                         20 Inflorescence axillary, or a terminal panicle or raceme that is not involucrate; stamen 3-6.
                                           21 Ovary 3-locular; style 3, each bifid; fruit a capsule, with 6 seeds
                                           21 Ovary 1-locular; style 1-3, not bifid; fruit a utricle or achene (1-seeded).
                                             22 Sepal petaloid, pink and relatively conspicuous (although the sepal ca. 1-3 mm in length); plants prostrate to somewhat ascending annuals; leaves opposite or nearly whorled; achene muricate
                                             22 Sepal not petaloid, inconspicuous, green or greyish in color; plants prostrate or erect, annual or perennial; leaves alternate OR either alternate or opposite (Amaranthaceae); achene variously textured (smooth or textured, sometimes reticulate or verrucose, but rarely muricate).
                                               23 Style 1, stigma 1; flowers unisexual
                                               23 Style 1-3, if style 1, then stigma 3; flowers bisexual or unisexual.
                                                 24 Tepal acute, scarious
                                                 24 Tepal usually blunt, herbaceous
  2 Perianth biseriate (represented by differentiated whorl of sepal and petal, the sepal usually green or drab in color, the petal often brightly colored); flowers nearly always bisexual (there are exceptions).
                                                    25 Ovary inferior (epigynous) or half-inferior (perigynous).
                                                      26 Petal connate (at least basally, often the lower half of corolla).
                                                        27 Inflorescence a leaf-opposed, dense, cylindrical spike
                                                        27 Inflorescence not a dense, leaf-opposed spike, instead a terminal head or variously axillary or terminal (the flowers solitary or not, but not in a dense spike).
                                                          28 Flowers yellow; stamen numerous (15+), monomorphic or heteromorphic (inner and outer of differing length), conspicuously exerted from the flowers, often surpassing the ovary; leaves basally lobed or unlobed (often a mix in M. floridana and M. oligosperma)
                                                          28 Flowers blue or white; stamen fewer (usually < 10), monomorphic, if exerted, the ovary usually still apparent; leaves unlobed.
                                                            29 Leaves toothed; flowers blue to white
                                                            29 Leaves entire; flowers white
                                                      26 Petal distinct.
                                                              30 Petal 5; stamen 5; inflorescence a head; fruit a schizocarp of 2 mericarp
                                                              30 Petal 4 7; stamen 6 or more; inflorescence various, not a head; fruit a capsule.
                                                                 31 Petal 4-7; stamen 1× or 2× as many as the petal, 4-7, 8, 10, 12, or14; leaves herbaceous in texture
                                                                 31 Petal 5 (or sometimes doubled in horticultural forms); stamen 6-40 (or more); leaves fleshy in texture
                                                    25 Ovary superior (hypogynous).
                                                                   32 Corolla bilaterally symmetrical (zygomorphic), petal connate, at least basally (except distinct in VIOLACEAE); fruit a capsule or legume (the capsule conspicuously spiny in Krameria).
                                                                     33 Petal distinct, 5; carpel 3; fruit a 3-loculed capsule
                                                                     33 Petal connate (at least basally), 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8; carpel 1, 2, 4, 5, or 6 (rarely 3 in Reseda in RESEDACEAE); fruit a legume or 1-, 2-, or 5-loculed capsule (except a 1-seeded indehiscent pod in Krameria in KRAMERIACEAE).
                                                                       34 Stamen 6-10 (-25), more than the number (4 or 5) of petal and the number (4 or 5) of the sepal; fruit a legume or a 1-6-carpellate capsule.
                                                                         35 Stamen fused, monadelphous or diadelphous.
                                                                           36 Stamen 10, monadelphous or diadelphous; fruit a legume
                                                                           36 Stamen 6-8, monadelphous; fruit a capsule
                                                                         35 Stamen distinct.
                                                                              37 Carpel 1; fruit a legume
                                                                              37 Carpel 3-6; fruit a capsule
                                                                       34 Stamen 4-5, less than or the same as the number (5) of the petal; fruit a 2-5-carpellate capsule.
                                                                                38 Pistil 5-carpellate; capsule 5-locular, explosively dehiscent; inflorescence of axillary, small clusters of flowers
                                                                                38 Pistil 2-carpellate; capsule 2 locular, opening gradually or not at all; inflorescence a terminal spike, raceme or panicle (or solitary, axillary flowers in Chaenorrhinum in PLANTAGINACEAE and Krameria in KRAMERIACEAE).
                                                                                  39 Fruit 1-seeded, indehiscent; sepal petaloid, red-purple; petal dimorphic, the upper 3 long-clawed, the lower 2 small, thickened, and glandlike; fruit a spiny pod
                                                                                  39 Fruit > 2-seeded, dehiscent; sepal sepaloid, green; petal not dimorphic.
                                                                                    40 Stamen 5; corolla not spurred; capsule septicidal; pubescence of the stem and leaves either gland-tipped or dendritically branched
                                                                                    40 Stamen 4; corolla with a distinct spur or sac at the base between the the 2 lower calyx lobe (except not spurred in Digitalis and Schwalbea); capsule loculicidal (only at the summit in Antirrhinum and Chaenorrhinum, and septicidal in Schwalbea); pubescence of the stem and leaves neither gland-tipped (except in Antirrhinum and Chaenorrhinum) nor dendritically branched.
                                                                                      41 Capsule septicidal; corolla not spurred
                                                                                      41 Capsule loculicidal; corolla spurred (except Digitalis)
                                                                   32 Corolla radially symmetrical (actinomorphic), petal connate or distinct; fruit various (including capsule).
                                                                                        42 Plants herbaceous vine, fleshy and mucilaginous, the leaves variously orbicular, ovate, cordate or sometimes elliptic; fruit utricle (small sac surrounding an achene), partly to completely enclosed in the persistent, dry to somewhat fleshy perianth; sepal 2
                                                                                        42 Plants not herbaceous vine, the leaves variously shaped; fruit various, but never utricle; sepal 4 or more.
                                                                                           43 Petal distinct (flowers apopetalous); stamen 5-many (4 or 5 in Capraria).
                                                                                             44 Pistil 4-10 (each 1-carpellate) in a ring, these sometimes fused basally, each with its own style/stigma; fruit either an aggregate of achene or follicle or a 5 (-7) locular capsule.
                                                                                               45 Pistil 5 (-7); inflorescence a compound terminal cyme.
                                                                                                 46 Fruit an aggregate of follicle; leaves fleshy in texture; inflorescence; leaves entire of sparsely and coarsely serrate, with < 12 points per leaf; [plants primarily of dry habitats]
                                                                                                 46 Fruit a 5 (-7) locular capsule; leaves membranaceous in texture; leaves serrate, with > 20 points per leaf; [plants of wet habitats]
                                                                                               45 Pistil many; inflorescence of solitary flowers, or diffuse.
                                                                                                   47 Leaves cuneate at the base; flowers in a diffuse inflorescence
                                                                                                   47 Leaves cordate at the base; flowers solitary, on long pedicel
                                                                                             44 Pistil 1, with 1-to many carpel (in many MALVACEAE, the carpel loosely united in a ring [of more than 5] around the single style/stigma); fruit either a 1-, 2-, 3-, 5-, 6-, or 10-locular capsule, or a silique/silicle, or a ring of mericarp.
                                                                                                     48 Petal 4; sepal 4; stamen 6; fruit a silique/silicle
                                                                                                     48 Petal 5 (rarely 4 or 6); sepal 5 (rarely 4 or 6); stamen 4, 5 (or multiples of 5), 6, or 12; fruit a capsule or a ring of mericarp.
                                                                                                        49 Stamen (4-) 5-many, distinct (not forming a staminal tube); carpel 2-5; fruit a capsule; leaves entire (serrate in Croton in EUPHORBIACEAE, distally serrate in Capraria in SCROPHULARIACEAE).
                                                                                                          50 Flowers unisexual; leaf vestiture of peltate scale and/or stellate hair
                                                                                                          50 Flowers bisexual; leaf vestiture (if present) simple or stellate.
                                                                                                            51 Flowers 6-merous (the petal and sepal 6, the stamen 6 or 12); corolla pink or purplish (rarely white); fruit a septicidal capsule
                                                                                                            51 Flowers 5-merous (the petal and sepal 5, stamen 5 or various multiples of 5); corolla white, yellow, reddish (including pinkish), or blue; fruit a loculicidal or septicidal capsule.
                                                                                                              52 Stamen 5 ; corolla yellow or blue; capsule either 10-locular and septicidal (Linum) or 1-locular (with 3 carpel) and loculicidal.
                                                                                                                53 Capsule 10-locular (with 5 carpel) and septicidal (splitting at the septa, opening at the top)
                                                                                                                53 Capsule 1-locular (with 3 carpel) and loculicidal (splitting along outer edges, not only at the top)
                                                                                                              52 Stamen (4-) 10, 15, 20, 30 (-many); corolla white, pink, yellow, or reddish; capsule 2-, 3-, 5- (-10)-locular, loculicidal.
                                                                                                                  54 Leaf margin distally serrate, the surfaces punctate-glandular and also with internal oil-secreting cavities; corolla white (the inside sometimes with scattered purple spots); [s. FL and s. TX only in our flora area]
                                                                                                                  54 Leaf margin entire, serrate, or crenate, lacking punctate-gland and internal oil-secreting cavities; corolla white, pink, yellow, or reddish; [collectively widespread, including s. FL and s. TX].
                                                                                                                     55 Stamen (5-) 10, 15, 20, 30 (-many); corolla yellow or reddish; filament not densely villous basally, the anther the anther not conspicuously tubular and lacking apical pore; capsule 3 (-10)-locular, loculicidal
                                                                                                                     55 Stamen 10; corolla white or pink; filament base dilated basally and densely villous, the anther tubular with conspicuous apical pore dehiscence; capsule 5-locular
                                                                                           43 Petal fused (flowers sympetalous, this includes salverform and tubular flowers); stamen (4-) 5 (-7).
                                                                                                                       56 Plants herbaceous vine, fleshy and mucilaginous, the leaves variously orbicular, ovate, cordate or sometimes elliptic; fruit utricle (small sac surrounding an achene), partly to completely enclosed in the persistent, dry to somewhat fleshy perianth; sepal 2
                                                                                                                       56 Plants not with the above combination of characters, if herbaceous vine then fruit not utricle and sepal 4 or more.
                                                                                                                         57 Pistil 2, united only by the style and stigma; fruit a schizocarp of 2 follicle (often single by abortion); plant with milky juice when fresh; leaves entire; inflorescence an umbel
                                                                                                                         57 Pistil 1 (of 2 or 3 fused carpel); fruit a capsule, drupe, or a schizocarp splitting into 4 nutlet; plant lacking milky juice; leaves entire or serrate; inflorescence various (but not an umbel).
                                                                                                                           58 Ovary slightly to deeply 2-4-lobed (entire or shallowly lobed in Tiquilia and HELIOTROPIACEAE); fruit a schizocarp of 4 mericarp or a drupe; [BORAGINALES].
                                                                                                                             59 Ovary deeply 4-parted; style gynobasic or terminal.
                                                                                                                               60 Style gynobasic (originating from the base of the ovary's lobe); ovary slightly to deeply lobed; fruit a schizocarp of 4 mericarp
                                                                                                                               60 Style terminal (originating from the apex of the ovary), twice-cleft into 4 branches, each of which then terminates in a stigma; ovary slightly lobed; fruit a drupe with a glutinous mesocarp (or if lacking, a nut)
                                                                                                                             59 Ovary slightly 2-4-lobed, or not at all lobed; style terminal or reduced to a sessile terminal stigma.
                                                                                                                                  61 Plants usually strongly gray or white-colored and villous, growing in short, suffrutescent mounds or mats; leaves densely pubescent (hair densely appressed adaxially, tomentose abaxially); inflorescence of solitary flowers or extra-axillary, never scirpioid; corolla lavender or whitish-lavender, the lobe 1.8-3.0 (-4.5) mm long, broadly rounded; [s. TX, westward; primarily of the Trans-Pecos region]
                                                                                                                                  61 Plants variously glabrous or pubescent (sometimes villous), usually herbaceous, occasionally suffrutescent and mound or mat-forming; inflorescence variously elongate or racemose, often scirpioid (curved or coiled on one side of the inflorescence axis; e.g., Heliotropium), occasionally solitary (e.g., Euploca, in part; although in this case the leaves of the shrubby Euploca are significantly narrower); corolla variously colored (including lavender); [plants collectively widespread, including TX]
                                                                                                                           58 Ovary not lobed; fruit a capsule or berry.
                                                                                                                                    62 Leaves scale-like, 1-4.5 mm long, appressed to the stem; petal 4; stamen 4
                                                                                                                                    62 Leaves larger (or only 2-8 mm long in Pyxidanthera in DIAPENSIACEAE, but then spreading); petal 5-7; stamen 5-7.
                                                                                                                                      63 Plant a creeping subshrub (keyed here as a failsafe); leaves either 0.2-0.8 cm long and acicular, or 2-10 cm long and broadly ovate or elliptic.
                                                                                                                                        64 Leaves 0.2-0.8 cm long and acicular
                                                                                                                                        64 Leaves 2-10 cm long and broadly ovate or elliptic
                                                                                                                                      63 Plant an herb, erect or sprawling; leaves > 1.5 cm long.
                                                                                                                                          65 Leaves cordate at the base; plant a twining vine
                                                                                                                                          65 Leaves cuneate to rounded at the base; plant an erect, sprawling, or reclining herb (twining in Solanum dulcamara in SOLANACEAE).
                                                                                                                                            66 Inflorescence (solitary or of several flowers) terminal on the stem.
                                                                                                                                               67 Calyces tubular, conspicuously 5-ribbed and bearing numerous stalked, capitate-gland
                                                                                                                                               67 Calyces not as above, flowers typically campanulate (not salverform), if tubular then not also 5-ribbed and capitate-glandular.
                                                                                                                                                 68 Corolla lobe longer than the fused corolla cup, blue, pink, or white; style 2; herbage lacking stipitate gland; fresh plants not aromatic.
                                                                                                                                                   69 Flowers in axillary cyme; capsule subglobose; leaves 2-12 cm long
                                                                                                                                                   69 Flowers solitary or paired in the leaf axil; capsule cylindrical; leaves 0.5-8 cm long
                                                                                                                                                 68 Corolla lobe very short, much shorter than the corolla cup or tube, sometimes barely perceptible and represented only by teeth on the edge of the corolla limb, white or pink; style 1; herbage often with stipitate gland; fresh plants often rankly aromatic
                                                                                                                                            66 Inflorescence (of solitary or several flowers) axillary or lateral on the stem.
                                                                                                                                                     70 Flowers sessile or very-short pedicelled, solitary in the leaf axil.
                                                                                                                                                       71 Stamen alternate with the corolla lobe; flower ca. 10 mm in diameter
                                                                                                                                                       71 Stamen opposite the corolla lobe; flower ca. 1 mm in diameter
                                                                                                                                                     70 Flowers either solitary and obviously pedicelled, or several in an axillary or lateral inflorescence.
                                                                                                                                                         72 Calyces tubular, conspicuously 5-ribbed and bearing numerous stalked, capitate-gland
                                                                                                                                                         72 Calyces not as above, flowers typically campanulate (not salverform), if tubular then not also 5-ribbed and capitate-glandular.
                                                                                                                                                            73 Corolla lobe longer than the fused corolla cup, blue
                                                                                                                                                            73 Corolla lobe very short, much shorter than the corolla cup or tube, sometimes barely perceptible and represented only by teeth on the edge of the corolla limb, white, yellow, pink, various other colors (rarely including blue).
                                                                                                                                                              74 Fruit a capsule, 4-seeded
                                                                                                                                                              74 Fruit a berry or capsule, many-seeded

Key P2: herbaceous dicots with alternate, simple, and palmately lobed leaves on the stem

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1 Inflorescence an involucrate head subtended by phyllaries, the heads solitary or many and variously arrayed in secondary inflorescence, the ovary inferior, the corolla connate and tubular at least basally, the calyx absent, the stamen 5, the fruit a cypsela
1 Inflorescence, flower, and fruit structure various, but not with the combination of features as above (sometimes the flowers in a head, e.g. Eryngium in APIACEAE, but then with other features differing, such as stamen 4, or green calyx present, or fruit a schizocarp of mericarp, etc.).
  2 Plant a vine, climbing by tendril or twining.
    3 Vine climbing by twining.
      4 Leaf margin entire; flowers bisexual; plants hermaphroditic; petal connate, large and showy
      4 Leaf margin serrate; flowers unisexual; plants dioecious; petal absent
    3 Vine climbing by tendril.
        5 Ovary inferior; petal connate; flowers unisexual
        5 Ovary superior; petal distinct; flowers bisexual
  2 Plant an herb, sometimes sprawling, reclining (e.g. Cymbalaria in PLANTAGINACEAE, Aconitum in RANUNCULACEAE), but lacking climbing adaptations such as tendril or twining stems.
          6 Ovary inferior; inflorescence an umbel (or flowers solitary or in dichasia in Mentzelia); fruit a schizocarp of 2 mericarp or a capsule (Mentzelia).
             7 Flowers solitary or in dichasia; fruit capsule dehiscing via apical valve
             7 Inflorescence an umbel; fruit a schizocarp of 2 mericarp
               8 Involucre well-developed and obvious
               8 Involucre absent or minute
          6 Ovary superior; inflorescence various, not an umbel; fruit various, a capsule, an aggregate of achene or follicle, or a ring of (>2) mericarp.
                 9 Perianth uniseriate, the corolla absent (the calyx petaloid and white in Cnidoscolus); flowers unisexual; plants either with stinging hair or not
                 9 Perianth biseriate (uniseriate in Aphanes in ROSACEAE and in Trautvetteria in RANUNCULACEAE); flowers bisexual; plants lacking stinging hair.
                   10 Pistil many (or 2-3 in Aphanes in ROSACEAE), each with 1 carpel, arranged spirally or in a ring (if in a ring, of 2-5); fruit an aggregate of achene, follicle, or utricle.
                     11 Perianth bilaterally symmetrical, either hooded or spurred; fruit an aggregate of follicle
                     11 Perianth radially symmetrical, not hooded or spurred; fruit an aggregate of utricle or achene (plumose achene in Geum)
                       12 Stamen showy, bright white, dilated towards the tip; pistil ca. 15; fruit an aggregate of utricle
                       12 Stamen not showy, white, or dilated towards the tip; pistil many (> 25); fruit an aggregate of achene.
                          13 Flowers lacking a hypanthium; achene short-beaked
                          13 Flowers with a prominent hypanthium; achene with an elongate, plumose beak
                   10 Pistil 1, with 1-to many carpel (in many MALVACEAE, the carpel loosely united in a ring of more than 5 around the style); fruit a capsule, an achene, a follicle, or a ring of 3 or 5-many 1-seeded mericarp.
                            14 Perianth uniseriate, the corolla absent
                            14 Perianth biseriate, with well-developed and differentiated calyx and corolla
                              15 Corolla bilaterally symmetrical, the petal connate (except distinct in Delphinium in RANUNCULACEAE); fruit a capsule, a follicle, or a schizocarp of 3 1-seeded mericarp.
                                16 Corolla not spurred; fruit an elongate (10-20 cm) capsule with 2 curved beak
                                16 Corolla with a nectar spur; fruit < 3 cm long.
                                  17 Petal distinct; fruit a follicle
                                  17 Petal connate; fruit a capsule or a schizocarp of 3 1-seeded mericarp.
                                    18 Carpel 2; fruit a capsule; stamen 4
                                    18 Carpel 3; fruit a schizocarp of 3 1-seeded mericarp; stamen 8
                              15 Corolla radially symmetrical, the petal distinct (fused and tubular in Ipomoea); fruit a capsule or a schizocarp consisting of a ring of 5-many 1-seeded mericarp.
                                       19 Stem trailing; petal fused and tubular
                                       19 Stem erect; petal separate.
                                         20 Stamen many, connate into a stamen tube; carpel 5-many, completely or only loosely fused; fruit a capsule or a schizocarp of 5-many mericarp borne in a ring; calyx often subtended by an epicalyx (an additional calyx-like, green, foliaceous whorl of bract)
                                         20 Stamen 5 or 10, distinct; carpel 2 or 5, fused; fruit a capsule or a schizocarp of 5 1-seeded mericarp.
                                           21 Fruit a schizocarp of 5 1-seeded mericarp; carpel 5; stamen 10
                                           21 Fruit a capsule with 2 locule, loculicidal; carpel 2; stamen 5