1 Ray florets white, pink, or purple (rarely pale yellow or lavender).

  2 Ray floret (the lamina) persistent on the achene and becoming papery and bleached

  2 Ray floret (the lamina) articulate from the achene and falling, thus the mature heads not appearing papery.

    3 Pappus of a minute crown (coroniform); disc florets white or whitish.

    3 Pappus not only coroniform, either absent or variously composed of scales, awns, or plumose bristles (Galinsogeopsis has 2 antrorsely barbed bristles plus a crowns of laciniate scales); disk florets yellow, red-brown, or pinkish.

      4 Heads with an involucre not subtended by a calyculus.

        5 Rays pink, the laminae 5-14 mm long; [OK and TX westward; subtribe Cheaenactidinae]

        5 Rays white or whitish-yellow; the laminae shorter, typically < 5 mm long (occasionally longer in Polymnia).

          6 Plants larger, 50-150+ cm tall; perennials; leaves > 10 cm long, sometimes with winged petioles or clasping basal appendages; disc florets functionally staminate; [natives of higher-quality, limestone or novaculite habitats; subtribe Polymniinae]

          6 Plants smaller, 2-40 cm tall or long (if stems > 40 cm then plants usually procumbent or decumbent); annuals or perennials; leaves usually < 10 cm long, lacking winged petioles or clasping basal appendages; disc florets bisexual and fertile.

             7 Stems usually copiously glandular-pubescent; leaf blades cordate to subdeltate or usually strongly 3-lobed (but not pinnate), the margins singly or doubly crenate; disc florets 40-100+; plants erect to decumbent; [native, s. TX westward; subtribe Peritylinae]

             7 Stems not copiously glandular-pubescent; leaf blades lanceolate to broadly ovate or deltate, or pinnately to palmately lobed (Tridax); plants erect or ascending to procumbent (Tridax]; [non-natives of disturbed habitats, widespread; subtribe Galinsoginae].

               8 Plants with leaves simple, unlobed; pappus either absent or of 5-20 laciniate or fimbriate scales; plants annual, erect

               8 Plants usually with a mix of simple and 3-lobed leaves; pappus usually of ca. 20 plumose (or setiform) scales; plants perennial, usually at least somewhat procumbent

      4 Heads with an involucre subtended by a calyculus of bracts (these often but not always reflexed); the phyllaries often appearing somewhat translucent or of a distinctly different color, shape, or texture from the leafy colored bracts below; [tribe Heliantheae; subtribe Coreopsidinae].

                 9 Phyllaries connate for at least ¼ their length; heads with or without ray florets; [MS westwards in our area]

                 9 Phyllaries distinct; heads with ray florets; [collectively widespread in our area].

                   10 Cypselas beaked, not strongly flattened, 7-30 mm long, with 1 groove per face; leaves highly dissected

                   10 Cypselas beakless, more or less strongly flattened and also often winged, 1.2-16 mm long, with 0 or 2 grooves per face; leaves simple to highly dissected.

                     11 Cypselas 2.5-16 mm long, usually not winged; pappus awns (if present) usually retrorsely barbed; rays white

                     11 Cypselas 1.2-4 mm long, winged (C. nudata) or not (C. rosea); pappus awns (if present) barbless; rays pink, purple, or white

1 Rays predominantly yellow, orange, or red (sometimes with some brown, maroon, or purple coloration as well).

                       12 Receptacle naked, epaleate.

                          13 Leaves and phyllaries with large, scattered, embedded oil glands, making the plants strongly aromatic (the glands translucent in living plants, usually golden-brown or blackish in herbarium specimens); plants annual, decumbent and much branched from the base (except Tagetes, annual and generally erect and sparingly branched); [tribe Heliantheae; subtribe Pectidinae].

                            14 Leaves unlobed, entire or serrate.

                              15 Leaves coarsely toothed, mostly opposite (the distal alternate)

                              15 Leaves entire (though with marginal setae), opposite

                            14 Leaves pinnately lobed or pinnatisect (pinnately divided nearly to the midrib but the leaflets not separate), the margins of terminal segments usually serrate (sometimes entire).

                                16 Pinnate leaf segments lanceolate, 3-10 mm wide; calyculus absent

                                16 Pinnate leaf segments linear, 1-3 mm wide; calyculus present, of linear bracts and subtending the involucre.

                                  17 Phyllaries distinct to their bases, or nearly so; ray florets 5-8; heads borne singly or in pairs/triplets; leaf surfaces puberulent

                          13 Leaves and phyllaries lacking embedded oil glands, though smaller punctate glands sometimes present; perennial or annual plants, upright and little or moderately branched below the inflorescence.

                                    18 Leaf surfaces densely scabrous and canescent; [s. TX westward]

                                    18 Leaf surfaces glabrous to hirsute but never canescent; [collectively widespread]

                                       19 Leaves mainly basal or basally disposed (a few pairs low on the stem), the blades elliptic to ovate, the surfaces hirsute and stipate-glandular

                                       19 Leaves mainly cauline, the blades primarily linear, lanceolate oblanceolate, or occasionally oblong (if ovate, then leaves mostly cauline), the surfaces glabrous to strigose but not stipitate-glandular

                                         20 Pappus absent or of 1-2 antrorsely-barbed or subplumose bristles; leaf blades usually lobed; [c. and TX westward; formerly Perityle]

                                         20 Pappus absent, of scales, or coroniform (if coroniform then with 6-8 barbellulate bristles as in Jamesianthus); leaf blades unlobed; collectively widespread, including c. TX]

                                           21 Heads smaller and many (10-300+), arranged into dense, flat-topped corymbs; disc florets 1-15; ray florets 0-2, the laminae inconspicuous; phyllaries 6 (-9), in 1 series; [collectively more widespread but absent from n. AL and wc. GA]

                                           21 Heads larger and fewer (< 9 per inflorescence), arranged singly or in loose corymbs; ray florets 6-14, the laminae conspicuous; phyllaries 12-18, broadly ovate, squarrose and in several imbricate series; [on calcareous substrates in n. AL and wc. GA]

                       12 Receptacle paleate, with paleae, bristles, or scales.

                                             22 Disc florets functionally staminate (“sterile”, not producing cypselae), the style undivided, their ovaries much smaller than ovaries of the ray florets (which are functionally pistillate).

                                               23 Inner phyllaries prickly with straight or uncinate prickles, and each enveloping a cypsela and swelling into a bur-like structure

                                               23 Inner phyllaries unarmed, not becoming bur-like (though those of Melampodium do invest the fruit).

                                                 24 Plants with tack-glands or pit-glands on stems, leaves, and/or phyllaries; [waif, e. TX; native further westward]

                                                 24 Plants without tack-glands or pit glands.

                                                    25 Outer phyllaries orbicular, connate 1/4 - 1/3 of their lengths; [exotic, rare]

                                                    25 Outer phyllaries orbicular to lance-linear, not connate; [native, collectively widespread in our area].

                                                      26 Phyllaries in 2 series; pappus coroniform (Chrysogonum) or absent (Lindheimera)

                                                        27 Plants perennial, often trailing; pappus persistent, forming a minute, half-cup-shaped crown; [e. LA eastward, e. of MS river]

                                                        27 Plants annual, erect; pappus absent (cypselae with 2 pappus-like processes originating from cypsela wings); [w. LA westward, w. of MS river]

                                                      26 Taller, robust plants, the stems usually 5-40 cm long at maturity, erect; pappus absent or of 2 awns.

                                                          28 Cypselae strongly flattened, borne in 2-3 series from the 2-3 series of ray florets

                                                          28 Cypselae thick, not flattened, borne in 1 series from the 1 series of ray florets

                                             22 Disc florets functionally bisexual (“fertile”, producing cypselae), the style divided, their ovaries as large as, or larger than, ovaries of the ray florets (which may be either functionally pistillate or completely neuter).

                                                            29 Ray corolla (the lamina) persistent on the achene and becoming papery and bleached.

                                                              30 Outer phyllaries with a stiff, maroon-colored subulate apex

                                                              30 Outer phyllaries lacking a stiff subulate apex.

                                                                 31 Leaf margins serrate or toothed; plant a perennial; cypselae subterete, 4-5 mm long; [natives]

                                                                 31 Leaf margins entire; plant an annual; cypselae 3-angled or flattened, 6-10 mm long; [non-native waifs]

                                                            29 Ray corolla articulate from the achene and falling after flowering.

                                                                   32 Pappus of 20 plumose bristles 4-5 (-7.5) mm long

                                                                   32 Pappus absent or of scales or awns (if with awnlike bristles as in Acmella, then these never plumose).

                                                                     33 Plants with tack-glands or pit-glands on stems, leaves, and/or phyllaries; [waif, VA and NC northward; subtribe Madiinae]

                                                                     33 Plants without tack-glands or pit-glands on stems, leaves, and/or phyllaries; [natives and non-natives, collectively widespread]

                                                                       34 Paleae not notably clasping the cypsela; cypselae notably flattened (or weakly compressed/angled in Guizotia); heads small, the receptacle 3-8 mm in diameter (ca. 10-15 mm in Guizotia).

                                                                         35 Pappus absent; ray laminae longer, 8-14 mm long

                                                                         35 Pappus persistent, of 2-3(-5) scales or awns; ray laminae shorter, 2-5 mm long.

                                                                           36 Cypselae of two types, strongly dimorphic: those of the rays smooth and flattened, the margins conspicuously lacerate and the pappus awns reduced in length; those of the discs ribbed and muricate, with 2 lengthened and divergent awns

                                                                           36 Cypselae of the rays and discs similar, monomorphic and not as above (the achenes weakly dimorphic in C. vialis, but the apical awns of similar length and the margins with only small, inconspicuous winglike projections)

                                                                       34 Paleae either entirely enveloping and falling with each cypsela or conduplicate (V-shaped in cross section), the 2 sides of the V partially clasping the cypsela; cypselae flattened, terete, or angled; heads mostly larger.

                                                                              37 Phyllaries apparently 4, the outer 4 foliaceous and forming a fused quadrangle which conceals the much smaller and narrower inner phyllaries (each inner phyllary subtending a ray floret); cypselae finely 32-40 ribbed

                                                                              37 Phyllaries not as above, instead 5 or more and not forming a conspicuously fused quandrangle; cypselae angled or smooth (sometimes angled, but lacking many fine ribs)

                                                                                38 Paleae completely surrounding the cypselae of the disc florets, forming a perigynium or sac-like appendage

                                                                                38 Paleae conduplicate or partially enclosing the cypselae, but not forming a sac-like appendage.

                                                                                  39 Disc florets with hairy staminal filaments; pappus of 4-6 aristate to lacerate scales; [TX westward]

                                                                                  39 Disc florets without hairy staminal filaments; pappus absent or of 2-3 scales or awns (sometimes accompanied by up to 8-12 additional shorter scales in Helianthus and Simsia, but these readily falling); [collectively widespread].

                                                                                    40 Rays primarily orange; [waif of FL, AL, and LA]

                                                                                    40 Rays primarily yellow; [natives and non-natives, collectively widespread]

                                                                                      41 Cypselae (of at least the disc florets) strongly flattened and generally also winged (thin-margined in Simsia).

                                                                                        42 Cypselae 3-7 mm long; erect herbs; stems often winged

                                                                                        42 Cypselae 1-2.5 mm (Acmella) or 3.5-6 mm long (Simsia); plants erect, decumbent, or prostrate; stems never winged.

                                                                                           43 Phyllaries 8-15; cypselae 1-2.5 mm long; involucre ca. 3-6 mm in diameter

                                                                                           43 Phyllaries 13-43; cypselae 3.5-6 mm long; involucre 5-16+ mm in diameter

                                                                                      41 Cypselae subterete, quadrangular, variously angled, or diamond-shaped in ×-section, not winged.

                                                                                             44 Ray florets pistillate (“fertile”).

                                                                                               45 Erect herb; leaves entire or with a few teeth; peduncles < 3 cm long

                                                                                               45 Creeping herb; leaves serrate and also mostly 3-lobed; peduncles 3-10 cm long

                                                                                             44 Ray florets completely neuter.

                                                                                                 46 Leaves linear; plants perennial with woody caudices; pappus absent; leaf surfaces and ray laminae abaxially gland-dotted; [SC waif; native to sw. US]

                                                                                                 46 Leaf blades usually broader (if linear, leaves either whorled or pappus present); plants annual or perennial, with or without woody caudices; pappus typically of scales or awns; [collectively widespread in our flora area].

                                                                                                   47 Leaves linear, lanceolate, or ovate, almost always some leaves on a plant > 7 mm wide; plants from crowns, some species with thickened vertical storage roots (only H. tuberosus producing horizontal tubers); [collectively widespread in our area]

                                                                                                   47 Leaves linear, 0.5-7 mm wide; plants from slender horizontal tubers; [c. FL north to s. AL]

1 Pappus absent, or of crowns (coroniform) or scales (the scales entire, erose, aristate, or occasionally lacerate, but ultimately with broadened bases compared to bristles).

  2 Stems usually winged from decurrent leaf bases (except H. amarum, which bares stems with copious, mostly entire, linear leaves)

  2 Stems not winged.

    3 Pappus absent.

      4 Phyllaries in (3-) 4-9+ series, usually with apices hooked or looped; pappus of setiform awns or scales but falling (thus sometimes appearing absent post maturation)

      4 Phyllaries in 2-4 series, usually with apices not notably hooked or looped; pappus absent entirely (not just falling).

        5 Receptacles pitted and hairy (the hairs swollen and apically hooked); [primarily native in western portion of our area]

        5 Receptacles not pitted, nor hairy; [waifs].

          6 Leaves usually 1-3 pinnately lobed; receptacles epaleate

          6 Leaves entire or sometimes toothed, but not pinnately lobed; receptacle epaleate or sometimes with short bristles or setae

    3 Pappus coroniform or of scales.

             7 Heads smaller, the involucres (excluding phyllary apices) 0.8-7.5 mm in diameter.

               8 Ray floret laminae fan-shaped and apically 3 or 5 lobed (the laminae sometimes very short and not surpassing phyllary length in Hymenoxys).

                 9 Cauline leaves pronounced, simple or with 3-19+ lobes (the lobes linear-filiform); cypselae villous or pubescent (rarely glabrous); heads radiant, sometimes appearing nearly discoid due to diminutive or inconspicuous ray florets

                 9 Leaves strongly basally-disposed (except T. linearifolia, with basal and cauline leaves, the cauline leaves not with linear lobes), entire or with 2-6 teeth (or sometimes lobes); cypselae moderately to densely pubescent; heads clearly radiate

               8 Ray floret laminae not apically 3-5 lobed.

                   10 Leaves simple (if also sometimes subshrubs, these not ashy white as in Gutierrezia); calyculus absent; plants sometimes gland-dotted on leaves (or sometimes also with resinous phyllaries, but not with oil glands throughout).

                     11 Plants annual, with a strong terpenoid smell when crushed, the leaves and phyllaries glutinous; phyllaries 12-15 in 1-2(-3) series

                     11 Plants annuals, biennials, or perennials, if annuals then not bearing a strong terpenoid smell when crushed, the leaves sometimes glutinous but not also the phyllaries; phyllaries 4-40 in 2-4 series (Gutierrezia) or 5-12 in 1-2 series (Psilostrophe).

                       12 Stems glabrous, or papillate-scabrous (but not clearly gray-green in appearance); involucre 1.5-5.5 mm in diameter; plants either annuals or subshrubs; phyllaries 4-40 in 2-4 series

                       12 Stems arachno-villous, appearing gray-green; involucre 4-7 mm in diameter; plants biennials or perennials; phyllaries 5-12 in 1-2 series

             7 Heads larger, the involucres (8-) 10-20+ mm in diameter.

                          13 Phyllaries in (3-) 4-9+ series; cypselae glabrous; leaves often toothed (and also often ovate to oblanceolate).

                            14 Pappus in 2 series, the outer of 25-40 barbellate bristles, the inner of 8-15+ setiform awns or subulate scales 7-10 mm long

                            14 Pappus in 1 series, of mostly 2-3 smooth to setiform awns OR subulate scales 2.5-8 mm long (sometimes with up to 6-8 total barbellulate/setiform awns in G. squarrosa, G. lanceolata, and G. texana)

                          13 Phyllaries in 2-3 series (2-3+ in Gaillardia); cypselae villous or otherwise sparsely to densely pubescent; leaves entire, toothed, or sometimes pinnately lobed (the lobes linear, as in Hymenoxys).

                              15 Receptacles entirely epaleate, not bearing any minute setae; ray florets (apical portion of the laminae) 3-5 lobed.

                                16 Cauline leaves pronounced, simple or with 3-19+ lobes (the lobes linear-filiform); cypselae villous or pubescent (rarely glabrous); heads radiant, sometimes appearing nearly discoid due to diminutive or inconspicuous ray florets

                                16 Leaves strongly basally-disposed (except T. linearifolia, with basal and cauline leaves, the cauline leaves not with linear lobes), entire or with 2-6 teeth (or sometimes lobes); cypselae moderately to densely pubescent; heads clearly radiate

                              15 Receptacles typically with spine-like setae or enations (except Gaillardia aestivalis) or very short bristles (i.e. not appearing "chaffy" overall, but these setae apparent upon dissection of the heads); ray florets (apical portion of the laminae) either unlobed (Amblyolepis) or 3-5 lobed (Gaillardia).

                                  17 Plants sweet-scented; cypselae prominently 10-ribbed; pappus scale apices rounded to acuminate but never aristate; heads borne singly or in paniculiform arrays; ray florets (the laminae) yellow; phyllaries usually not strongly reflexed in fruit

                                  17 Plants not sweet-scented; cypselae ca. 4-angled but lacking numerous prominent ribs; pappus scale apices often aristate; heads borne singly; ray florets (the laminae) often bicolored; phyllaries usually strongly reflexed in fruit

1 Pappus of barbellate to barbellulate bristles (sometimes also with shorter outer scales).

                                    18 Phyllaries in one series.

                                       19 Plants herbaceous vines; flowers conspicuously orange; calyculus of lanceolate-filiform bractlets; [non-native, FL and TX]

                                       19 Plants not herbaceous vines; flowers primarily yellow (sometimes yellow-orange); calyculus absent (or 1-2 indistinct bractlets); [natives or non-natives, collectively widespread]

                                         20 Pappus bristles red, brown, or purple colored; flowers yellow to yellow-orange; [waif, MD]

                                         20 Pappus bristles white; flowers primarily yellow; [native and non-native, widespread]

                                           21 Disc florets sterile; stems bracteate but lacking leaves, the leaves simple; [non-native of disturbed habitats, ne US]

                                           21 Disc florets fertile; stems with leaves, the leaves simple to pinnately lobed (or otherwise compound); [natives and non-natives, widespread and of both intact and disturbed habitats].

                                             22 Stem leaves deeply toothed, pinnately lobed, or otherwise compound, not clasping or weakly so; plants perennial or rarely annuals (P. glabella)

                                             22 Stem leaves shallowly toothed to subentire, conspicuously clasping the stem; plants annuals

                                    18 Phyllaries in 2-8+ series.

                                               23 Plants herbaceous vines; flowers conspicuously orange

                                               23 Plants not herbaceous vines; flowers primarily yellow (sometimes yellow-orange)

                                                 24 Pappus double, of both an inner (more apparent) series of longer bristles and an outer series consisting of short triangular scales or significantly shorter (and often coarser) bristles, these sitting more or less at the base of the inner pappus bristles (in Prionopsisthe outer bristles subtend the inner awns or scales).

                                                    25 Plants usually gland-dotted; phyllaries often looped/hooked; outer bristles subtending inner scales; involucres globose/hemispheric

                                                    25 Plants glabrous, sericeous, or glandular; phyllaries often ascending, sometimes squarrose; pappus scales subtending inner bristles; involucres variously shaped.

                                                      26 Outer pappus of scales connate, usually forming cups; ray laminae often reduced, 1.5-2+ mm long; [waifs; tribe Inuleae]

                                                      26 Outer pappus not connate; ray laminae prominent, usually > 3 mm longer; [native, sometimes weedy; tribe Astereae].

                                                        27 Ray florets without pappus

                                                        27 Ray florets with pappus (similar to that of disc florets).

                                                          28 Leaves parallel-veined, linear and grasslike

                                                          28 Leaves pinnately veined, usually broader and not grass-like.

                                                            29 Plants biennials or perennials, with taproots or fibrous-rooted; phyllaries linear-lanceolate to oblanceolate; inner pappus whitish to stramineous, outer pappus linear to narrowly-triangular

                                                            29 Plants annuals with taproots; phyllaries linear to linear-lanceolate; inner pappus yellow to rust-colored proximally, outer pappus scale-like; disc florets bisexual and fertile (B. pilosa) or functionally staminate (B. hirtella)

                                                 24 Pappus simple, of only bristles and not with an additional series of reduced bristles or scales (sometimes pappus in 2-4 unequal series, or outer bristles progressively shortened in Xanthisma).

                                                              30 Leaves toothed and tipped with spines (spinulose).

                                                                 31 Phyllaries spine-tipped with accompanying white margins (if lacking spine tips as in X. texanum, then inner phyllaries abruptly enlarged into ovate or sometimes elliptic blades 2-5 mm wide)

                                                                 31 Phyllaries not spine-tipped and lacking conspicuous white margins, 0.9-1.7 mm wide.

                                                              30 Leaves entire or if toothed, not tipped with conspicuous spines (as in Grindelia).

                                                                   32 Ray florets longer, 1.5-3+ cm long; anthers tailed; leaf bases conspicuously cordate-clasping

                                                                   32 Ray florets shorter, < 1.5 cm long (to 1.6 cm in Grindelia lanceolata); anthers not tailed (instead obtuse to sagittate), or if sagittate-tailed, then plants foul-smelling (as in Dittrichia, a waif in ne. US).

                                                                     33 Plants viscid, foul-smelling; anthers sagittate-tailed at the base [waif, ne. US]

                                                                     33 Plants scentless, or if bearing an odor, not foul-smelling; anthers cuneate to sagittate at the base, but not tailed; [widespread natives, rarely e. US waifs otherwise native to w. US].

                                                                       34 Pappus bristles > 60 (30-80+ in Senecio), white-colored.

                                                                         35 Stem leaves deeply toothed, pinnately lobed, or otherwise compound, not clasping or weakly so; plants perennial or rarely annuals (P. glabella)

                                                                         35 Stem leaves shallowly toothed to subentire, conspicuously clasping the stem; plants annuals

                                                                       34 Pappus bristles 10-45 (30-80+ in Senecio), white, tawny, or reddish-brown colored.

                                                                           36 Phyllaries in 1-2 equal/subequal series (outer minute bracts sometimes present); stem leaves shallowly toothed to subentire, conspicuously clasping the stem; plants annuals; [tribe Senecioneae)

                                                                           36 Phyllaries in 3+ series, unequal (or rarely subequal); [tribe Astereae].

                                                                              37 Heads small and cylindrical, taller than wide; rays inconspicuous or the laminae often shorter.

                                                                                38 Inflorescences flat-topped corymbs; leaves resinous-punctate, narrow, entire, sessile or subsessile

                                                                                38 Inflorescences rarely flat-topped; leaves not resinous-punctate, usually not linear, often toothed and petiolate

                                                                              37 Heads larger, globose, hemispheric, or broadly conic (2 cm+ broad in Grindelia), usually wider than long; rays conspicuous.

                                                                                  39 Leaves entire, sessile throughout; faces of cypselae strigose to sericeous; pappus persistent, of 30-35 tawny to reddish-brown barbellate bristles

                                                                                  39 Leaves toothed, proximal leaves petiolate; faces of cypselae variously textured (smooth, striate, furrowed, or rugose); pappus readily falling, of 2-3 smooth to setiform awns OR subulate scales 2.5-8 mm long (sometimes with up to 6-8 total barbellulate/setiform awns in G. squarrosa, G. lanceolata, and G. texana)