1 Fruit a fleshy drupe; plant a small tree, shrub, or sprawling vine; mature stems terete or obscurely 4-sided (by secondary growth). |
 Show caption*© Michelle W., some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Michelle W. 2 Flowers zygomorphic; palmately (3-) 5-7 (-9) foliolate or simple ( V. rotundifolia); [subfamily Viticoideae] |
2 Flowers essentially actinomorphic; leaves simple. |
3 Stems pubescent with dendritic hairs; inflorescence axillary; calyx 0.5-2 mm, lobes diminutive to nearly obsolete |
3 Stems glabrous or pubescent with simple (unbranched) hairs; inflorescence terminal (rarely only axillary); calyx lobes conspicuous or diminuitive. |
4 Corolla 5-40 mm long; calyx 5-18 mm, the lobes conspicuous, the calyx length often surpassing the fruit when mature; [subfamily Ajugoideae] |
4 Corolla 2-5 mm long; the calyx lobes inconspicuous and not surpassing the mature fruit; [subfamily Premnoideae] |
1 Fruit a schizocarp of 4 dry mericarps; plant either an herb or a shrub to 5 (-20) dm tall; mature stems usually distinctly 4-sided (sometimes terete or obscurely 4-sided). |
5 Calyx with either a distinctly enlarged protuberance on the upper surface, or the upper lobe expanded and “cap-like”. |
6 Calyx with 5 lobes, clearly separate apically, with the upper lobe expanded and “cap-like” |
6 Calyx with 2 entire lobes joined at the margins, rounded apically, with a distinct protuberance on the upper surface |
5 Calyx without an enlarged protuberance or “cap-like” upper lobe. |
7 Upper lip of corolla greatly reduced or lobes laterally disposed, thus the corolla appearing to consist of one large lower lip; [subfamily Ajugoideae]. |
8 Lower lip with 2-4 lobes; flowers yellow or deep blue-purple; plants stoloniferous |
8 Lower lip appearing 5- lobed ( proximal 2 lateral, erect lobes represent the cryptic upper lip); flowers white to pink; plants cespitose |
7 Upper lip of corolla conspicuous, flaring or galeate. |
9 Plants distinctly repent and rooting at the nodes, or producing elongate stolons. |
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11 Herbs; leaves cordate- reniform, coarsely crenate, the blade > 1 cm long; inflorescence of axillary cymules; corollas 10-20 mm |
11 Subshrubs; leaves ovate to elliptic, entire, the blade < 1 cm long; inflorescence a terminal thyrse; corollas 4-5 mm |
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12 Inflorescence in dense axillary verticils; calyx and corolla actinomorphic, calyx 4-5- lobed, flowers 3-4 mm long |
12 Inflorescence terminal; calyx and corolla zygomorphic, calyx 5- lobed, flowers 20-30 mm long |
9 Plants not distinctly repent or stoloniferous. |
13 Calyx with 6-10 lobes or teeth. |
14 Calyx zygomorphic, canescent with simple trichomes, spinose lobe tips straight |
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13 Calyx with 5 or fewer lobes or teeth. |
15 Calyx with 3-4 prominent lobes (rarely 5, if one includes small teeth). |
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17 Calyx with 4 unequal primary lobes; flowers large, 2.5-3.5 cm long, in bracteate terminal racemes |
17 Calyx with 3 primary lobes (upper lobe occasionally with 3 apiculate teeth, e.g. Salvia lyrata); flowers 3 cm or less, in terminal thyrses. |
18 Stamens 4; calyx enveloped and partially concealed by subtending bracts |
18 Stamens 2; calyx not enveloped by subtending bracts. |
19 Shrubs; calyx with simple and dendritic hairs; leaves revolute, coriaceous |
19 Herbs; calyx with simple trichomes; leaves non- revolute, margins various, membranaceous |
15 Calyx usually with 5 prominent lobes (except for Clinopodium with rarely fused upper lobes). |
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22 Corolla actinomorphic, lobes spreading and nearly equal (one lobe slightly emarginate and/or enlarged). |
23 Inflorescences axillary; foliage not or faintly aromatic |
23 Inflorescences terminal; foliage strongly aromatic |
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24 Inflorescence in loose terminal and axillary cymules; corollas not galeate or arching |
24 Inflorescence densely capitate (often also axillary); corollas strongly galeate, arching |
21 Calyx and corollas clearly zygomorphic. |
25 Corolla 7-20 mm; inflorescence a densely clustered terminal or axillary cyme, or a well developed panicle. |
26 Inflorescence a dense cluster of one or more terminal cymules (occasionally just axillary); lower lip of corolla not fringed |
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25 Corolla ca. 3-10 mm long; inflorescence a loose axillary cyme or slender terminal spike or spike-like panicle. |
27 Corolla 3.5-4 mm, borne 2 per node in a slender terminal spike; middle lobe of upper calyx reduced |
27 Corolla 4-10 mm, borne in axillary cymes or spike-like panicle; upper calyx lobes similar. |
28 Flowers in loose axillary cymes; calyx gibbous, throat closed by hairs; corollas ca. 4-5 mm long |
28 Flowers in a spike-like panicle; calyx not gibbous or closed by hairs; corollas ca. 10 mm long |
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29 Stamens ascending under the upper corolla lip, either included within the tube (or at least not clearly exserted beyond it). |
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31 Flowers borne in terminal verticils or thyrses, with reduced bracteal leaves. |
32 Calyx 15-nerved; verticils tightly aggregated |
32 Calyx 5-10-nerved; verticils well spaced |
31 Flowers borne in axils of well-developed leaves, or a terminal raceme with 1 flower per node. |
33 Calyx lobes with thickened spinescent apices. |
34 Stems often with swollen nodes (areas just below appear dark and sunken upon drying, except G. ladanum); hairs of the stem either exclusively hispid or short recurved and mixed with longer glandular trichomes; corolla 15-28 mm long |
34 Stems without swollen nodes; hairs of the stem finely and softly retrorse, generally lacking glandular hairs (though sessile glands may be present); corolla 5-14 mm long. |
35 Corolla 5-7 mm long, not much longer than the calyx, weakly bilabiate and lacking an annulus |
35 Corolla 8-14 mm long and well-exceeding the calyx, strongly galeate and annulate |
33 Calyx lobes without spinescent apices (although lobes may be pointed or acute). |
36 Flowers in terminal racemes, corolla tube broadly inflated |
36 Flowers borne in axils of well developed leaves, corolla tube not broadly inflated. |
37 Verticils 2-6-flowered, loose; corollas 5-7 mm |
37 Verticils 6-12-flowered, compact; corollas 10-30 mm. |
38 Corolla 10-15 mm long; calyx with 10+ nerves |
38 Corolla 10-30 mm long; calyx 5-nerved |
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39 Shrubs, diffusely branched; [restricted to se. Coastal Plain and Cumberland Plateau] |
39 Herbs, branched or unbranched; [collectively widespread]. |
40 Calyx teeth distinctly white or pink, noticeably different from the tube |
40 Calyx teeth coloration not noticeably different from the tube. |
41 Flowers 1 per bracteal axil. |
42 Corolla nearly regular, 4-6 mm long. |
42 Corolla bilabiate, >10 mm long |
41 Flowers 2-many per bract or leaf axil. |
43 Plants lemon-scented, flowers in the axils of well-developed leaves |
43 Plants mint-scented or non-aromatic, flowers terminal and/or axillary. |
44 Upper median calyx lobe longer and wider than the other 4; flowers terminal |
44 Upper lobes differing in sinus depth and/or size from the lower lobes; flowers borne variously. |
45 Bracts broadly rounded, apiculate or absent. |
46 Bracts broadly rounded, apiculate; inflorescence terminal |
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45 Bracts setaceous or elliptic, but not broadly rounded or apiculate, present. |
47 Calyx clearly bilabiate; corollas 7-15 mm long |
47 Calyx scarcely bilabiate; corollas 5-7 mm long |
29 Stamens (at least some) well exserted beyond the upper corolla lobe. |
48 Lower lip of corolla distinctly fringed |
48 Lower lip of corolla not fringed. |
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50 Flowers in dense terminal capitate clusters, subtended by large bracteal leaves (these often whitened on the upper surface and especially towards the base) |
50 Flowers borne otherwise. |
51 Flowers borne in few-flowered cymose axillary clusters, overall appearing paniculate; [subfamily Ajugoideae] |
51 Flowers borne in a spike-like terminal thyrse. |
52 Corolla pink to lavender or white, 11-17 mm long |
52 Corolla blue (rarely white), 7-12 mm long |
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53 Flowers borne in a dense terminal spike, 2-3-verticilled globose head, or spiciform thryse. |
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55 Small plants to ca. 30 cm; leaves short, sessile, linear- lanceolate with revolute, entire margins; [ endemic to FL and se. GA] |
55 Large plants, well over 30 cm tall; leaves often petiolate, broadly ovate or lanceolate, margins not revolute or entire; [collectively widespread]. |
56 Bracts broadly rounded; corolla distinctly bilabiate; plants 1-3 m tall |
56 Bracts linear- lanceolate; corolla nearly regular; plants < 1 m tall |
53 Flowers borne in axillary verticils or terminal ( capitate to loosely flowered) clusters. |
57 Flowers in axillary clusters, corolla nearly regular. |
58 Axillary clusters loose, 1-3-flowered; [subfamily Ajugoideae] |
58 Axillary clusters dense, many-flowered; corolla white-pink |
59 Stems scabrous; corolla mostly blue-violet |
59 Stems glabrous to pubescent; corolla mostly white-pink |
57 Flowers in densely capitate or loosely flowered terminal clusters, corolla distinctly bilabiate. |
60 Flowers in loosely branched terminal and axillary cymes |
60 Flowers densely capitate cluster or terminal spike of well spaced verticils. |
61 Inflorescence either capitate or a spike, not subtended by large bracteal leaves |
61 Inflorescence capitate, subtended by large bracteal leaves (these often whitened on the upper surface and especially towards the base) |
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2 Leaves 2-foliolate, with a branched tendril in the terminal position (this sometimes not developed, or withered); liana |
2 Leaves 3-foliolate, lacking tendrils; shrub, liana, or tree. |
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4 Leaflets entire, glandular- dotted; [n. FL southwards |
4 Leaflets serrate or serrulate, not glandular- dotted; [collectively widespread]. |
5 Leaflets 3-5 (-7), coarsely and jaggedly serrate, with < 5 teeth per leaflet side; fruit a schizocarp of 2 samaroid mericarps (maple “keys”) |
5 Leaflets 3, evenly serrulate, with > 10 teeth per leaflet side; fruit an inflated capsule |
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6 Flowers yellow with fused petals; stems stiff, green |
6 Flowers either white, radially symmetrical, with separate petaloid sepals ( Clematis), or blue, bilaterally symmetrical, with fused petals ( Vitex). |
7 Leaves 3-more-foliolate; flowers white, radially symmetrical, uniseriate, with white petaloid sepals and no petals |
7 Leaves 1 (-3) foliolate; flowers blue, bilaterally symmetrical, biseriate, with green calyx and blue corolla |
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9 Leaflets serrate; flowers white, yellow, or red; fruit a leathery capsule, irregularly spheroidal, 2-9 cm in diameter, with 1-3 (-6) large seeds, each with a large pale hilum contrasting with the dark brown color of the rest of the seed |
9 Leaflets entire; flowers blue, pink, or purple; fruit either a 4-seeded drupe, < 0.5 cm in diameter, or an elongated capsule, 8-10 cm long and ca. 0.7 cm in diameter. |
10 Leaflets < 3× as long as wide, broadly rounded at the tip; fruit an elongated capsule, 8-10 cm long and ca. 0.7 cm in diameter [peninsular FL] |
10 Leaflets > 4× as long as wide, acute at the tip; fruit a 4-seeded drupe, < 0.5 cm in diameter; [widespread in our region] |
8 Leaves pinnately compound, bipinnately compound, or more complexly compound. |
11 Plant a liana ( woody vine). |
12 Leaves pinnately compound, with 7-15 coarsely serrate leaflets; perianth biseriate, with a green synsepalous calyx and an orange sympetalous corolla; fruit an elongate capsule, with many winged seeds; stems to 20 cm in diameter, with tan bark |
12 Leaves either pinnately compound, the leaflets 3-7 and coarsely serrate, or more complexly compound, the leaflets 5-many, not serrate though often lobed; perianth uniseriate, with a white, pink, or purplish aposepalous calyx and no corolla; fruit an aggregate of plumose achenes; stems to 1 cm in diameter, brown or green |
11 Plant a tree or shrub, with stiff branches. |
13 Leaves 3-7-foliolate and strictly 1- pinnate; leaflets with a few very coarse teeth; 1st year stems green; fruit a pair of winged, asymmetrical samaroid mericarps |
13 Leaves 3-15-foliolate, 1- pinnate or partially 2- pinnate; leaflets evenly serrate with many teeth or entire; 1st year stems tan to brown (very new growth may be green); fruit either a symmetrical ( winged) samara ( Fraxinus) or a purplish-black, many-seeded berry ( Sambucus). |
14 Fruit a purplish-black or red, 4-seeded berry ( Sambucus); plant a shrub or small tree; stems hollow or pithy; petiole prominently grooved on the upper side; fresh leaves somewhat fleshy in texture |
14 Fruit either a green or tan, symmetrical ( winged) samara or a blackish 5-seeded dryish drupe; plant a small to large tree; stems solid and woody; petiole nearly round in ×-section (not grooved); fresh leaves membranaceous or coriaceous in texture. |
15 Fruit a symmetrical samara; axillary buds suprapetiolar (though sometimes almost hidden within the strongly U-shaped petiolar attachment; [common native (also planted)] |
15 Fruit a nearly spherical 5-seeded dry drupe; axillary buds infrapetiolar (hidden by the swollen petiole base; [rarely escaped exotic] |
