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1 Plant a floating aquatic (or stranded), the individual thalloid leaves < 2 cm long; [subfamily Lemnoideae]. |
2 Fronds rootless; fronds without nerves; reproductive pouch 1, terminal. |
3 Fronds thick, globoid, < 2 mm long |
3 Fronds flat, elongate and curved, 4-14 mm long |
2 Fronds with roots; fronds with 1 or more nerves; reproductive pouches 2, lateral. |
4 Roots 1 per frond; fronds with 1-5 (-7) nerves |
4 Roots (1-) 2-21 per frond; fronds with (3-) 5-21 nerves. |
5 Roots (1-) 2-7 (-12) per frond; fronds with (3-) 5-7 nerves; fronds 1.5-3× as long as wide; all of the roots perforating the scalelike leaflet |
5 Roots 7-21 per frond; fronds with 7-16 (-21) nerves; fronds 1-1.5× as long as wide; only some of the roots perforating the scalelike leaflet (borne on the underside) |
1 Plant terrestrial, rooted in wetlands, or a floating aquatic (if a floating aquatic – Pistia – the individual leaves > 2 cm long). |
6 Plant a floating aquatic, with gray-green, velvety, cabbage-like leaves; [subfamily Aroideae, tribe Pistieae] |
6 Plant rooted (even when growing in water), the leaves various, but not as above. |
7 Leaves compound (or sometimes very deeply 3- lobed, with only <3 mm leaf tissue connecting the lobes). |
8 Plant a liana, with many leaves along the stem; sap milky; [subfamily Aroideae, tribe Caladieae] |
8 Plant an herb, with 1-5 basal leaves; sap clear; [subfamily Aroideae, tribe Arisaemateae]. |
9 Spadix free of the spathe; spathe unisexual (with either female flowers only or male flowers only) or bisexual (and then the female and male flowers not separated by a sterile gap); leaves either palmately compound with 3-5 leaflets or pedately compound with 5-15 leaflets, the central leaflet as large as or smaller than the adjacent leaflets; bulblets lacking on the petiole; [native, common]. |
Show caption*© Michelle Wong, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Michelle W. 9 Spadix fused basally along one side (for several cm) to the spathe; spathe bisexual, with a basal section of female flowers, a sterile gap, a section of male and female flowers on the free side; leaves either palmately compound with 3 leaflets (juvenile leaves sometimes simple or very deeply 3- lobed) or pedately compound with 5-7 (-9) leaflets, the central leaflet as large as or larger than the others; bulblets either absent or present at base and summit of the petiole; [ exotic, rarely naturalized] |
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10 Leaves both peltate and cordate- hastate; [subfamily Aroideae, tribe Colocasieae] |
11 Primary lateral veins and midrib of abaxial leaf surfaces with wax glands; mature fruit orange or red and odorless, some containing a few large seeds |
11 Primary lateral veins and midrib of abaxial leaf surfaces without wax glands; fruits inconspicuously colored and odorous, with many small mucilaginous seeds |
10 Leaves not peltate, either cuneate, rounded, cordate, or hastate. |
12 Spathe absent or obscure; leaf blade 2.5-5× as long as wide, cuneate at the base, lanceolate or narrowly elliptic; leaf venation parallel; [subfamily Orontioideae, tribe Orontieae] |
12 Spathe present, surrounding the spadix, at least at its base; leaf blade 1-2.5× as long as wide, either hastate at the base ( Arum, Peltandra, Syngonium, and Xanthosoma), or rounded ( Symplocarpus), or cordate ( Calla), broadly ovate in outline. |
13 Sap milky; [rare exotic, n. FL southwards]; [subfamily Aroideae, tribe Caladieae] |
13 Sap clear; [collectively widespread]. |
14 Spathe white; leaves cordate; plants from elongate rhizomes; [MD northward]; [subfamily Calloideae] |
14 Spathe green or white; leaves hastate or rounded at base; plants from fibrous roots, a short thick rhizome, tuber, or a corm; [collectively widespread]. |
15 Leaves ovate, rounded or subcordate at the base; spathe purple, or purple flecked with white; [subfamily Orontioideae, tribe Symplocarpeae] |
15 Leaves hastate at the base (somewhat arrowhead-shaped); spathe green or white; [subfamily Aroideae]. |
16 Larger leaf blades > 5 dm long; longer petioles 10-20 dm long; [subfamily Aroideae, tribe Caladieae] |
16 Larger leaf blades < 5 dm long; longer petioles < 7 dm long. |
17 Plant from a horizontal tuber; leaves variegated; [ exotic, of moist soils]; [subfamily Aroideae, tribe Areae] |
17 Plant from fibrous roots; leaves not variegated; [native, of wetlands]; [subfamily Aroideae, tribe Peltandreae] |