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Coptis trifolia (Linnaeus) Salisbury. Goldthread, Goldenroot, Three-leaved Goldthread. Phen: Apr-Jun. Hab: Bogs, northern hardwood forests. Dist: Greenland west to AK, south to NJ, nw. NC, n. IN, IA, and BC; e. Asia. Coptis had been reported for NC by many floras (for instance, C, F, G, and S), but the documentation was unknown; its presence in NC was confirmed by P. McMillan.

ID notes: The species is distinctive, with neatly trifoliolate leaves, small white flowers on scapes, and yellow roots.

Origin/Endemic status: Native

Taxonomy Comments: Infrataxa have sometimes been recognized, with var. groenlandica in e. North America northeast to Greenland, and in southern parts of nw. North America; var. trifolia in Alaska and e. Asia (see synonymy). There seems to be no compelling morphological or molecular reasons to recognize infrataxa (Xiang et al. 2016).

Synonymy : = FNA3, K1, K3, K4, Mi, NE, NY, Pa, S, S13, Xiang et al (2016); = n/a – RAB, Tat; > Coptis groenlandica (Oeder) Fernald – F, WV; > Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. ssp. groenlandica (Oeder) Hultén – G; > Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. var. groenlandica (Oeder) Fassett – C

Links to other floras: = Coptis trifolia - FNA3

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Wetland Indicator Status:

  • Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain: FACW
  • Eastern Mountains and Piedmont: FACW
  • Great Plains: FACW
  • Midwest: FACW
  • Northcentral & Northeast: FACW

Heliophily : 3

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image of plant© Arthur Haines | Original Image ⭷
image of plant© Arthur Haines | Original Image ⭷
image of plant© Erik Danielson source | Original Image ⭷
image of plant© Scott Ward | Original Image ⭷
image of plant© Erik Danielson source | Original Image ⭷
image of plant© Scott Ward | Original Image ⭷
image of plant© Erik Danielson source | Original Image ⭷

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Horticultural Information

NCBG trait

Intro: Small, erect perennial with bright orange rhizomes, found in moist forests, bogs and swamp edges, often on mossy hummocks.

Stems: Stems are leafless, smooth flowering scapes that arise separately from leaves.

Leaves: Leaves basal, petiolate, evergreen and shiny, palmately divided into 3 oval or fan-shaped, toothed, smooth leaflets (1/2-1 in. long).

Inforescence:

Flowers: Flower solitary at top of naked scape, white, 1/2 in. wide, consisting of 5-7 narrowly elliptic petal-like sepals surrounding a bushy cluster of white-tipped stamens and bright green styles with curled tips; alternating with the sepals are short, golden yellow, club-shaped petals with cup-shaped tips that hold nectar; the white sepals drop early.

Fruits: Fruit a candelabra-like array of 5-7 tiny, stalked pods, each with a long-tapering tip.

Comments:

Height: 3-6 in.

plant sale text:

bloom table text:

description: Small, erect perennial with bright orange rhizomes, found in moist forests, bogs and swamp edges, often on mossy hummocks.

stems: Stems are leafless, smooth flowering scapes that arise separately from leaves.

leaves: Leaves basal, petiolate, evergreen and shiny, palmately divided into 3 oval or fan-shaped, toothed, smooth leaflets (1/2-1 in. long).

inflorescence:

flowers: Flower solitary at top of naked scape, white, 1/2 in. wide, consisting of 5-7 narrowly elliptic petal-like sepals surrounding a bushy cluster of white-tipped stamens and bright green styles with curled tips; alternating with the sepals are short, golden yellow, club-shaped petals with cup-shaped tips that hold nectar; the white sepals drop early.

fruits: Fruit a candelabra-like array of 5-7 tiny, stalked pods, each with a long-tapering tip.

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cultural notes:

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