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*Viola arvensis Murray. Section: Melanium. Subsection: Bracteolatae. European Field Pansy. Phen: Chasmogamous flower Mar–Jul (-Aug); cleistogamous fruit May-Jun (-Aug). Hab: Roadsides, fields, other disturbed habitats. Dist: Native of Europe, widely introduced.

ID notes: This species is easily distinguished from V. rafinesquei by the petals nearly or fully surpassed by the sepals (the latter often largely concealing the mature capsule), the cream-white corolla (which is rare in the latter), and pinnatifid stipules with the terminal leaf-like lobe much larger and broader than the lateral lobes and having 4 or more crenations per side. It differs from V. tricolor by the pinnately divided stipules, sepals nearly equaling to fully surpassing the petals, and the cream-colored petals.

Origin/Endemic status: Europe

Taxonomy Comments: Apparently does hybridize rarely with V. tricolor (Ballard, Kartesz, & Nishino 2023).

Synonymy ⓘ: = C, F, FNA6, G, GrPl, Il, K1, K3, K4, Mi, NE, Pa, RAB, S, S13, Tat, Tn, Va, W, WV, Ballard () (in prep), Ballard, Kartesz, & Nishino (2023), McKinney & Russell (2002)

Links to other floras: = Viola arvensis - FNA6

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Heliophily ⓘ: 8

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image of plant© Armin Weise CC-BY | Original Image ⭷
image of plant© Alan Weakley source | Original Image ⭷
image of plant© Joey Shaw source | Original Image ⭷
image of plant© Joey Shaw source | Original Image ⭷
image of plant© Bruce A. Sorrie | Original Image ⭷
image of plant© Armin Weise CC-BY | Original Image ⭷

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Horticultural Information

NCBG trait

Intro: Erect to leaning annual of roadsides, fields and other disturbed habitats. Native of Europe.

Stems: Stems 1-several from crown, ridged, hairy throughout.

Leaves: Leaves alternate; on petioles with large, leaf-like, lobed stipules at the petiole base; lower leaves round to oval and upper ones oblong to elliptic; 1/2-2 in. long; with rounded, coarse teeth and hairs on the margins as well as hairy on veins beneath.

Inforescence:

Flowers: Flowers solitary on long stalks from upper leaf axils, creamy white to yellowish-white with a darker yellow patch (sometimes light purple), 1/3-3/4 in. wide, bilaterally symmetric, with 5 unequal petals, the lowest one largest and extending behind the flower in a spur.

Fruits: Fruit a 3-celled capsule.

Comments: Roots give off wintergreen odor when crushed. There are no closed, self-pollinating flowers in this Viola species.

Height: 4-12 in.

plant sale text:

bloom table text:

description: Erect to leaning annual of roadsides, fields and other disturbed habitats. Native of Europe.

stems: Stems 1-several from crown, ridged, hairy throughout.

leaves: Leaves alternate; on petioles with large, leaf-like, lobed stipules at the petiole base; lower leaves round to oval and upper ones oblong to elliptic; 1/2-2 in. long; with rounded, coarse teeth and hairs on the margins as well as hairy on veins beneath.

inflorescence:

flowers: Flowers solitary on long stalks from upper leaf axils, creamy white to yellowish-white with a darker yellow patch (sometimes light purple), 1/3-3/4 in. wide, bilaterally symmetric, with 5 unequal petals, the lowest one largest and extending behind the flower in a spur.

fruits: Fruit a 3-celled capsule.

comments: Roots give off wintergreen odor when crushed. There are no closed, self-pollinating flowers in this Viola species.

cultural notes:

germination code:

native range: