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Family	Scientific Name	Common Name	Habitat	Distribution
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia albomarginata	White-margin Sandmat, Rattlesnakeweed	Usually in poorly-drained clay soils or prairies, roadsides, and fields.	OK, se. CO, s. UT, NV, and CA south to TX, NM, AZ, and c. Mexico.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia angusta	Blackfoot Euphorbia, Blackfoot Sandmat, Narrowleaf Spurge	Rocky limestone areas.	Endemic to c. to w. TX, mainly Edwards Plateau.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia apocynifolia		Calcareous forests.	S. SC south to Panhandle FL, west to s. MS.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia austrotexana var. austrotexana		Sandy plains and dunes.	Endemic in s. TX (Atascosa, Bexar, and Wilson counties).
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia austrotexana var. carrii		Sandy soils.	Endemic to s. TX (Jim Hogg and Kenedy counties).
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia bicolor	Snow-on-the-prairie	Prairies (usually in "tight clay soil"), roadsides, disturbed areas.	AR and OK south to w. LA and e. TX.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia blodgettii	Blodgett's Sandmat	Dunes, rockland hammocks, longleaf pine sandhills, tidal marshes.	Endemic to FL peninsula (from St. Johns and Levy counties, FL south to s. FL).
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia bombensis	Southern Seaside Spurge, Dixie Sandmat	Open sands of dunes, dune blowouts and overwashes, often growing with perennial grasses such as Uniola paniculata, but preferring open sands with little competition, sometimes mixed with the more common E. polygonifolia. Johnson (1992) contrasted the habitat of this species with that of the closely similar E. polygonifolia; E. bombensis preferring areas behind the foredune, while E. polygonifolia preferring the pioneer situation on the upper beach and foredune front.	E. VA south to s. FL along the Atlantic, from s. FL to TX and Mexico (CAM, ROO, TAB, TAM, VER, YUC) along the Gulf of Mexico, and south into n. South America.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia cinerascens	Ashy Sandmat	Dry soil.	South to n. Mexico (CHH, COA, GTO, NLE, SLP, TAM).
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia commutata	Woodland Spurge, Tinted Spurge	Rich forests and rock outcrops, over calcareous or mafic rocks.	PA west to s. ON and MN, south to ne. and Panhandle FL and ne. TX.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia conferta	Everglade Key Sandmat	Pine rocklands, marl prairies, disturbed uplands.	Endemic to s. FL (Broward, Miami-Dade, and Monroe counties).
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia cordifolia	Heartleaf Sandmat	Open sands of very dry longleaf pine sandhills, Florida scrub, other dry, open habitats.	Se. NC south to c. peninsular FL and west to se. OK (Singhurst, Buthod, & Holmes 2012) and s. TX.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia corollata	Eastern Flowering Spurge	Woodlands and forests.	NH and MA west to s. ON, MI, WI, MN, and NE, south to se.VA, c. NC, n. GA, s. AL, and e. TX (some of the northern distribution may be by expansion northwards in disturbed areas).
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia cumulicola	Coastal Dune Sandmat	Dunes, Florida scrub, scrubby pine flatwoods.	Se. GA (Camden County) south to s. peninsular FL; allegedly also in w. Panhandle FL (Escambia County).
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia curtisii	White Sandhills Spurge, Curtis's Spurge	Longleaf pine sandhills, other dry open areas, such as hardpan woodlands.	Sc. and se. NC to ne. FL and w. Panhandle FL, on the Coastal Plain, and less typically the lower Piedmont.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia cyathophora	Painted Leaf, Fire-on-the-mountain	Bottomland forests, dunes, streambanks, disturbed habitats.	E. VA, KS, and CA south into the New World tropics, the original range obscure.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia cyparissias	Cypress Spurge, Graveyard Spurge	Roadbanks, graveyards, waste places.	Native of Europe.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia davidii	David’s Spurge	Streambanks, riverbanks, bottomland forests, bottomland prairies, upland prairies, also in disturbed areas such as ditches, roadsides, and other open, disturbed areas.	WI west to WY, south to c. TX, NM, AZ, and south into Mexico, and also introduced more widely.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia deltoidea ssp. adhaerens		Pine rocklands.	Endemic to s. peninsular FL.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia deltoidea ssp. deltoidea	Deltoid Spurge	Pine rocklands.	Endemic to s. peninsular FL (s. Miami-Dade County mainland), "from about SW 76 Street south to SW 264 Street, east of Everglades National Park in Miami-Dade County" (Roger Hammer, pers. comm. 2019).
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia deltoidea ssp. pinetorum		Pine rocklands.	Endemic to s. peninsular FL.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia deltoidea ssp. serpyllum		Pine rocklands.	Endemic to s. peninsular FL (Big Pine Key only).
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia dentata	Painted Leaf, Wild Poinsettia, Toothed Spurge	Bottomland forests, disturbed areas, hedgerows, thickets, railroad cinders.	Native of sc. North America. The native distribution obscured by spread since, but apparently OH west to CO, south to LA, TX, NM, AZ, and to s. Mexico (at least).
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia discoidalis	Summer Spurge	Longleaf pine sandhills, shortleaf pine woodlands in the Interior Highlands.	E. and c. GA (or e. SC?) south and west to Panhandle FL and e. TX; disjunct in Ouachita Mountains of sw. AR (Theo Witsell, pers. comm., 2019).
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia epithymoides	Cushion Spurge	From horticultural use.	Native of Mediterranean Europe.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia exigua	Dwarf Spurge	Disturbed areas.	Native of Europe.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia exserta	Maroon Sandhills Spurge, Coastal Sand Spurge	Longleaf pine sandhills, especially in loamier and slightly moister sites.	Sc. NC south to c. peninsular and e. Panhandle FL; disjunct in se. VA (Sussex County) (Belden et al. 2004)
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia falcata	Sickle Spurge	Roadsides, other disturbed areas.	Native of Europe.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia fendleri	Fendler's Sandmat	Prairies and dry woodlands.	W. SD, WY, NV, and CA south to ec. TX, w. TX, NM, AZ, and n. Mexico (CHH, COA, NLE).
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia floridana	Florida Spurge	Longleaf pine sandhills, Florida scrub.	Panhandle FL and sw. GA west to s. AL. Reported for sw. GA by Bridges & Orzell (2002) and Jones & Coile (1988).
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia garberi	Garber's Sandmat	Pine rocklands, beach dunes, coastal rock barrens.	Endemic to s. FL (Miami-Dade, Collier, and Monroe counties).
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia georgiana	Georgia Spurge	Granite outcrops.	Endemic to the GA Piedmont (Oglethorpe and Wilkes counties).
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia geyeri var. geyeri	Geyer's Sandmat	Sandy areas, sandbars, disturbed uplands.	MI west to MT, south to MS, LA, TX, and NM.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia glyptosperma	Ridge-seed Spurge, Ribseed Sandmat	Calcareous glades, prairies, other sandy or gravelly soils.	NL west to BC, south to NY, s. IN, c. TN, MO, TX, and Mexico (CHH, COA, NLE, TAM, ZAC).
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia graminea	Grassleaf Spurge, ‘Diamond Frost’, ‘Frosted Flakes’	Landscaped areas, other disturbed areas.	Native of tropical America (n. Mexico south to n. South America). Naturalized in FL Panhandle, FL peninsula, s. AL (Diamond 2014), and s. GA (Zomlefer et al. 2018). Much of its spread has been facilitated as a weed in nursery materials.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia hammeri	Hammer's Spurge	Open understory, fire-dependent, and seasonally saturated pine rocklands dominated by Pinus densa; also in adjacent marl prairies.	Endemic to s. FL.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia helioscopia	Wartweed, Madwoman’s-milk, Sun Spurge, Summer Spurge	Disturbed areas, roadsides, cultivated ground.	Native of Europe.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia helleri	Heller's Spurge	In clay loams and calcareous soils near the coast.	S. TX south to ne. Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas). Apparently introduced in Louisiana (Riina et al. 2016).
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia herniariifolia		Waif on ore piles.	Native of Mediterranean se. Europe and w. Asia.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia heterophylla	Fiddler’s Spurge, Mexican Fireplant, Catalina, Jacob's-ladder, Fire-on-the-mountain	Disturbed areas.	VA, NC, SC, GA, TX, and NM south through Mexico, Central America, and South America; some of the distribution is likely by introduction.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia hexagona	Six-angle Spurge	Sand prairies, stream bars, and disturbed sandy areas.	W. WI, se. MN, SD, and se. WY south to nw. IL, n. AR, e. TX, and NM.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia hirta	Pillpod Sandmat	Fields, disturbed ground, waste areas, in and around greenhouses, perhaps only adventive in the northern part of our area.	E. NC, c. SC, south to s. FL, west to TX, and south through Mexico, and Central and South America, the pre-Columbian distribution obscure. Reported for Goldsboro, NC and Abbeville, Abbeville County, SC (C.N. Horn, pers.comm. 2008).
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia humistrata	Spreading Sandmat	Floodplain forests, exposed river shores, rocky riverside gravel bars, disturbed areas, some of the easternmost occurrences apparently adventive from farther west.	OH, IL, MO, and e. KS south to Panhandle FL and e. TX; scattered eastward, apparently as an adventive.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia hypericifolia	Graceful Sandmat	Gardens, landscaped beds, cracks in parking lot and sidewalk pavements, other disturbed upland areas.	FL west to TX, south into Mexico, Central America, South America; West Indies. Reported for SC (Kartesz 1999), FL, GA, LA (Q). The boundary between native and adventive distribution is uncertain.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia hyssopifolia	Hyssopleaf Sandmat	Disturbed ground.	SC south to s. FL, west to LA; also in w. TX, s. NM, and Mexico, and south to s. South America.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia innocua	Velvet Spurge	In loose sands.	Endemic to coastal se. and s. TX.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia inundata var. garrettii		Wet pine flatwoods, Florida prairies, and seepage slopes.	Var. garrettii Bridges & Orzell is endemic to c. and s. FL peninsula.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia inundata var. inundata	Flatwood Spurge	Wet pine flatwoods, savannas, seepage slopes.	Ne. FL and se. GA (Bridges & Orzell 2002); Panhandle FL west to s. MS
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia ipecacuanhae	Carolina Ipecac	Longleaf pine sandhills, other dry, barren sands.	CT (formerly), NY (Long Island), NJ, and se. PA (Rhoads & Block 2007) south to ec. GA, on the Coastal Plain.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia laredana	Laredo Sandmat	Dunes, open sandy, gravelly, or loamy areas, disturbed areas.	S. TX south to ne. Mexico (NLE, TAM).
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia lasiocarpa	Roadside Sandmat	Disturbed uplands.	Native of the Neotropics and probably only introduced in our area.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia lata	Hoary Sandmat	Dry calcareous areas.	Sw. KS and s. CO south to c. TX, w. TX, NM, and n. Mexico (CHH, COA).
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia lathyris	Caper Spurge, Myrtle Spurge, Mole Plant	Roadsides, disturbed areas.	Native of Europe.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia longicruris	Wedge-leaf Spurge	Grasslands, glades, prairies, and woodlands over calcareous to sub-acidic rocks.	W. AR and OK south to TX.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia lucida	Leafy Spurge	Dry fields.	Native of Europe. Excluded from Maryland based upon lack of voucher (Knapp and Naczi 2021).
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia maculata	Milk-purslane, Spotted Spurge, Spotted Sandmat	Gardens, fields, disturbed places, crevices in pavement or sidewalks.	QC west to ND, south to s. FL and TX, south into tropical America; introduced in various places worldwide.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia marginata	Snow-on-the-mountain	Upland sites (prairies, woodlands) over calcareous substrates; eastwards on roadsides and in disturbed areas.	MN and MT south through the Great Plains to MO, TX, NM, and Mexico (CAM, COA, OAX, SLP, SIN, TAB, TAM, VER).
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia meganaesos	Featherman's Spurge	Coastal prairies and beaches.	Sw. LA and se. TX.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia mendezii	Mendez's Sandmat	Disturbed uplands.	Native of the Neotropics.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia mercurialina	Cumberland Spurge, Mercury Spurge	Rich moist to dry forests over mafic or calcareous rocks.	S. KY south through e. TN to nw. GA and n. AL. Apparently introduced in VA (City of Richmond) (Wright et al. 2023). It has been attributed to NC since 1992, but this material does not match E. mercurialina and is treated here as Euphorbia species 5.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia mesembryanthemifolia	Coastal Beach Sandmat	Dunes, coastal strands, coastal grasslands, disturbed uplands.	FL peninsula (from Flagler County on the east coast and Dixie County on the west coast south to s. FL); Bermuda; West Indies; s. Mexico and Central America.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia milii	Crown-of-thorns	Established from horticultural use.	Native of Madagascar.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia missurica	Prairie Sandmat	Prairies, floodplains, fields, other sandy or calcareous dry areas.	MN, ND, and MT south to c. AR, TX, and NM.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia nutans	Eyebane, Upright Spotted Spurge	Fields, gardens, waste places, flood-scoured shores and bars, disturbed ground.	NH west to MI and ND, south to Panhandle FL and TX; south into the Neotropics, and introduced in various places worldwide.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia oblongata	Eggleaf Spurge, Balkan Spurge	Roadbanks, disturbed areas.	Native of Balkan Europe. Urban areas from AL and GA (?) north to Long Island and CT (?). Apparently well naturalized and documented in the w. US; more distribution work is needed in the e. US. At present, perhaps only an intermittent and often-overlooked species naturalizing in urban and garden-adjacent habitats in our area.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia obtusata	Woodland Spurge	Rich bottomland forests.	Sc. PA west to IN and IA, south to GA, SC and TX. The distribution uncertain.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia ogdenii	Broom Sandmat	Pine rockland, coastal rock barrens, and canopy gaps or edges of rockland hammocks.	Endemic to s. FL.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia ophthalmica	Florida Hammock Sandmat	Roadsides, flowerbeds, other disturbed areas, hammocks.	GA and PA (Kartesz 1999), widespread in FL (Wunderlin & Hansen), but not in North America (Q). Widespread in Mexico. See Barger et al. (2012) for discussion of AL occurrences.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia ouachitana	Ouachita Spurge	Dry to dry-mesic woodlands and forests over shale, sandstone, novaculite, or limestone; bluffs and cliffs on sandstone or shale.	Endemic to the Interior Highlands (s. MO to ne. TX), except also disjunct to river bluffs and general rocky upland limestone woodlands in the Nashville Basin (TN).
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia paralias	Sea Spurge	Ballast waif.	Native of Mediterranean Europe, n. Africa, and w. Asia.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia peplidion	Low Spurge	Dry, sandy or calcareous areas.	Se. and sc. TX.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia peplus	Petty Spurge	Disturbed areas.	Native of Eurasia. Naturalized in Watauga County, NC (Poindexter, pers. comm.).
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia pergamena	Rockland Spurge, Rockland Sandmat	Pine rocklands.	S. peninsular FL (Collier and Miami-Dade counties south through the Monroe County keys); West Indies (Cuba, Hispaniola, Mona Island of Puerto Rico).
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia pinetorum	Pineland Spurge, Everglades Poinsettia	Pine rocklands.	Endemic to s. FL.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia platyphyllos	Broadleaf Spurge	Dunes, sandplains, disturbed areas.	Native of Europe. Naturalized in e. TN in Knox County (B.E. Wofford, pers. comm., 2012), and scattered other locations in e. North America.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia polygonifolia	Northern Seaside Spurge, Northern Sandmat	Open sands of dunes, upper beach, dune blowouts and overwashes, sometimes growing with perennial grasses such as Uniola paniculata, but preferring open sands with little competition, sometimes mixed with the less common E. bombensis.	NS to ne. FL along the Atlantic Ocean; disjunct to the Great Lakes, including (in our region) Presque Isle, nw. PA.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia polyphylla	Lesser Florida Spurge	Longleaf pine sandhills, Florida scrub, pine flatwoods, pine rocklands.	Endemic to the FL peninsula.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia porteriana	Porter's Sandmat	Pine rocklands, marl prairies, coastal rock barrens.	Endemic to s. FL (Miami-Dade County and on Big Pine Key in Monroe County).
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia prostrata	Prostrate Sandmat	Crevices of pavement or sidewalks, disturbed places.	Probably native of tropical America and only naturalized in our area, but possibly native in the southern parts of the Southeastern United States.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia pubentissima	Southeastern Flowering Spurge	Dry woodlands, sandbars, cobblebars, rock outcrops, longleaf pine sandhills.	C. MD, VA, and c. and sw. TN, south to Panhandle FL and s. MS.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia purpurea	Glade Spurge, Darlington Spurge, Purple Spurge	Rich moist forests in bottomlands or on slopes, in rich soil around rock outcrops, in swamps or seeps, especially over calcareous rocks (such as dolomite) or mafic rocks (such as amphibolite).	NJ, PA, and OH south to w. NC and n. GA.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia roemeriana	Roemer's Spurge	In rich, calcareous soils, especially in creek bottoms.	Mainly Edwards Plateau, c. TX, but extending southeastwards into the TX Coastal Plain.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia rosescens	Scrub Spurge	Florida scrub.	Endemic to c. peninsular FL
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia segetalis	Grainfield Spurge	Disturbed areas, apparently a waif that did not establish.	Native of Europe. Ballast waif of Philadelphia area in PA and adjacent NJ.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia serpens	Hierba de la Golondrina, Roundleaf Sandmat	Dry sandy hammocks, disturbed uplands.	OH, IN, IA, ND, and MT south to TN, LA, TX, NM, AZ, and s. Mexico. Allegedly in se. PA as a waif (Rhoads & Klein 1993).
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia serpillifolia ssp. serpillifolia	Thyme-leaf Spurge	Disturbed areas.	Native of the Great Plains, MN south to TX and westwards.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia spathulata	Prairie Spurge, Warty Spurge	Rocky woodlands, prairies, disturbed areas.	MN and WA south to w. VA, AL, LA, TX, and n. Mexico (BCN, CHH, COA, DGO, NLE, SON, TAM).
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia species 1		Riverscour.	Endemic to riverscour habitats of the Obed River, upper Emory River, Clear Creek, and Daddy's Creek in Morgan and Cumberland Co., TN.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia species 5		Mafic forests and woodlands.	Sc. NC and nc. SC.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia stictospora	Slim-seed Sandmat	Rocky slopes, disturbed areas.	W. IA, ND, and e. WY south to e. OK, c. TX, NM, AZ, and s. Mexico.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia telephioides		Pine flatwoods.	Endemic to FL Panhandle (Bay, Franklin, and Gulf counties)
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia tetrapora	Weak Spurge	Sandy soils.	AR and OK south to w. LA and TX.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia texana	Texas Spurge	Prairies.	LA and e. TX.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia thymifolia	Gulf Sandmat	Disturbed uplands.	Peninsular FL (where probably adventive); West Indies; Mexico; South America.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia tirucalli	Pencil Tree	Disturbed areas, spread from horticultural use.	Native of sub-Saharan Africa.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia tithymaloides ssp. smallii	Jacob's Ladder, Devil's Backbone, Slipper-spurge	Coastal berms, disturbed areas.	S. FL; Cuba (Matanzas).
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia tithymaloides ssp. tithymaloides		Planted and perhaps persistent.	Native of tropical America. TAM and GRO south through Mexico and Central America to n. South America.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia trichotoma	Sand-dune Spurge	Dunes, beaches.	C. and s. peninsular FL; West Indies (Bahamas, Cuba, Cayman Islands); Mexico (COL, ROO).
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia trigona	African-Milktree	Waif from horticultural use.	Native of w. and c. Africa.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia velleriflora	Caliche Sandmat	Live oak scrub, disturbed areas.	S. TX south to s. Mexico.
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia vermiculata	Hairy Spurge, Wormseed Spurge	Disturbed areas.	Widespread and common in PA (Rhoads & Klein 1993; Rhoads & Block 2007). Mexico (DGO, GTO, JAL, MIC).
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia villifera	Hairy Sandmat	Dry upland habitats and riparian forests, over limestone.	Ec., c., and w. TX south through Mexico and n. Central America (Guatemala).
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia virgata	Wolf's-milk, Leafy Spurge	Fields, roadsides, disturbed areas.	Native of Eurasia.

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