44 results for family: Pinaceae.
| Family | Scientific Name | Common Name | Habitat | Distribution | Image |
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| Pinaceae | Abies | Fir, Balsam | | | 
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| Pinaceae | Abies alba | European Fir, Silver Fir | Naturalized in Highlands, NC (Macon Co.), from plantings made by Thomas G. Harbison in the late 1800's (J.D. Pittillo, pers. comm.). | Native of Europe. | 
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| Pinaceae | Abies balsamea | Balsam Fir, Northern Balsam, Blister Pine, Fir Pine | High elevation forests and cliffs (in VA and northwards); high elevation frost-pocket wetlands (WV), northwards somewhat more general in cool, mountain areas. | NL (Newfoundland) and NL (Labrador) west to n. AB, south to NY, PA, MI, WI, and IA, and (disjunct) in the mountains to n. VA and e. WV. |
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| Pinaceae | Abies firma | Momi Fir | Naturalized from horticultural plantings near homesites. | See Poindexter (2010b) for detailed information on the naturalization of this fir in our area and its recognition. | 
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| Pinaceae | Abies fraseri | Fraser Fir, She Balsam, Southern Balsam | High elevation forests, from about 1500-2037 m. | Southern Appalachian endemic, from Grayson and Smyth counties, VA (notably, Mount Rogers) south to e. TN and sw. NC; naturalizing on Brasstown Bald in GA, and on Black Mountain (Pocahontas County, WV), where planted. | 
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| Pinaceae | Cedrus | Cedar | | | 
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| Pinaceae | Cedrus deodara | Deodar Cedar | Frequently planted, rarely persistent or possibly escaped to suburban woodlands. | Native of Himalayan Asia. |
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| Pinaceae | Larix | Larch | | | 
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| Pinaceae | Larix decidua | European Larch | Forests. | Native of Europe. Planted as an ornamental and experimentally as a forest tree, persisting and sometimes escaping in the high mountains of NC. | 
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| Pinaceae | Larix kaempferi | Japanese Larch | Disturbed areas. | Native of Japan. | 
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| Pinaceae | Larix laricina | Eastern Larch, Eastern Tamarack, Akemantak | Bogs and swamps. | NL (Newfoundland), NL (Labrador), Keewatin, and AK, south to MD (Garrett County), WV (Preston and Randolph counties), OH, IN, IL, MN, and BC. A single tree of unknown provenance is at the Beech Gap Overlook (milepost 423.3, Transylvania County, NC) on the Blue Ridge Parkway. |
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| Pinaceae | Picea | Spruce | | | 
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| Pinaceae | Picea abies | Norway Spruce | Fairly commonly planted in the montane and northern parts of our area as a street or yard tree, also persisting and escaping from forestry plantations at moderate or high elevations, notably in e. WV, Great Smoky Mountains National Park (Kephart Prong), Mount Mitchell State Park, and the Biltmore Estate. | Native of n. Europe. | 
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| Pinaceae | Picea glauca | White Spruce | Grown in forestry plantations and persistent from horticultural and silvicultural use. | Native of n. North America, where probably only truly native to cooler temperate regions and otherwise introduced in its more southerly occurrences. | 
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| Pinaceae | Picea mariana | Black Spruce, Lash-horn | Swamps and other acidic wetlands. | NL (Newfoundland, Labrador), NU, NT, YT, and AK south to n. NJ, s. PA, s. MI, ne. IL, MN, and BC. | 
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| Pinaceae | Picea orientalis | Caucasian Spruce | Weakly naturalized near horticultural plantings in a NJ State Natural Area. | Native of the Caucasus region. Reported as seeding down from horticultural use by Schmidt (2023). | 
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| Pinaceae | Picea pungens | Blue Spruce, Colorado Blue Spruce | Forestry plantations, also persistent or weakly spreading from horticultural use. | Native of the Rocky Mountains. Reported for MD by Kartesz (2022) but excluded by Knapp (pers.comm., 2023). | 
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| Pinaceae | Picea rubens | Red Spruce, He Balsam | Common to dominant in spruce and spruce-fir forests at high elevations, scattered in northern hardwood forests, heath balds, boulderfield forests, ridges, and rarely coves, also in bogs or swampy forests at lower elevations (in NC not below 1000 m), ranging in moisture tolerance from dry ridges (though these are often fog-bathed) to saturated peats, and sometimes planted and naturalized. Picea rubens appears as scattered individuals ("natural waifs") at lower elevations than it is usually found; these seem to reflect sporadic seeding and short term survival and growth from some natural means. | NS and NB south (interruptedly) to w. NC and e. TN. A single tree in the Mountains of SC is presumably a "natural waif" (Bradley et al. [in prep.]). Also planted and persistent or possibly naturalizing on Brasstown Bald, Rabun County, GA (M. Medley, pers.comm. 2022). | 
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| Pinaceae | Pinaceae | Pine Family | | | 
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| Pinaceae | Pinus | Pine | | |
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| Pinaceae | Pinus banksiana | Jack Pine | Dry forests. | Reported as possibly naturalized in WV (Harmon, Ford-Werntz, & Grafton 2006). | 
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| Pinaceae | Pinus clausa | Sand Pine | Florida scrub, and dry sands where planted outside of its native range, for instance widely planted in pulp plantations in FL and s. GA, experimentally planted as far north as NC (and persisting and naturalizing). | FL Panhandle, S. AL, south to s. FL; planted and naturalized further north in GA, SC, and NC Coastal Plain and further west in s. MS. | 
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| Pinaceae | Pinus densa | South Florida Slash Pine | Pine flatwoods, pine rocklands, scrubby flatwoods, wet pine (and cutthroat grass) savannas. | Restricted to c. and s. peninsular FL. Falsely reported by Small (1933) for GA. | 
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| Pinaceae | Pinus echinata | Shortleaf Pine, Rosemary Pine, Yellow Pine | Dry to dry-mesic upland forests and woodlands, rocky ridges and slopes, glades, bluffs, Coastal Plain sandhills, old fields, riparian forests, generally in rather xeric sites and on acid soils, but also occurring in mesic to even wet sites and on mafic or subcalcareous rocks. | Widespread in se. North America, north to s. NY, NJ, s. PA, s. OH, s. IL, s. MO, and e. OK, perhaps reaching its greatest importance in dry, sandstone landscapes, such as the Cumberland Plateau of WV, KY, TN, and AL, and the Ozarks and Ouachitas of AR, MO, and OK. |
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| Pinaceae | Pinus elliottii | Slash Pine | Native in wet pine flatwoods and maritime forests, also extensively planted (over a broader distribution than the natural one, as in GA, SC, NC, w. LA, e. TX) in silvicultural plantations on a wide variety of soils, many of them unsuitable for its successful growth. | P. elliottii ranges natively from e. SC south to c. peninsular FL, west to e. LA. P. elliottii has been extensively planted throughout the Coastal Plain of Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina, where it now occupies tens of thousands of hectares. | 
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| Pinaceae | Pinus glabra | Spruce Pine, Walter's Pine, Cedar Pine | Bottomland forests, rich, moist soils, also upland in calcareous areas, such as calcareous bluffs. | SC south to n. FL and west to se. LA | 
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| Pinaceae | Pinus nigra | Austrian Pine | Disturbed areas. | Native of Europe. | 
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| Pinaceae | Pinus palustris | Longleaf Pine, Southern Pine | Formerly throughout the Coastal Plain, Sandhills, and lower Piedmont, on a wide variety of soils (sandy, loamy, clayey, or peaty), from very dry to very wet conditions, in pine savannas, pine woodlands, and pine forests affected by relatively frequent natural (lightning caused) fires (likely augmented by native Americans), now reduced to an estimated 3% of its former abundance by a variety of forces, including turpentining, timbering, free-range hogs, fire suppression, and ‘site conversion’ by foresters to other trees, now extremely rare in VA and north of the Neuse River in NC, still occurring in some abundance in the outer Coastal Plain from Carteret County, NC south into GA, in the Bladen Lakes area of Bladen and Cumberland counties, and in the Fall-Line Sandhills of Harnett, Hoke, Scotland, Richmond, Moore, Anson, and Montgomery counties, NC and south into GA. Further southward into peninsular FL, this species is more exclusive to sandhill and flatwood habitats, replaced in wetter sites by Pinus elliottii and P. densa and more xeric sites by P. clausa. | A Southeastern Coastal Plain endemic: se. VA south to FL and west to se. TX; it extends slightly into the Piedmont in most states where it occurs, and further into the Piedmont and low mountains in GA and AL. Planted in DE (McAvoy 2023, pers.comm.) | 
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| Pinaceae | Pinus pinaster | Maritime Pine, Cluster Pine | Planted and naturalized on barrier islands. | Native of Mediterranean Europe. P. pinaster is reported by Brown (1959) to be "introduced from Mediterranean region and planted on sand-flats in vicinity of Corolla, Currituck Banks, Bodie and Hatteras Island 1936-1940…". Now producing seeds and becoming naturalized near Cape Hatteras Lighthouse. | 
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| Pinaceae | Pinus pinea | Italian Stone Pine | | A single report from Graham County, NC on EDDMapS; of uncertain reliability and rejected unless corroborated. | 
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| Pinaceae | Pinus pungens | Table Mountain Pine, Bur Pine, Prickly Pine, Hickory Pine | Dry ridges, cliffs, shale barrens, usually requiring fire for its reproduction, occurring at least up to 1550 m. | A Central and Southern Appalachian endemic: n. NJ, through se. PA, w. MD, WV, w. VA, w. NC, and e. TN to nw. SC and ne. GA. Occasionally planted outside its natural distribution, as in NY. | 
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| Pinaceae | Pinus resinosa | Red Pine | High elevation forests, in pine plantations, and persisting after silvicultural plantings. Further north often growing on dry, rocky (south-facing) ridges and bluffs. | This species is native as far south as WV (Pendleton and Hardy counties) and PA (Luzerne, Wyoming, Tioga, and Centre counties). | 
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| Pinaceae | Pinus rigida | Pitch Pine, Black Pine | Southward primarily on dry ridges, more or less requiring fire for its reproduction, less commonly in peat soils of mountain bogs (and then often at elevations of 800-1000 m), northward (as in NJ) in acidic sandy and peaty soils near sea level, and also scattered through a variety of forest types. It is abundant near sea level in the Pine Barrens of NJ, but in NC is limited to the mountains and upper Piedmont; it is replaced in Coastal Plain fire-maintained wetland communities by the related Pinus serotina. | S. Canada and s. ME south to n. GA. | 
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| Pinaceae | Pinus serotina | Pocosin Pine, Pond Pine, Marsh Pine, Black Pine | Peaty soils of pocosins, swamps of small blackwater streams, sometimes a component of very wet pine savannas over an herbaceous groundlayer, but usually associated with dense pocosin shrubs. | A Southeastern Coastal Plain endemic: s. NJ south to n. FL and se. AL, restricted to the Coastal Plain. | 
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| Pinaceae | Pinus strobus | Eastern White Pine | Moist to dry forests, bottomlands, dry, rocky ridges in humid gorges, also planted in timber plantations. | Widespread in ne. North America, south to VA, w. and (rarely) c. NC, nw. SC, n. GA, e. TN, KY, IN, n. IL, e. IA, and MN. In NC, a notable relict and disjunct stand of P. strobus occurs on bluffs of the Deep River in the eastern Piedmont of Chatham County; in VA P. strobus is widely but irregularly distributed in the lower Piedmont. Frequently planted beyond its native range. | 
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| Pinaceae | Pinus sylvestris var. sylvestris | Scots Pine | Cultivated and sometimes escaped or long persistent in settings where not obviously planted. | Native of Europe. Introduced and at least weakly naturalized south to MD (Kartesz 1999) and e. WV (Morton et al. 2004). | 
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| Pinaceae | Pinus taeda | Loblolly Pine, Old Field Pine, Yellow Pine | Dry to dry-mesic upland forests and woodlands, riparian forests, maritime forests, sandy rises in bottomland forests, pine flatwoods, roadsides, pine plantations, disturbed areas, especially in acid soil, much more abundant and widespread than formerly, and occurring farther inland than as a native. | Native from s. NJ, DE, and e. MD south to n. peninsular FL, west to e. TX and se. OK, primarily on the Coastal Plain, but inland to s. TN; this distribution now expanded by forestry plantation northward. | 
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| Pinaceae | Pinus thunbergii | Japanese Black Pine | Planted and persisting, sometimes appearing native, on barrier islands. | Native of Japan. | 
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| Pinaceae | Pinus virginiana | Virginia Pine, Scrub Pine, Jersey Pine, Possum Pine, Spruce Pine | Dry forests and woodlands, especially on slopes and ridges, also common in certain areas as a weedy successional tree on nearly any kind of site, such as rocky, sandy, or clayey successional old fields or blowdowns. | Primarily a Central and Southern Appalachian endemic: s. NY, NJ, and PA, south through VA, WV, s. OH, s. IL, KY, TN, and NC to nw. SC, n. GA, n. AL, and ne. MS. | 
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| Pinaceae | Pseudotsuga | Douglas-fir | | | 
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| Pinaceae | Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca | Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir | Disturbed areas. | Native of w. North America. | 
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| Pinaceae | Tsuga | Hemlock | | | 
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| Pinaceae | Tsuga canadensis | Eastern Hemlock, Canada Hemlock, Spruce Pine, Hemlock Spruce | In a wide variety of habitats in the mountains, most typically and abundantly in moist sites in ravines or coves along streams, but likely to be found in all but the driest habitats between 300 and 1500 m (even occurring in peaty bogs, where it has a sickly yellow color and short life expectancy); in the western Piedmont of NC limited to progressively rarer microhabitats (primarily north-facing river bluffs), reaching its eastward limit in NC at a disjunct stand at Hemlock Bluff State Natural Area, Wake County (but uncommon in the Piedmont of VA and even present, though rare, in the Coastal Plain of VA). | Widespread in ne. North America, south to w. and c. VA, w. and (rarely) c. NC, nw. SC, n. GA, n. AL, TN, KY, IN, WI, and MN. |
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| Pinaceae | Tsuga caroliniana | Carolina Hemlock, Crag Hemlock | Primarily in open forests on ridge tops, rocky bluffs, or gorge walls, generally in drier and rockier sites than T. canadensis, but the two sometimes growing in close proximity or even intermixed in humid gorges; very limited in the western Piedmont, apparently reaching its eastern limit in NC at Hanging Rock State Park, Stokes County, and ranging east to Halifax County in the Piedmont of VA. | T. caroliniana is a rather narrow Southern Appalachian endemic, occurring only in w. NC, e. TN, sw. and sc. VA, nw. SC, and ne. GA | 
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