Family | Scientific Name | Common Name | Habitat | Distribution | Image |
Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia albomarginata | White-margin Sandmat, Rattlesnakeweed | Usually in poorly-drained clay soils or prairies, roadsides, and fields. | OK, se. CO, s. UT, NV, and CA south to TX, NM, AZ, and c. Mexico. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia angusta | Blackfoot Euphorbia, Blackfoot Sandmat, Narrowleaf Spurge | Rocky limestone areas. | Endemic to c. to w. TX, mainly Edwards Plateau. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia apocynifolia | | Calcareous forests. | S. SC south to Panhandle FL, west to s. MS. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia austrotexana var. austrotexana | | Sandy plains and dunes. | Endemic in s. TX (Atascosa, Bexar, and Wilson counties). |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia austrotexana var. carrii | | Sandy soils. | Endemic to s. TX (Jim Hogg and Kenedy counties). | |
Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia bicolor | Snow-on-the-prairie | Prairies (usually in "tight clay soil"), roadsides, disturbed areas. | AR and OK south to w. LA and e. TX. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia blodgettii | Blodgett's Sandmat | Dunes, rockland hammocks, longleaf pine sandhills, tidal marshes. | Endemic to FL peninsula (from St. Johns and Levy counties, FL south to s. FL). |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia bombensis | Southern Seaside Spurge, Dixie Sandmat | Open sands of dunes, dune blowouts and overwashes, often growing with perennial grasses such as Uniola paniculata, but preferring open sands with little competition, sometimes mixed with the more common E. polygonifolia. Johnson (1992) contrasted the habitat of this species with that of the closely similar E. polygonifolia; E. bombensis preferring areas behind the foredune, while E. polygonifolia preferring the pioneer situation on the upper beach and foredune front. | E. VA south to s. FL along the Atlantic, from s. FL to TX and Mexico (CAM, ROO, TAB, TAM, VER, YUC) along the Gulf of Mexico, and south into n. South America. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia cinerascens | Ashy Sandmat | Dry soil. | South to n. Mexico (CHH, COA, GTO, NLE, SLP, TAM). |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia commutata | Woodland Spurge, Tinted Spurge | Rich forests and rock outcrops, over calcareous or mafic rocks. | PA west to s. ON and MN, south to ne. and Panhandle FL and ne. TX. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia conferta | Everglade Key Sandmat | Pine rocklands, marl prairies, disturbed uplands. | Endemic to s. FL (Broward, Miami-Dade, and Monroe counties). |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia cordifolia | Heartleaf Sandmat | Open sands of very dry longleaf pine sandhills, Florida scrub, other dry, open habitats. | Se. NC south to c. peninsular FL and west to se. OK (Singhurst, Buthod, & Holmes 2012) and s. TX. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia corollata | Eastern Flowering Spurge | Woodlands and forests. | NH and MA west to s. ON, MI, WI, MN, and NE, south to se.VA, c. NC, n. GA, s. AL, and e. TX (some of the northern distribution may be by expansion northwards in disturbed areas). |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia cumulicola | Coastal Dune Sandmat | Dunes, Florida scrub, scrubby pine flatwoods. | Se. GA (Camden County) south to s. peninsular FL; allegedly also in w. Panhandle FL (Escambia County). |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia curtisii | White Sandhills Spurge, Curtis's Spurge | Longleaf pine sandhills, other dry open areas, such as hardpan woodlands. | Sc. and se. NC to ne. FL and w. Panhandle FL, on the Coastal Plain, and less typically the lower Piedmont. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia cyathophora | Painted Leaf, Fire-on-the-mountain | Bottomland forests, dunes, streambanks, disturbed habitats. | E. VA, KS, and CA south into the New World tropics, the original range obscure. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia cyparissias | Cypress Spurge, Graveyard Spurge | Roadbanks, graveyards, waste places. | Native of Europe. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia davidii | David’s Spurge | Streambanks, riverbanks, bottomland forests, bottomland prairies, upland prairies, also in disturbed areas such as ditches, roadsides, and other open, disturbed areas. | WI west to WY, south to c. TX, NM, AZ, and south into Mexico, and also introduced more widely. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia deltoidea ssp. adhaerens | | Pine rocklands. | Endemic to s. peninsular FL. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia deltoidea ssp. deltoidea | Deltoid Spurge | Pine rocklands. | Endemic to s. peninsular FL (s. Miami-Dade County mainland), "from about SW 76 Street south to SW 264 Street, east of Everglades National Park in Miami-Dade County" (Roger Hammer, pers. comm. 2019). |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia deltoidea ssp. pinetorum | | Pine rocklands. | Endemic to s. peninsular FL. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia deltoidea ssp. serpyllum | | Pine rocklands. | Endemic to s. peninsular FL (Big Pine Key only). |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia dentata | Painted Leaf, Wild Poinsettia, Toothed Spurge | Bottomland forests, disturbed areas, hedgerows, thickets, railroad cinders. | Native of sc. North America. The native distribution obscured by spread since, but apparently OH west to CO, south to LA, TX, NM, AZ, and to s. Mexico (at least). |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia discoidalis | Summer Spurge | Longleaf pine sandhills, shortleaf pine woodlands in the Interior Highlands. | E. and c. GA (or e. SC?) south and west to Panhandle FL and e. TX; disjunct in Ouachita Mountains of sw. AR (Theo Witsell, pers. comm., 2019). |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia epithymoides | Cushion Spurge | From horticultural use. | Native of Mediterranean Europe. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia exigua | Dwarf Spurge | Disturbed areas. | Native of Europe. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia exserta | Maroon Sandhills Spurge, Coastal Sand Spurge | Longleaf pine sandhills, especially in loamier and slightly moister sites. | Sc. NC south to c. peninsular and e. Panhandle FL; disjunct in se. VA (Sussex County) (Belden et al. 2004) |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia falcata | Sickle Spurge | Roadsides, other disturbed areas. | Native of Europe. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia fendleri | Fendler's Sandmat | Prairies and dry woodlands. | W. SD, WY, NV, and CA south to ec. TX, w. TX, NM, AZ, and n. Mexico (CHH, COA, NLE). |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia floridana | Florida Spurge | Longleaf pine sandhills, Florida scrub. | Panhandle FL and sw. GA west to s. AL. Reported for sw. GA by Bridges & Orzell (2002) and Jones & Coile (1988). |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia garberi | Garber's Sandmat | Pine rocklands, beach dunes, coastal rock barrens. | Endemic to s. FL (Miami-Dade, Collier, and Monroe counties). |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia georgiana | Georgia Spurge | Granite outcrops. | Endemic to the GA Piedmont (Oglethorpe and Wilkes counties). |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia geyeri var. geyeri | Geyer's Sandmat | Sandy areas, sandbars, disturbed uplands. | MI west to MT, south to MS, LA, TX, and NM. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia glyptosperma | Ridge-seed Spurge, Ribseed Sandmat | Calcareous glades, prairies, other sandy or gravelly soils. | NL west to BC, south to NY, s. IN, c. TN, MO, TX, and Mexico (CHH, COA, NLE, TAM, ZAC). |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia graminea | Grassleaf Spurge, ‘Diamond Frost’, ‘Frosted Flakes’ | Landscaped areas, other disturbed areas. | Native of tropical America (n. Mexico south to n. South America). Naturalized in FL Panhandle, FL peninsula, s. AL (Diamond 2014), and s. GA (Zomlefer et al. 2018). Much of its spread has been facilitated as a weed in nursery materials. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia hammeri | Hammer's Spurge | Open understory, fire-dependent, and seasonally saturated pine rocklands dominated by Pinus densa; also in adjacent marl prairies. | Endemic to s. FL. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia helioscopia | Wartweed, Madwoman’s-milk, Sun Spurge, Summer Spurge | Disturbed areas, roadsides, cultivated ground. | Native of Europe. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia helleri | Heller's Spurge | In clay loams and calcareous soils near the coast. | S. TX south to ne. Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas). Apparently introduced in Louisiana (Riina et al. 2016). |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia herniariifolia | | Waif on ore piles. | Native of Mediterranean se. Europe and w. Asia. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia heterophylla | Fiddler’s Spurge, Mexican Fireplant, Catalina, Jacob's-ladder, Fire-on-the-mountain | Disturbed areas. | VA, NC, SC, GA, TX, and NM south through Mexico, Central America, and South America; some of the distribution is likely by introduction. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia hexagona | Six-angle Spurge | Sand prairies, stream bars, and disturbed sandy areas. | W. WI, se. MN, SD, and se. WY south to nw. IL, n. AR, e. TX, and NM. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia hirta | Pillpod Sandmat | Fields, disturbed ground, waste areas, in and around greenhouses, perhaps only adventive in the northern part of our area. | E. NC, c. SC, south to s. FL, west to TX, and south through Mexico, and Central and South America, the pre-Columbian distribution obscure. Reported for Goldsboro, NC and Abbeville, Abbeville County, SC (C.N. Horn, pers.comm. 2008). |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia humistrata | Spreading Sandmat | Floodplain forests, exposed river shores, rocky riverside gravel bars, disturbed areas, some of the easternmost occurrences apparently adventive from farther west. | OH, IL, MO, and e. KS south to Panhandle FL and e. TX; scattered eastward, apparently as an adventive. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia hypericifolia | Graceful Sandmat | Gardens, landscaped beds, cracks in parking lot and sidewalk pavements, other disturbed upland areas. | FL west to TX, south into Mexico, Central America, South America; West Indies. Reported for SC (Kartesz 1999), FL, GA, LA (Q). The boundary between native and adventive distribution is uncertain. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia hyssopifolia | Hyssopleaf Sandmat | Disturbed ground. | SC south to s. FL, west to LA; also in w. TX, s. NM, and Mexico, and south to s. South America. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia innocua | Velvet Spurge | In loose sands. | Endemic to coastal se. and s. TX. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia inundata var. garrettii | | Wet pine flatwoods, Florida prairies, and seepage slopes. | Var. garrettii Bridges & Orzell is endemic to c. and s. FL peninsula. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia inundata var. inundata | Flatwood Spurge | Wet pine flatwoods, savannas, seepage slopes. | Ne. FL and se. GA (Bridges & Orzell 2002); Panhandle FL west to s. MS |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia ipecacuanhae | Carolina Ipecac | Longleaf pine sandhills, other dry, barren sands. | CT (formerly), NY (Long Island), NJ, and se. PA (Rhoads & Block 2007) south to ec. GA, on the Coastal Plain. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia laredana | Laredo Sandmat | Dunes, open sandy, gravelly, or loamy areas, disturbed areas. | S. TX south to ne. Mexico (NLE, TAM). |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia lasiocarpa | Roadside Sandmat | Disturbed uplands. | Native of the Neotropics and probably only introduced in our area. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia lata | Hoary Sandmat | Dry calcareous areas. | Sw. KS and s. CO south to c. TX, w. TX, NM, and n. Mexico (CHH, COA). |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia lathyris | Caper Spurge, Myrtle Spurge, Mole Plant | Roadsides, disturbed areas. | Native of Europe. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia longicruris | Wedge-leaf Spurge | Grasslands, glades, prairies, and woodlands over calcareous to sub-acidic rocks. | W. AR and OK south to TX. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia lucida | Leafy Spurge | Dry fields. | Native of Europe. Excluded from Maryland based upon lack of voucher (Knapp and Naczi 2021). |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia maculata | Milk-purslane, Spotted Spurge, Spotted Sandmat | Gardens, fields, disturbed places, crevices in pavement or sidewalks. | QC west to ND, south to s. FL and TX, south into tropical America; introduced in various places worldwide. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia marginata | Snow-on-the-mountain | Upland sites (prairies, woodlands) over calcareous substrates; eastwards on roadsides and in disturbed areas. | MN and MT south through the Great Plains to MO, TX, NM, and Mexico (CAM, COA, OAX, SLP, SIN, TAB, TAM, VER). |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia meganaesos | Featherman's Spurge | Coastal prairies and beaches. | Sw. LA and se. TX. | |
Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia mendezii | Mendez's Sandmat | Disturbed uplands. | Native of the Neotropics. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia mercurialina | Cumberland Spurge, Mercury Spurge | Rich moist to dry forests over mafic or calcareous rocks. | S. KY south through e. TN to nw. GA and n. AL. Apparently introduced in VA (City of Richmond) (Wright et al. 2023). It has been attributed to NC since 1992, but this material does not match E. mercurialina and is treated here as Euphorbia species 5. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia mesembryanthemifolia | Coastal Beach Sandmat | Dunes, coastal strands, coastal grasslands, disturbed uplands. | FL peninsula (from Flagler County on the east coast and Dixie County on the west coast south to s. FL); Bermuda; West Indies; s. Mexico and Central America. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia milii | Crown-of-thorns | Established from horticultural use. | Native of Madagascar. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia missurica | Prairie Sandmat | Prairies, floodplains, fields, other sandy or calcareous dry areas. | MN, ND, and MT south to c. AR, TX, and NM. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia nutans | Eyebane, Upright Spotted Spurge | Fields, gardens, waste places, flood-scoured shores and bars, disturbed ground. | NH west to MI and ND, south to Panhandle FL and TX; south into the Neotropics, and introduced in various places worldwide. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia oblongata | Eggleaf Spurge, Balkan Spurge | Roadbanks, disturbed areas. | Native of Balkan Europe. Urban areas from AL and GA (?) north to Long Island and CT (?). Apparently well naturalized and documented in the w. US; more distribution work is needed in the e. US. At present, perhaps only an intermittent and often-overlooked species naturalizing in urban and garden-adjacent habitats in our area. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia obtusata | Woodland Spurge | Rich bottomland forests. | Sc. PA west to IN and IA, south to GA, SC and TX. The distribution uncertain. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia ogdenii | Broom Sandmat | Pine rockland, coastal rock barrens, and canopy gaps or edges of rockland hammocks. | Endemic to s. FL. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia ophthalmica | Florida Hammock Sandmat | Roadsides, flowerbeds, other disturbed areas, hammocks. | GA and PA (Kartesz 1999), widespread in FL (Wunderlin & Hansen), but not in North America (Q). Widespread in Mexico. See Barger et al. (2012) for discussion of AL occurrences. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia ouachitana | Ouachita Spurge | Dry to dry-mesic woodlands and forests over shale, sandstone, novaculite, or limestone; bluffs and cliffs on sandstone or shale. | Endemic to the Interior Highlands (s. MO to ne. TX), except also disjunct to river bluffs and general rocky upland limestone woodlands in the Nashville Basin (TN). |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia paralias | Sea Spurge | Ballast waif. | Native of Mediterranean Europe, n. Africa, and w. Asia. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia peplidion | Low Spurge | Dry, sandy or calcareous areas. | Se. and sc. TX. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia peplus | Petty Spurge | Disturbed areas. | Native of Eurasia. Naturalized in Watauga County, NC (Poindexter, pers. comm.). |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia pergamena | Rockland Spurge, Rockland Sandmat | Pine rocklands. | S. peninsular FL (Collier and Miami-Dade counties south through the Monroe County keys); West Indies (Cuba, Hispaniola, Mona Island of Puerto Rico). |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia pinetorum | Pineland Spurge, Everglades Poinsettia | Pine rocklands. | Endemic to s. FL. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia platyphyllos | Broadleaf Spurge | Dunes, sandplains, disturbed areas. | Native of Europe. Naturalized in e. TN in Knox County (B.E. Wofford, pers. comm., 2012), and scattered other locations in e. North America. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia polygonifolia | Northern Seaside Spurge, Northern Sandmat | Open sands of dunes, upper beach, dune blowouts and overwashes, sometimes growing with perennial grasses such as Uniola paniculata, but preferring open sands with little competition, sometimes mixed with the less common E. bombensis. | NS to ne. FL along the Atlantic Ocean; disjunct to the Great Lakes, including (in our region) Presque Isle, nw. PA. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia polyphylla | Lesser Florida Spurge | Longleaf pine sandhills, Florida scrub, pine flatwoods, pine rocklands. | Endemic to the FL peninsula. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia porteriana | Porter's Sandmat | Pine rocklands, marl prairies, coastal rock barrens. | Endemic to s. FL (Miami-Dade County and on Big Pine Key in Monroe County). |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia prostrata | Prostrate Sandmat | Crevices of pavement or sidewalks, disturbed places. | Probably native of tropical America and only naturalized in our area, but possibly native in the southern parts of the Southeastern United States. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia pubentissima | Southeastern Flowering Spurge | Dry woodlands, sandbars, cobblebars, rock outcrops, longleaf pine sandhills. | C. MD, VA, and c. and sw. TN, south to Panhandle FL and s. MS. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia purpurea | Glade Spurge, Darlington Spurge, Purple Spurge | Rich moist forests in bottomlands or on slopes, in rich soil around rock outcrops, in swamps or seeps, especially over calcareous rocks (such as dolomite) or mafic rocks (such as amphibolite). | NJ, PA, and OH south to w. NC and n. GA. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia roemeriana | Roemer's Spurge | In rich, calcareous soils, especially in creek bottoms. | Mainly Edwards Plateau, c. TX, but extending southeastwards into the TX Coastal Plain. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia rosescens | Scrub Spurge | Florida scrub. | Endemic to c. peninsular FL |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia segetalis | Grainfield Spurge | Disturbed areas, apparently a waif that did not establish. | Native of Europe. Ballast waif of Philadelphia area in PA and adjacent NJ. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia serpens | Hierba de la Golondrina, Roundleaf Sandmat | Dry sandy hammocks, disturbed uplands. | OH, IN, IA, ND, and MT south to TN, LA, TX, NM, AZ, and s. Mexico. Allegedly in se. PA as a waif (Rhoads & Klein 1993). |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia serpillifolia ssp. serpillifolia | Thyme-leaf Spurge | Disturbed areas. | Native of the Great Plains, MN south to TX and westwards. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia spathulata | Prairie Spurge, Warty Spurge | Rocky woodlands, prairies, disturbed areas. | MN and WA south to w. VA, AL, LA, TX, and n. Mexico (BCN, CHH, COA, DGO, NLE, SON, TAM). |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia species 1 | | Riverscour. | Endemic to riverscour habitats of the Obed River, upper Emory River, Clear Creek, and Daddy's Creek in Morgan and Cumberland Co., TN. | |
Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia species 5 | | Mafic forests and woodlands. | Sc. NC and nc. SC. | |
Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia stictospora | Slim-seed Sandmat | Rocky slopes, disturbed areas. | W. IA, ND, and e. WY south to e. OK, c. TX, NM, AZ, and s. Mexico. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia telephioides | | Pine flatwoods. | Endemic to FL Panhandle (Bay, Franklin, and Gulf counties) |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia tetrapora | Weak Spurge | Sandy soils. | AR and OK south to w. LA and TX. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia texana | Texas Spurge | Prairies. | LA and e. TX. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia thymifolia | Gulf Sandmat | Disturbed uplands. | Peninsular FL (where probably adventive); West Indies; Mexico; South America. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia tirucalli | Pencil Tree | Disturbed areas, spread from horticultural use. | Native of sub-Saharan Africa. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia tithymaloides ssp. smallii | Jacob's Ladder, Devil's Backbone, Slipper-spurge | Coastal berms, disturbed areas. | S. FL; Cuba (Matanzas). | |
Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia tithymaloides ssp. tithymaloides | | Planted and perhaps persistent. | Native of tropical America. TAM and GRO south through Mexico and Central America to n. South America. | |
Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia trichotoma | Sand-dune Spurge | Dunes, beaches. | C. and s. peninsular FL; West Indies (Bahamas, Cuba, Cayman Islands); Mexico (COL, ROO). |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia trigona | African-Milktree | Waif from horticultural use. | Native of w. and c. Africa. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia velleriflora | Caliche Sandmat | Live oak scrub, disturbed areas. | S. TX south to s. Mexico. |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia vermiculata | Hairy Spurge, Wormseed Spurge | Disturbed areas. | Widespread and common in PA (Rhoads & Klein 1993; Rhoads & Block 2007). Mexico (DGO, GTO, JAL, MIC). |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia villifera | Hairy Sandmat | Dry upland habitats and riparian forests, over limestone. | Ec., c., and w. TX south through Mexico and n. Central America (Guatemala). |
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia virgata | Wolf's-milk, Leafy Spurge | Fields, roadsides, disturbed areas. | Native of Eurasia. |
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