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Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall. Green Ash, Red Ash. Phen: Apr-May; Aug-Oct. Hab: Bottomlands and swamps, especially along brownwater rivers and streams, rarely on mesic upland disturbed sites. Dist: NS west to AB, south to FL, TX, and CO.

Origin/Endemic status: Native

Taxonomy Comments: Variation in this species (see synonymy) needs further study. Campbell (2017) has provided a detailed analysis of variation in F. pennsylvanica, choosing to recognize four varieties.

Synonymy : = Ar, C, GrPl, GW2, K1, K3, Mi, NE, NY, Pa, Tn, Va, W, Hardin & Beckmann (1982), Hardin (1974), Nesom (2010h), Ward (2010a); > Fraxinus darlingtonii Britton – S; > Fraxinus lanceolata Borkh. – Il, Tat; < Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall – Fl6, WH3; > Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall – Il, S, Tat; ? Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall ssp. pennsylvanica – Miller (1955); > Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall var. austini Fernald – F, orthographic variant; > Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall var. austinii Fernald – Campbell (2017); > Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall var. campestris (Britton) F.C.Gates – Campbell (2017); > Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall var. lanceolata (Borkh.) Sarg.; > Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall var. pennsylvanica – F, G, RAB, WV, Campbell (2017); > Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fernald – F, G, RAB, WV, Campbell (2017); > Fraxinus pensylvanica var. integerrima – Tx, orthographic variant

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Wetland Indicator Status:

  • Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain: FACW (taxonomic split from wetland indicator species)
  • Eastern Mountains and Piedmont: FACW (taxonomic split from wetland indicator species)
  • Great Plains: FAC (taxonomic split from wetland indicator species)
  • Midwest: FACW (taxonomic split from wetland indicator species)
  • Northcentral & Northeast: FACW (taxonomic split from wetland indicator species)

Heliophily : 5

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image of plant© Keith Bradley | Original Image ⭷
image of plant© Erik Danielson source | Original Image ⭷
image of plant© Gary P. Fleming | Original Image ⭷
image of plant© Aidan Campos source | Original Image ⭷
image of plant© Bruce A. Sorrie | Original Image ⭷
image of plant© Eric M Powell, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC), uploaded by Eric M Powell source CC-BY-NC, permission granted to NCBG | Original Image ⭷
image of plant© Scott Ward | Original Image ⭷
image of plant© Scott Ward | Original Image ⭷
image of plant© Scott Ward | Original Image ⭷
image of plant© Eric M Powell, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC), uploaded by Eric M Powell source CC-BY-NC, permission granted to NCBG | Original Image ⭷
image of plant© Scott Ward, Stand ravaged by EAB. | Original Image ⭷
image of plant© Svetlana Nesterova, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC), uploaded by Svetlana Nesterova source CC-BY-NC, permission granted to NCBG | Original Image ⭷
image of plant© Eric M Powell, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC), uploaded by Eric M Powell source CC-BY-NC, permission granted to NCBG | Original Image ⭷
image of plant© Collectors SOS | Original Image ⭷
image of plant© Keith Bradley | Original Image ⭷
image of plant© Aidan Campos source | Original Image ⭷
image of plant© Erik Danielson source | Original Image ⭷
image of plant© Joey Shaw source | Original Image ⭷
image of plant© Erik Danielson source | Original Image ⭷

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Horticultural Information

NCBG trait

Intro:

Stems: Pith continuous. Young twigs (1-year-old or less) brown or gray or green, glabrous or glabrate or pubescent, tomentose. Twigs (2-4 years old) glabrous or pubescent. Leaf scars crescent-shaped or half-round, bundle scars numerous, stipule scars absent. Bark of mature trunks flaky or furrowed or ridged. Buds axillary or superposed or terminal, reddish-brown, 3-5 mm long, conic or ovoid or ovoid-conic, blunt or sharp, pubescent, bud scales imbricate.

Leaves: Leaves deciduous, compound, once pinnately compound, petiolate, opposite, 15-30 cm long. Leaf upper surface green or yellow-green, glabrous. Leaf lower surface green, glabrous or glabrate or pubescent. Leaflets petiolulate or nearly sessile, (5-)7-9(-11) per leaf, 5-15(-18) cm long, 1.2-9 cm wide, lanceolate or oblong or oval or ovate, leaflet margins entire or crenate or serrate, leaflet apices acuminate or acute, leaflet bases attenuate or cuneate or oblique or obtuse or rounded, leaflet venation pinnate, terminal leaflet present (odd-pinnate). Petioles glabrous or glabrate or pubescent, winged. Rachises glabrous or glabrate or pubescent. Stipules absent.

Inforescence: Inflorescences axillary, fascicles or panicles, flowers stalked.

Flowers: Flowers unisexual or pistillate or staminate, hypogynous. Perianth. Calyx radially symmetric, synsepalous. Sepals 4 per flower, calyx tubes 0.5-1.5 mm long, persistent. Corolla absent. Androecium. Stamens 2 per flower, separate. Gynoecium. Ovaries superior, pistils 1 per flower. Gynoecium syncarpous, 2 carpels per flower, styles 1 per pistil, placentation axile.

Fruits: Fruits samaras, 2.5-7.5 cm long, brown or red or tan or yellow or yellow-green, fruit maturation 1 years.

Comments: Abaxial surface of leaflets not papillose (use at least 20x magnification); upper edge of leaf scars usually straight or with a shallow notch; wing extending along the rounded body of the fruit about 1/2 its length.

Height: (10-)15-25(-45) m tall.

plant sale text:

bloom table text:

description:

stems: Pith continuous. Young twigs (1-year-old or less) brown or gray or green, glabrous or glabrate or pubescent, tomentose. Twigs (2-4 years old) glabrous or pubescent. Leaf scars crescent-shaped or half-round, bundle scars numerous, stipule scars absent. Bark of mature trunks flaky or furrowed or ridged. Buds axillary or superposed or terminal, reddish-brown, 3-5 mm long, conic or ovoid or ovoid-conic, blunt or sharp, pubescent, bud scales imbricate.

leaves: Leaves deciduous, compound, once pinnately compound, petiolate, opposite, 15-30 cm long. Leaf upper surface green or yellow-green, glabrous. Leaf lower surface green, glabrous or glabrate or pubescent. Leaflets petiolulate or nearly sessile, (5-)7-9(-11) per leaf, 5-15(-18) cm long, 1.2-9 cm wide, lanceolate or oblong or oval or ovate, leaflet margins entire or crenate or serrate, leaflet apices acuminate or acute, leaflet bases attenuate or cuneate or oblique or obtuse or rounded, leaflet venation pinnate, terminal leaflet present (odd-pinnate). Petioles glabrous or glabrate or pubescent, winged. Rachises glabrous or glabrate or pubescent. Stipules absent.

inflorescence: Inflorescences axillary, fascicles or panicles, flowers stalked.

flowers: Flowers unisexual or pistillate or staminate, hypogynous. Perianth. Calyx radially symmetric, synsepalous. Sepals 4 per flower, calyx tubes 0.5-1.5 mm long, persistent. Corolla absent. Androecium. Stamens 2 per flower, separate. Gynoecium. Ovaries superior, pistils 1 per flower. Gynoecium syncarpous, 2 carpels per flower, styles 1 per pistil, placentation axile.

fruits: Fruits samaras, 2.5-7.5 cm long, brown or red or tan or yellow or yellow-green, fruit maturation 1 years.

comments: Abaxial surface of leaflets not papillose (use at least 20x magnification); upper edge of leaf scars usually straight or with a shallow notch; wing extending along the rounded body of the fruit about 1/2 its length.

cultural notes:

germination code:

native range: