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Key to Carex, [26ff] Section 23c Hymenochlaenae: section Hymenochlaenae (the "Sylvaticae" group)

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1 Achene sessile in the base of the perigynium; perigynia 3.2-6 mm long; sterile shoots with leaves 5-10 mm wide; [either exotic and rarely naturalized in our area, or native and rare].
..2 Perigynia 3.2-4.8 mm long, abruptly narrowed to a short stipe; [native, of northern hardwoods forests in the Mountains of NC and VA]
..2 Perigynia 5-6 mm long, sessile; [exotic, rarely naturalized in our area]
1 Achene on a stipe 0.5-1.5 mm long; perigynia (4.5-) 5.6-8.0 (-10) mm long; sterile shoots with leaves 2-8 mm wide; [native, collectively common and widespread in our area].
....3 Internodes between the perigynia mostly 1.0-1.5 mm; sheaths of the pistillate bracts puberulent at the mouth.
......4 Perigynia glabrous, (5.2-) avg. 6.2 (-7.7) mm long
......4 Perigynia puberulent, (6.4-) avg. 7.2 (-8.1) mm long
....3 Internodes between the perigynia mostly 2.0-4.0 (-6.0) mm; sheaths of the pistillate bracts glabrous at the mouth.
........5 Perigynia puberulent, (5-) avg. 7 (-9) mm long; pistillate scales usually with the midrib excurrent as a short awn
........5 Perigynia glabrous, (4.5-) avg. 5.6-7 (-10) mm long; pistillate scales usually with the midrib terminating below the apex, not excurrent.
..........6 Perigynia (6-) avg. 7.0 (-10) mm long, broadest below the middle, tapering with straight or slightly convex sides to a conspicuous beak with a hyaline tip; pistillate scales obtuse; [of swamps, bogs, and other moist to wet habitats, nearly throughout our area]
..........6 Perigynia (4.5-) avg. 5.6 (-7) mm long, broadest near the middle, tapering with concave sides to a short beak lacking a hyaline tip; pistillate scales acute to acuminate (the lowest sometimes aristate); [of dry to moist upland forests and openings in the Mountains]
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