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1 Leaves primarily whorled in 3's or 4's (to 5’s). |
2 Largest leaves distinctly spatulate, much wider than thick, 8-20 mm wide; flowers and fruits 4 -merous; petals white; [native, of moist forest and rock outcrops]; [section Ternata] |
2 Largest leaves linear- lanceolate, oblanceolate, or elliptic, almost as thick as wide, < 7 mm wide; flowers and fruits 5 -merous; petals yellow; [ exotic]. |
3 Leaves 4 (-5) per whorl; flowering shoots erect |
3 Leaves 3 (-4) per whorl; flowering shoots pendulous, creeping, or ascending. |
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4 Flowering shoots creeping or ascending; leaves oblanceolate to elliptic |
1 Leaves primarily alternate. |
5 Flowers and fruits 5 -merous. |
6 Leaves 2-5 mm long; petals yellow. |
7 Plant perennial, mat-forming by trailing stems; leaves yellow-green; petals 5-9 mm long, with acute to acuminate apices; [ exotic, usually in urban or suburban areas] |
7 Plant annual, stems solitary; leaves pal- or bluish green; petals 2-4 mm long, with mucronate apices; [native, of shallow soils over rock] |
6 Leaves 6-15 mm long; petals yellow or white. |
8 Petals white; flowers 5 -merous |
8 Petals yellow; flowers (5-) 7 (-9) merous |
5 Flowers and fruits 4 -merous. |
9 Leaves of flower-bearing stems linear, sagittate-spurred at the base (the spurs clasping the stem); petals pink to white; annual; [section Ternata] |
9 Leaves of flower-bearing stems narrowly elliptic, oblanceolate, spatulate, cuneate or short-spurred at the base (not clasping); petals white; perennial or annual. |
10 Plants annual; sepals 0.4-1 mm long; petals 1.4-4.2 mm long; [restricted to shallow soils of granitic flatrocks of the Piedmont, from s. NC south to wc. GA]; [section Tetrorum] |
10 Plants perennial; sepals 2-9 mm long; petals 4-9 mm long; [of outcrops of various rocks, not as above]; [section Ternata]. |
11 Leaves of flowering stems with width/thickness ratio of > 2.0; seeds averaging 0.8 mm long; leaves pale green or bluish green, sometimes with a glaucous coating; primary rosettes usually 1.0-2.7 cm in diameter; [MD south through VA and WV to sc. and sw. NC] |
11 Leaves of flowering stems with width/thickness ratio of < 1.7; seeds averaging 0.7 mm long; leaves green or gray-green, but not glaucous; primary rosettes usually ca. 1 cm in diameter; [se. TN south into AL and GA] |