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1 Leaves abaxially canescent, margins mostly entire; fruit calyx open, exposing pyrenes |
1 Leaves abaxially pubescent, villous or glabrous, margins toothed; fruit calyx not fully open. |
2 Leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, < 13 mm wide; fruit < 6 mm diameter; pyrenes about 3 mm long |
2 Leaves variously shaped but most > 13 mm wide; fruit > 6 mm; pyrenes 4 mm long or more. |
3 Leaves abaxially with dense hair tufts in proximal main vein axils, especially in spring; [plants typically of wet or floodplain habitats]. |
4 Inflorescence simple, 1-5-flowered; fruit 10-15 mm diameter, lustrous red, mature in late spring. |
5 Leaf blades mostly 5-7 cm long, elliptic, margin wavy or with uneven, blunt teeth |
5 Leaf blades usually < 5 cm long, most obovate, margin finely toothed. |
6 Leaf adaxial surface usually glossy; whitish hair tufts in main vein axils abaxially |
6 Leaf adaxial surface matte; reddish hair tufts in main vein axils abaxially |
4 Inflorescence compound, 5-20-flowered; fruit 5-15 mm diameter, dull red or orange-red, mature in autumn. |
7 Petiole 5-10 mm long; terminal shoot leaves < 25 mm broad |
7 Petiole > 10 mm long; terminal shoot leaves > 25 mm broad; [ Virides series and hybrids]. |
8 Leaves glabrous, except for hair tufts. |
9 Leaves mostly ovate; terminal shoot leaves suborbicular, unlobed or barely lobed; bases rounded |
9 Leaves predominately lanceolate, elliptical, rhomboid or obovate; terminal shoot leaves often ovate; bases usually cuneate. |
10 Leaves frequently lanceolate |
10 Leaves rarely lanceolate, mostly elliptical or rhomboid. |
11 Leaf serrations small or crenate; terminal shoot leaves often incised on each side nearly to midrib |
11 Leaf serrations acute; terminal shoot leaves moderately lobed |
8 Leaves and/or inflorescences hairy, at least in spring. |
12 Terminal shoot leaves mostly ovate or rhomboid |
13 Inflorescence densely pubescent; bracteoles thin, linear, caducous; leaves finely toothed |
13 Inflorescence villous; bracteoles firm, persist through anthesis; leaves coarsely toothed |
12 Terminal shoot leaves orbicular, elliptical or obovate |
14 Terminal shoot leaves orbicular, unlobed; young leaves white- tomentose; inflorescence glabrate |
14 Terminal leaves elliptical or obovate, prominently toothed; young leaves and inflorescence pubescent |
3 Leaves glabrous or with hairs scattered, not in tufts; [plants typically of upland habitats]. |
15 Pyrenes channeled or pitted on inner sides. |
16 Leaves persistently pubescent, at least on petiole or main veins abaxially. |
17 Sepals glandular- serrate or subentire; inflorescence > 12-flowered |
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18 Leaves sharply toothed and lobed |
18 Leaves dentate- serrate, usually unlobed |
16 Leaves glabrous or glabrate abaxially after maturity |
19 Leaves scabrate adaxially when young; stamens 7-10 |
19 Leaves not scabrate; stamens 5-20. |
20 Pyrenes with a shallow groove or depression; leaf venation vaguely reticulate, barely impressed adaxially |
20 Pyrenes deeply grooved or pitted; leaf venation distinctly reticulate and impressed adaxially. |
21 Stamens 5-10 per flower; anthers 1-2 mm long |
21 Stamens 15-20 per flower; anthers < 1 mm long. |
22 Leaf blades often narrowly obovate or broadly elliptic; fruit 6-8 mm in diameter |
22 Leaf blades broadly obovate, rhombic or suborbicular; fruit 7-12 mm in diameter |
15 Pyrenes plane on inner sides. |
23 Sepals foliaceous, equaling or exceeding petal length in flower and persistent on fruit; flowers usually 1-5 per inflorescence. |
24 Terminal shoot leaves broadly elliptic or ovate, often shallowly lobed |
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23 Sepals not foliaceous, shorter than petals; flowers 5 or more per inflorescence |
25 Thorns short (< 2 cm), or spinose spur shoots present; main lateral leaf veins run to sinuses and lobe tips in lobed leaves. |
26 Fruit black or blue; styles and pyrenes 3-5; most leaves elliptical; [native] |
26 Fruit red; styles and pyrenes 2; most leaves rhombic or obovate; [exotic] |
25 Thorns usually > 2 cm long; main lateral leaf veins lead only to lobe tips in lobed leaves. |
27 Petioles distinctly glandular, usually with 3 or more glands persistent. |
28 Stamens 5-10 (-15) per flower. |
29 Fruit flesh usually hard or dense; calyx collar elevated on fruit; leaves moderately lobed on terminal shoots. |
30 Anthers white or yellow |
30 Anthers pink or purplish. |
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31 Sepals finely glandular- serrate; anthers purplish; inflorescence slightly pilose |
29 Fruit flesh dense or soft; calyx collar sessile or nearly so on fruit; leaves shallowly lobed or unlobed on terminal shoots. |
32 Leaves conspicuously and persistently pubescent, petiolar glands stalked. |
33 Terminal shoot leaves suborbicular, 6-8 cm wide; [rare AL endemic] |
33 Terminal shoot leaves ovate or broadly ovate, 4-6 cm wide |
32 Leaves glabrate or sparsely pubescent, or pubescent only in spring, petiolar glands sessile. |
34 Leaf blades often obovate, fruit oblong or pyriform |
34 Leaf blades broadly elliptic or oval; fruit subglobose. |
35 Leaves usually shallowly but sharply lobed; anthers purplish; [AL, GA, SC] |
35 Leaves bluntly lobed or unlobed; anthers whitish or pink; [OK, AR, OK] |
28 Stamens usually 20 per flower (often 30 or more in C. triflora). |
36 Leaves pubescent, at least abaxially; anthers white or yellowish. |
37 Sepals remotely glandular- serrate; petiolar glands sessile; fruit usually 8-12 mm diameter |
37 Sepals deeply glandular- serrate; petiolar glands stalked; fruit usually > 12 mm diameter. |
38 Leaves thin; inflorescence simple, 3-5-flowered; stamens usually 30 or more |
38 Leaves firm; inflorescence compound, > 5-flowered; stamens 20. |
39 Terminal shoot leaves 4-5 cm wide, unlobed; sepals usually erect on fruit |
39 Terminal shoot leaves 5-8 cm wide, with lobelike points; sepals patent in fruit |
36 Leaves glabrous; anthers pink to purplish, rarely white. |
40 Calyx collar sessile on fruit; fruit flesh soft and succulent at maturity. |
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40 Calyx collar often elevated on fruit; fruit flesh usually dense or dry; [ Pulcherrimae series]. |
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42 Terminal shoot leaves shallowly to moderately lobed, apex usually acute, margins serrate. |
43 Leaf margins often taper in a straight line from midpoint to apex |
43 Leaf margins usually convex or bowed from midpoint to apex. |
44 Petioles of smaller leaves winged 1/3 or less of length; leaf lobes convex-sided |
44 Petioles of smaller leaves winged 1/2 length; leaf lobes straight on inner/ distal side. |
45 Leaf blades mostly 5-7 cm long, subcooriaceous, serrations acute |
45 Leaf blades mostly 3-5 cm long, membranaceous, serrations obtuse. |
46 Anthers reddish; fruit oval, yellow; leaves glabrous |
46 Anthers pink; fruit subglobose, red; leaves with adaxial hairs on midvein in spring |
27 Petioles eglandular, or occasionally with 1 or 2 glands deciduous or obscure after spring. xx |
47 Petioles often half as long as the leaf blade, or longer. |
48 Stamens 10 per flower; leaf blades with 4-6 pairs of main lateral veins; calyx sessile on mature fruit |
49 Petiole usually 15-20 mm long; fruit not pruinose |
49 Petiole usually 10-20 mm long; fruit usually pruinose |
48 Stamens 20 per flower; leaf blades with 3-4 pairs of main lateral veins; calyx collar often elevated on fruit. |
50 Flowers 8-10 mm wide; fruit ellipsoid |
50 Flowers 12-17 mm wide; fruit subglobose. |
51 Leaf blades 20-30 mm long, often elliptic, apex acute |
51 Leaf blades 30-40 mm long, usually rhombic or obovate, apex obtuse |
47 Petioles mostly 1/3 or less as long as the leaf blade. |
52 Mature leaves pubescent or villous on veins. |
53 Terminal shoot leaves usually ovate or rhomboid. |
54 Stamens 10-15; styles 2 or 3; inflorescence slightly pubescent |
54 Stamens usually 20; styles 5; inflorescence branches canescent or tomentose. |
55 Terminal shoot leaves 4-6 cm long, often rhomboid |
55 Terminal shoot leaves 5-9 cm long, mostly ovate or oval. |
56 Fruit yellow; [TX endemic] |
56 Fruit red or orange-red; [collectively widespread, but not TX] |
57 Leaves flat, serrations large or coarse |
57 Leaves usually cupped, serrations small, acute |
53 Terminal shoot leaves mostly obovate or broadly elliptical. |
58 Styles and pyrenes usually 2 or 3; primary leaf veins rather obscure or not impressed; petiole winged to base. |
59 Inflorescence tomentose; leaves pubescent abaxially; stamens 20 |
59 Inflorescence villous or glabrate; leaves usually villous; stamens 10 |
58 Styles and pyrenes 3-5; primary leaf veins impressed adaxially, conspicuous abaxially; petiole winged near blade. |
60 Stamens 10-20; anthers white or yellowish, rarely pink; sepals glandular- serrate. |
61 Leaves usually unlobed; primary lateral veins usually 4 or 5 per side |
61 Leaves shallowly lobed; primary lateral veins 5 or 6 per side |
60 Stamens 20; anthers pink; sepals subentire. |
62 Inflorescence stems glabrous; thorns > 3 cm long |
62 Inflorescence stems hairy; thorns < 3 cm long |
52 Mature leaves glabrous or glabrate. |
63 Primary leaf veins not impressed adaxially, somewhat obscure abaxially; petiole <10 mm long, winged to near base. |
64 Terminal shoot leaves 4.5-7 cm long; 1-3 styles and pyrenes. |
65 Terminal shoot leaves elliptic to broadly obovate |
65 Terminal shoot leaves often suborbicular |
64 Terminal shoot leaves mostly 2.5-4 cm long; 3-5 styles and pyrenes. |
66 Inflorescence pilose; stamens 20; anthers yellow |
66 Inflorescence sparsely hairy or glabrous; stamens usually 10-15; anthers usually pink |
63 Primary leaf veins impressed adaxially, conspicuous abaxially; petiole 10 mm or more, partly winged near blade. |
67 Leaf apex usually rounded; fruit 6-8 mm |
67 Leaf apex acute; fruit 10 mm or more. |
68 Leaves with 6-9 pairs of main lateral veins; inflorescence villous or appressed-hairy. |
69 Leaf serrations acuminate, 2-3 mm long; 2-3 styles/pyrenes; branches dark gray |
69 Leaf serrations acute, 1-2 mm long; 3-5 styles/pyrenes; branches pale ashy-gray |
68 Leaves with 5-7 pairs of main lateral veins; inflorescence glabrous or slightly pubescent. |
70 Terminal shoot leaves sharply lobed; stamens usually 20 |
70 Terminal shoot leaves barely lobed or unlobed; stamens 5-15. |
71 Leaves mostly rhomboid or suborbicular; stamens 5-10 |
71 Leaves obovate, oblanceolate or elliptical; stamens 10-15. |
72 Sepals glandular- serrate; stamens white, yellowish or pink. |
72 Sepals subentire; anthers pink or purplish. |
73 Leaves often with 1-3 lobelike, asymmetrical points; styles 3 or 4 |
73 Leaves unlobed; styles usually 2 |