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| 1 Leaves simple; plant a tree or shrub. |
| ..2 Leaves either cordate and < 2× as long as wide, or linear and > 10× as long as wide; leaves opposite, alternate, or 3-whorled (or a mixture of those arrangements); [collectively widespread in our area]; fruit a capsule (dehiscent), narrowly cylindrical, (9-) 14-30 (-36) cm long, < 1.5 cm in diameter; [tribe Catalpeae]. |
| ....3 Leaf blades heart-shaped and broadly ovoid to orbicular (< 2× as long as wide), with a cordate base; stamens 2; medium to large tree; [widespread in our region] |
| ....3 Leaves linear (> 10× as long as wide, with a narrowly cuneate base; stamens 4; shrub to small tree; [TX westwards and southwestwards] |
| ..2 Leaves spatulate to obovate, 2-6× as long as wide; leaves alternate (though sometimes closely fascicled on short (spur) shoots, with the arrangement difficult to discern); fruit a berry (indehiscent), spherical, elliptical, or obovoid, 5-35 cm long, 4-35 cm in diameter; [s. peninsular FL only in our region]; [tribe Crescentieae]. |
| ......4 Leaves obovate, mostly widest ½ to ¾ of the way from blade base to apex; leaves alternate and spaced along main branches; berry 5-12 cm long, elliptical or obovoid, the apex extended as a blunt point |
| ......4 Leaves spatulate, mostly widest at a point > ¾ of the way from blade base to apex; leaves alternate but closely fascicled on short (spur) shoots, with the arrangement difficult to discern; berry 15-35 long, spherical, the apex smoothly rounded |
| 1 Leaves compound; plant a liana, tree, or shrub. |
| ........5 Leaves either all 2-foliolate, with a tendril in the terminal position (this often withered and absent on older leaves), or a mixture of 2-foliolate and 3-foliolate, with at least some leaves on a branch 2-foliolate; plant a liana; [tribe Bignonieae]. |
| ..........6 Leaflets <1.5× as long as wide, the venation subpalmate (usually with 5 veins palmate or nearly so at the blade base); leaf bases cordate to subcordate; leaf apices abruptly acuminate; corollas white or cream, with a yellow throat; fruit ellipsoid, 1.5-2.5× as long as wide, the surface strongly echinate; tendrils terminating in expanded adhesive disks |
| ..........6 Leaflets 1.3-5× as long as wide, the venation pinnate; leaf bases cordate, subcordate, auriculate, truncate, rounded, or cuneate; leaf apices abruptly to gradually acuminate; corollas red, orange, bright yellow, or pink; fruit linear or ellipsoid, > 6× as long as wide, the surface smooth; tendrils narrowing to pointed tips. |
| ............ 7 Tendrils hooked, claw-like, the 3 equal branches each with a stiff, sharply-pointed hook-like tip; corollas bright yellow on inside and outside |
| ............ 7 Tendrils not hooked, not claw-like, the 3 or more branches usually unequal and flexuous when fresh (though sometimes curved at the tip). |
| ............ ..8 Corollas pink, the tube white or paler pink; tendrils simple; fresh foliage with garlic odor when bruised; [alien, FL peninsula] |
| ............ ..8 Corollas red to orange-red, sometimes with yellow as well; tendrils with 3 or more branches; fresh foliage not garlic-scented; [collectively widespread]. |
| ............ ....9 Corollas red to red-orange, the corolla lobes often with a yellow inner surface; lower 3 corolla lobes each 1-1.5× as long as wide, the lateral 2 descending; pseudostipules leaflike, at petiole base, ovate or orbicular; corolla tube 1.5-3× as long as the diameter; [widespread native in our region, south to c. peninsular FL, and also cultivated] |
| ............ ....9 Corollas uniformly red to red-orange; lower 3 corolla lobes 2-4× as long as wide, the lateral 2 born at 90 degrees to the lower and therefore at 180 degrees to one another; pseudostipules absent or minute; corolla tube 5-9× as long as the diameter; [alien, FL peninsula] |
| ........5 Leaves 3-many-foliolate; plant a tree, shrub, or liana. |
| ............ ......10 Leaves palmately compound, with (3-) 5 (-7) leaflets; [alien, FL peninsula]; [tribe Crescentieae]. |
| ............ ........11 Leaves, young branches and inflorescence with indumentum of simple, branched or stellate hairs; corollas yellow |
| ............ ........11 Leaves, young branches and inflorescence with indumentum of stalked or sessile lepidote scales; corollas yellow or pink |
| ............ ......10 Leaves pinnately or bipinnately compound, with (5-) 7-many leaflets; [collectively widespread in our region]. |
| ............ ..........12 Leaves bipinnately compound; trees; [FL peninsula]. |
| ............ ............ 13 Leaflets 0.3-1.2 cm long; corollas lavender-blue; [tribe Jacarandeae] |
| ............ ............ 13 Leaflets 4-7 cm long; corollas white to pale yellow; [tribe Tecomeae] |
| ............ ..........12 Leaves pinnately compound; shrubs, lianas, or trees; collectively widespread in our region]. |
| ............ ............ ..14 Leaflet margins entire; plant a tree; corolla campanulate; calyx splitting along the lower side, appearing spathe-like; [s. FL only]; [tribe Coleae] |
| ............ ............ ..14 Leaflet margins serrate; plant a liana, shrub, or small tree; corolla tubular or funnel-like; calyx not splitting; [collectively widespread in our area, including FL peninsula]; [tribe Tecomeae]. |
| ............ ............ ....15 Plant a liana; [collectively widespread in our region]. |
............ ............ ......16 Corollas yellow or yellowish-orange; plants climbing by adventitious roots from the stems; [native, widespread in our region] |
| ............ ............ ......16 Corollas pink, with purplish lines in the throat; calyx white to pink; plants not climbing by advenitious roots; [alien, FL peninsula] |
| ............ ............ ....15 Plant a shrub or small tree; [FL peninsula only; alien]. |
| ............ ............ ........17 Corolla yellow; corolla tube straight; leaflet margins finely serrate; leaflet apex acute |
| ............ ............ ........17 Corolla orange; corolla tube narrow, strongly curved-arching; leaflet margins coarsely serrate; leaflet apex rounded to sub-acute |
| 1 Leaves 2-3-foliolate. |
| ..2 Leaves 2-foliolate, with a branched tendril in the terminal position (this sometimes not developed, or withered); liana |
| ..2 Leaves 3-foliolate, lacking tendrils; shrub, liana, or tree. |
| ....3 Upright shrub or tree. |
| ......4 Leaflets entire, glandular-dotted; [n. FL southwards |
| ......4 Leaflets serrate or serrulate, not glandular-dotted; [collectively widespread]. |
| ........5 Leaflets 3-5 (-7), coarsely and jaggedly serrate, with < 5 teeth per leaflet side; fruit a schizocarp of 2 samaroid mericarps (maple “keys”) |
| ........5 Leaflets 3, evenly serrulate, with > 10 teeth per leaflet side; fruit an inflated capsule |
| ....3 Liana or sprawling shrub. |
| ..........6 Flowers yellow with fused petals; stems stiff, green |
| ..........6 Flowers either white, radially symmetrical, with separate petaloid sepals (Clematis), or blue, bilaterally symmetrical, with fused petals (Vitex). |
| ............ 7 Leaves 3-more-foliolate; flowers white, radially symmetrical, uniseriate, with white petaloid sepals and no petals |
| ............ 7 Leaves 1 (-3) foliolate; flowers blue, bilaterally symmetrical, biseriate, with green calyx and blue corolla |
| 1 Leaves 4-15-foliolate. |
| ............ ..8 Leaves palmately compound. |
| ............ ....9 Leaflets serrate; flowers white, yellow, or red; fruit a leathery capsule, irregularly spheroidal, 2-9 cm in diameter, with 1-3 (-6) large seeds, each with a large pale hilum contrasting with the dark brown color of the rest of the seed |
| ............ ....9 Leaflets entire; flowers blue, pink, or purple; fruit either a 4-seeded drupe, < 0.5 cm in diameter, or an elongated capsule, 8-10 cm long and ca. 0.7 cm in diameter. |
| ............ ......10 Leaflets < 3× as long as wide, broadly rounded at the tip; fruit an elongated capsule, 8-10 cm long and ca. 0.7 cm in diameter [peninsular FL] |
| ............ ......10 Leaflets > 4× as long as wide, acute at the tip; fruit a 4-seeded drupe, < 0.5 cm in diameter; [widespread in our region] |
| ............ ..8 Leaves pinnately compound, bipinnately compound, or more complexly compound. |
| ............ ........11 Plant a liana (woody vine). |
............ ..........12 Leaves pinnately compound, with 7-15 coarsely serrate leaflets; perianth biseriate, with a green synsepalous calyx and an orange sympetalous corolla; fruit an elongate capsule, with many winged seeds; stems to 20 cm in diameter, with tan bark |
| ............ ..........12 Leaves either pinnately compound, the leaflets 3-7 and coarsely serrate, or more complexly compound, the leaflets 5-many, not serrate though often lobed; perianth uniseriate, with a white, pink, or purplish aposepalous calyx and no corolla; fruit an aggregate of plumose achenes; stems to 1 cm in diameter, brown or green |
| ............ ........11 Plant a tree or shrub, with stiff branches. |
| ............ ............ 13 Leaves 3-7-foliolate and strictly 1-pinnate; leaflets with a few very coarse teeth; 1st year stems green; fruit a pair of winged, asymmetrical samaroid mericarps |
| ............ ............ 13 Leaves 3-15-foliolate, 1-pinnate or partially 2-pinnate; leaflets evenly serrate with many teeth or entire; 1st year stems tan to brown (very new growth may be green); fruit either a symmetrical (winged) samara (Fraxinus) or a purplish-black, many-seeded berry (Sambucus). |
| ............ ............ ..14 Fruit a purplish-black or red, 4-seeded berry (Sambucus); plant a shrub or small tree; stems hollow or pithy; petiole prominently grooved on the upper side; fresh leaves somewhat fleshy in texture |
| ............ ............ ..14 Fruit either a green or tan, symmetrical (winged) samara or a blackish 5-seeded dryish drupe; plant a small to large tree; stems solid and woody; petiole nearly round in ×-section (not grooved); fresh leaves membranaceous or coriaceous in texture. |
| ............ ............ ....15 Fruit a symmetrical samara; axillary buds suprapetiolar (though sometimes almost hidden within the strongly U-shaped petiolar attachment; [common native (also planted)] |
| ............ ............ ....15 Fruit a nearly spherical 5-seeded dry drupe; axillary buds infrapetiolar (hidden by the swollen petiole base; [rarely escaped alien] |