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1 Inflorescence an involucrate head subtended by phyllaries, the heads solitary or many and variously arrayed in secondary inflorescences, the ovary inferior, the corolla connate and tubular at least basally, the calyx absent, the stamens 5, the fruit a cypsela |
1 Inflorescence, flower, and fruit structure various, but not with the combination of features as above (sometimes the flowers in a head, e.g. Eryngium in APIACEAE, but then with other features differing, such as stamens 4, or green calyx present, or fruit a schizocarp of mericarps, etc.). |
..2 Plant a vine, climbing by tendrils or twining. |
....3 Vine climbing by twining. |
......4 Leaf margins entire; flowers bisexual; plants hermaphroditic; petals connate, large and showy |
......4 Leaf margins serrate; flowers unisexual; plants dioecious; petals absent |
....3 Vine climbing by tendrils. |
........5 Ovary inferior; petals connate; flowers unisexual |
........5 Ovary superior; petals distinct; flowers bisexual |
..2 Plant an herb, sometimes sprawling, reclining (e.g. Cymbalaria in PLANTAGINACEAE, Aconitum in RANUNCULACEAE), but lacking climbing adaptations such as tendrils or twining stems. |
..........6 Ovary inferior; inflorescence an umbel; fruit a schizocarp of 2 mericarps |
............ 7 Involucre well-developed and obvious |
............ 7 Involucre absent or minute |
..........6 Ovary superior; inflorescence various, not an umbel; fruit various, a capsule, an aggregate of achenes or follicles, a ring of (>2) mericarps. |
............ ..8 Perianth uniseriate, the corolla absent (the calyx petaloid and white in Cnidoscolus); flowers unisexual; plants either with stinging hairs or not |
............ ..8 Perianth biseriate (uniseriate in Aphanes in ROSACEAE and in Trautvetteria in RANUNCULACEAE); flowers bisexual; plants lacking stinging hairs. |
............ ....9 Pistils many (or 2-3 in Aphanes in ROSACEAE), each with 1 carpel, arranged spirally or in a ring (if in a ring, of 2-5); fruit an aggregate of achenes, follicles, or utricles. |
............ ......10 Perianth bilaterally symmetrical, either hooded or spurred; fruit an aggregate of follicles |
............ ......10 Perianth radially symmetrical, not hooded or spurred; fruit an aggregate of utricles or achenes (plumose achenes in Geum) |
............ ........11 Stamens showy, bright white, dilated towards the tip; pistils ca. 15; fruit an aggregate of utricles |
............ ........11 Stamens not showy, white, or dilated towards the tip; pistils many (> 25); fruit an aggregate of achenes. |
............ ..........12 Flowers lacking a hypanthium; achenes short-beaked |
............ ..........12 Flowers with a prominent hypanthium; achenes with an elongate, plumose beak |
............ ....9 Pistil 1, with 1-to many carpels (in many MALVACEAE, the carpels loosely united in a ring of more than 5 around the style); fruit a capsule, an achene, a follicle, or a ring of 3 or 5-many 1-seeded mericarps. |
............ ............ 13 Perianth uniseriate, the corolla absent |
............ ............ 13 Perianth biseriate, with well-developed and differentiated calyx and corolla |
............ ............ ..14 Corolla bilaterally symmetrical, the petals connate (except distinct in Delphinium in RANUNCULACEAE); fruit a capsule, a follicle, or a schizocarp of 3 1-seeded mericarps. |
............ ............ ....15 Corolla not spurred; fruit an elongate (10-20 cm) capsule with 2 curved beaks |
............ ............ ....15 Corolla with a nectar spur; fruit < 3 cm long. |
............ ............ ......16 Petals distinct; fruit a follicle |
............ ............ ......16 Petals connate; fruit a capsule or a schizocarp of 3 1-seeded mericarps. |
............ ............ ........17 Carpels 2; fruit a capsule; stamens 4 |
............ ............ ........17 Carpels 3; fruit a schizocarp of 3 1-seeded mericarps; stamens 8 |
............ ............ ..14 Corolla radially symmetrical, the petals distinct (fused and tubular in Ipomoea); fruit a capsule or a schizocarp consisting of a ring of 5-many 1-seeded mericarps. |
............ ............ ..........18 Stem trailing; petals fused and tubular |
............ ............ ..........18 Stem erect; petals separate. |
............ ............ ............ 19 Stamens many, connate into a stamen tube; carpels 5-many, completely or only loosely fused; fruit a capsule or a schizocarp of 5-many mericarps borne in a ring; calyx often subtended by an epicalyx (an additional calyx-like, green, foliaceous whorl of bracts) |
............ ............ ............ 19 Stamens 5 or 10, distinct; carpels 2 or 5, fused; fruit a capsule or a schizocarp of 5 1-seeded mericarps. |
............ ............ ............ ..20 Fruit a schizocarp of 5 1-seeded mericarps; carpels 5; stamens 10 |
............ ............ ............ ..20 Fruit a capsule with 2 locules, loculicidal; carpels 2; stamens 5 |