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1 Stem and lower leaf-surfaces grey strigose-canescent; annuals, 2-10 dm tall, with taproots |
1 Stem and lower leaf surfaces glabrous or pubescent, but not grey strigose-canescent; perennials, 4-40 dm tall, with fibrous or fleshy-fibrous roots. |
..2 Leaves primarily opposite (the uppermost sometimes alternate). |
....3 Internodes winged; [collectively widespread]. |
......4 Plants 4-5 (-10) dm tall, perennating from short horizontal rhizomes; ray flowers (5-) 8; disc flowers 20-60+; [endemic to ne. FL and se. GA] |
......4 Plants 10-30 dm tall, perennating from a crown with fleshy roots; ray flowers (0-) 1-3 (-5); disc flowers 8-15+; [widespread] |
....3 Internodes not winged; [collectively of sw. GA, s. AL, FL Panhandle, and TX]. |
........5 Ray flowers 0; heads 1 (-3) |
........5 Ray flowers (5-) 11-13+, yellow; heads 1-20. |
..........6 Phyllaries 2-3+ mm long; disk flowers 40-80+; [AL, FL, GA] |
..........6 Phyllaries 5-12+ mm long; disk flowers 80-120; [TX] |
..2 Leaves primarily alternate (the lowermost sometimes opposite). |
............ 7 Heads few, 1-15 (-20) in a compact inflorescence; disc 7-16 mm wide at anthesis; ray flowers (5-) 7-15, yellow; plants 5-12 dm tall |
............ 7 Heads numerous, 10-200+ in a dense to open inflorescence; disc 3-15 mm wide at anthesis; ray flowers either absent, or 1-5 and white, or 2-10 and yellow; plants 10-40 dm tall. |
............ ..8 Ray florets absent; disk flowers white |
............ ..8 Ray florets present; disk flowers white or yellow. |
............ ....9 Ray flowers and disc flowers yellow |
............ ....9 Ray flowers and disc flowers white. |
............ ......10 Ray flowers 9-12+; disk flowers 20-25+; [TX only] |
............ ......10 Ray flowers 1-7; disk flowers 8-15; [collectively widespread]. |
............ ........11 Lower and middle leaves pinnately lobed or dissected; achenes of ray florets glabrous; [of the outer Coastal Plain from SC southward] |
............ ........11 Lower and middle leaves entire, serrate, or slightly undulate; achenes of ray florets papillose or short-pubescent; [more widespread in our area] |
1 Rays primarily pink or purple, not white-tinged (flowers viewed from above, adaxial surface of the rays). |
..2 Receptacles epaleate; leaves pinnatisect; [waif, ne. US] |
..2 Receptacles paleate; leaves simple or bladeless; [widespread natives] |
....3 Leaves without blades (the petioles terete, appearing Juncus-like); ray florets pink or purplish; disc florets fewer (60-120+), the corollas usually yellowish; [wet pinelands and seepages] |
....3 Leaves broad and conspicuous; ray florets purple; disc florets many (200+), the corollas pink, green, red, purple, or yellow colored; [plants of prairies and similar habitats] |
1 Rays primarily white to white-tinged or yellow throughout (lamina of the ray with at least some white basally if not uniformly yellow). |
......4 Disc florets functionally staminate (thus cypselae only forming from ray florets) |
......4 Disc florets bisexual, fertile. |
........5 Leaves entire or toothed, but not deeply pinnatisect; sometimes with smaller rounded lobes ( Leucanthemum basal leaves can have deeper, round lobes); plants usually not aromatic. |
..........6 Stem internodes usually winged (at least proximally) |
..........6 Stems not winged. |
............ 7 Leaves primarily basal, the cauline leaves absent or fewer and much reduced in size from basal leaves; abaxial surface of the ray laminae white or sometimes pink-tinged (on live plants) but lacking a prominent colored midstripe. |
............ ..8 Leaves strigose, the margins crenate-serrate; roots not red-tipped; abaxial surface of ray laminae often pink or purple tinged, flowers closing at night |
............ ..8 Leaves glabrous (or faces sparsely hairy), the margins entire or toothed; roots usually red-tipped; rays drying pinkish but abaxial surface not conspicuously pink tinged on live plants |
............ 7 Plants with well-developed cauline leaves, the margins entire or sometimes toothed (usually entire in Aphanostephus, occasionally deeply lobed); abaxial surface of the ray lamina sometimes white, but often with a prominent purple or blue midstripe (except Leucanthemum, which merely dries pink) |
............ ....9 Flowering heads smaller, arranged in corymbiform or paniculiform arrays; ray florets with diminuitive laminae (0.3-5.0 mm long), heads thus sometimes superficially appearing disciform (rays sometimes double in horticultural forms as in Achillea ptarmica) |
............ ......10 Plants aromatic; leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate, the surfaces glabrous or sparsely hairy; pales more or less folded but lacking distal papillae; cypselae not shed along with subtending phyllary and disc florets; [tribe Anthemideae] |
............ ......10 Plants not aromatic; leaves variously shaped, at least some usually lyrate or oblanceolate (not all linear), the surfaces hairy and gland-dotted (at least abaxially); pales distally pappilate or fimbriate; cypselae shed along with subtending phyllary and 2 disc florets each invested in a pale; [tribe Heliantheae] |
............ ....9 Flowering heads larger, singular on scapes (if in 2's or 3's, these large and not in broad corymbiform arrays), rays prominent, the laminae usually > 10 mm long |
............ ........11 Rays white abaxially (drying pinkish); receptacles broadly convex, not pitted; plants rhizomatous perennials; pappus absent; [tribe Anthemideae] |
............ ........11 Rays white or with prominent blue or purple midstripe (sometimes present after drying); receptacles conic, pitted; plants tap-rooted annuals (except Astranthium riddellii); pappus absent, coroniform, or of scales; [tribe Astereae] |
............ ..........12 Phyllaries scarious margined; cypselae 4-angled and with 4-12 thick ribs, pappus absent, of scales or coroniform; ray florets closing distally at night |
............ ..........12 Phyllaries sometimes hyaline but not scarious margined; cypselae compressed, lacking prominent ribs (though sometimes glochidiate), pappus absent or short coroniform; ray florets not closing at night |
........5 Leaves deeply lobed or pinnatisect, the ultimate segments linear or if rounded, the sinuses of the lobes nearly reaching the midrib (pinnatifid); plants typically aromatic (except Tripleurospermum and Parthenium); [tribe Anthemideae]. |
............ ............ 13 Receptacles paleate (chaffy or with apparent bracts), the pales sometimes distally fimbriate or papillate ( Parthenium). |
............ ............ ..14 Stem internodes usually winged |
............ ............ ..14 Stems not winged. |
............ ............ ....15 Rays (the laminae) white with conspicuous yellow coloration at the bases |
............ ............ ....15 Rays primarily white to white-tinged (without strong yellow color at the base of the laminae) or yellow throughout (lamina of the ray with at least some white basally; if rays are white). |
............ ............ ......16 Flowering heads smaller, arranged in corymbiform or paniculiform arrays; ray florets with diminuitive laminae (0.3-5.0 mm long); ray and disc florets both white or white-ish. |
............ ............ ........17 Plants usually aromatic; pales more or less folded but not distally fimbriate or papillate; cypselae not shed along with phyllary and disc florets; [tribe Anthemideae] |
............ ............ ........17 Plants not aromatic (at least not conspicuously so); pales distally fimbriate or papillate; cypselae shed along with subtending phyllary and 2 disc florets each invested in a pale; [tribe Heliantheae] |
............ ............ ......16 Flowering heads larger, arranged mostly singular at the ends of scapes, not in broad corymbiform arrays (except Tripleurospermum, which has larger heads and prominent rays), ray laminae prominent; ray and disc florets differing in color (rays typically white; discs typically yellow). |
............ ............ ..........18 Plants annual, erect or decumbent, ill-scented or not; ultimate leaf margins dentate to lobed; cypsela ribs usually 9-10 (sometimes lacking); [widespread non-natives] |
............ ............ ..........18 Plants perennial and prostrate (mat-forming), aromatic; ultimate leaf margins entire; cypsela ribs weak; [waif, ne. US] |
............ ............ 13 Receptacles epaleate (lacking chaff). |
............ ............ ............ 19 Ultimate leaf lobes broad, ovate-shaped (not linear) |
............ ............ ............ 19 Ultimate leaf lobes linear. |
............ ............ ............ ..20 Plants usually aromatic; maturing flowering heads with deflexed ray laminae; cypsela 5-ribbed, lacking apical resin sacs |
............ ............ ............ ..20 Plants not aromatic; ray laminae not deflexed; cypsela with 3 ribs and 1-5 abaxial-apical resin sacs |