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1 Inflorescences dense and spikelike, symmetrical, cylindrical or ovoid, unbranched; [genus Crypsis, or if treated as part of Sporobolus, section Crypsis; subsection Crypsis] |
..2 Plant annual; spikelike panicle 0.3-7.5 cm long |
..2 Plant perennial; spikelike panicle (10-) 15-45 (-50) cm long |
1 Inflorescences loose and open, or if relatively dense, then with discernible branches, and thus lobed or asymmetrical. |
....3 Inflorescence an array of spikes, the spikelets closely imbricate in 2 rows along the rachis of the spikes, the spikes alternate along the primary inflorescence axis; [genus Spartina, or, if treated as part of Sporobolus, section Spartina]. |
....3 Inflorescence a slender or broad panicle. |
......4 Florets with a conspicuous tuft of hairs on the callus; [genus Calamovilfa, or, if treated as part of Sporobolus, section Calamovilfa; subsection Calamovilfa]. |
......4 Florets not conspicuously hairy on the callus. |
........5 Inflorescence a contracted, (superficially) spike-like panicle, < 6 cm broad, the branches appressed to strongly ascending. |
..........6 Inflorescence 2-5 cm long; most inflorescences enclosed by sheaths (or most or all exserted); plant a geniculate annual; [section Clandestini]. |
............ 7 Spikelets (1.3-) 1.6-2.8 mm long; grain falling free of the lemma and palea; lemma glabrous |
............ 7 Spikelets 2.3-5 mm long; grain falling enclosed in the lemma and palea; lemma strigose (use 10× or more magnification) or glabrous. |
............ ..8 Lemma and palea shorter than the glumes; palea usually shorter than the lemma; lemma glabrous or strigose with hairs < 0.2 mm long; spikelets 2.3 -3.3 (-3.8) mm long; floret (lemma, palea and enclosed grain) 1.6-3.3 (-3.8)× as long as wide |
............ ..8 Lemma and palea longer than the glumes; palea usually longer than the lemma; lemma strigose with hairs > 0.2 mm long; spikelets 2.8-5 mm long; floret (lemma, palea and enclosed grain) 2.2-5.7 (-7.5)× as long as wide |
..........6 Inflorescence 4-15 cm long; most inflorescences exserted to partly enclosed; plant a rhizomatous or tufted perennial or cespitose annual. |
............ ....9 Plant creeping extensively by slender rhizomes; leaf blades cauline, distichous, to 12 cm long; [section Virginicae] |
............ ....9 Plant loosely tufted, from short rhizomes; leaf blades basal or cauline, not distichous, 10-100 cm long. |
............ ......10 Spikelets 1.2-2.2 mm long; first glume 0.5-0.8 mm long; leaves primarily basal; [section Sporobolus]. |
............ ........11 Panicle branches appressed, 0.5-2 cm long in the middle of the inflorescence; second glume acute, > ½ as long as the spikelet |
............ ........11 Panicle branches strongly ascending, 2-8 cm long in the middle of the inflorescence; second glume truncate or broadly obtuse, < ½ as long as the spikelet. |
............ ..........12 Plants to 7.5 dm tall; leaf blades to 4 dm long and 2.5-3.5 mm wide |
............ ..........12 Plants to 17 dm tall; leaf blades to 7 dm long and 6-8 mm wide |
............ ......10 Spikelets 4-8 mm long; first glume 2-5 mm long; leaves cauline and basal; [section Clandestini]. |
............ ............ 13 Lemma pubescent, usually conspicuously shorter than the palea; pericarp loose when moist |
............ ............ 13 Lemma glabrous, about as long as the palea; pericarp gelatinous when moist. |
............ ............ ..14 Culms (1.4-) 2.0-5.0 mm thick; uppermost leaf sheath (1.3-) 1.5-6.0 mm wide near its base; panicles with 12-35 primary branches, crowded, densely flowered |
............ ............ ..14 Culms 1.0-2.0 (-2.5) mm thick; terminal sheath 0.8-2.0 (-2.5) mm wide near its base; panicles with 8-18 primary branches, lax, loosely flowered. |
............ ............ ....15 Plants cespitose, lacking scaly rhizomes |
............ ............ ....15 Plants forming clonal patches, with scaly rhizomes |
........5 Inflorescence an open panicle, > 2 cm broad, the branches ascending to spreading. |
............ ............ ......16 Branches of the panicle verticillate, whorled; spikelets 2.5-4 mm long; [section Triachyrum] |
............ ............ ......16 Branches of the panicle alternate (some occasionally rather randomly subopposite or opposite, but never regularly whorled); spikelets either 4-6.5 mm long, or 1.2-3.0 mm long. |
............ ............ ........17 Spikelets 1.2-3.0 mm long. |
............ ............ ..........18 Flag blades (the last leaf below the panicle) nearly perpendicular to the culm; sheath apices with a tuft of white hairs; [section Cryptandri] |
............ ............ ..........18 Flag blades ascending to appressed; sheath apices glabrous or with few and scattered hairs. |
............ ............ ............ 19 Mature panicle (1-) 2-5 cm wide; [section Pyramidati]. |
............ ............ ............ ..20 Primary panicle branches bearing spikelets to the base |
............ ............ ............ ..20 Primary panicle branches without spikelets in the lower 1/8 to ½ of their length |
............ ............ ............ 19 Mature panicle 12-35 cm wide; [section Airoides] |
............ ............ ............ ....21 Secondary panicle branches bearing spikelets throughout their length; pedicels mostly spreading, mostly 0.2-0.5 mm long; [section Airoides] |
............ ............ ............ ....21 Secondary panicle branches bearing spikelets only in the upper 3/4 or 1/2 of their length; pedicels appressed, mostly 0.5-25 mm long. |
............ ............ ............ ......22 Pedicels 0.5-2 mm long; anthers 1.1-1.8 mm long; [section Airoides] |
............ ............ ............ ......22 Pedicels 6-25 mm long; anthers 0.3-1.0 mm long; [section Cryptandri] |
............ ............ ........17 Spikelets 4-6.5 mm long; [section Calamovilfa; subsection Floridani]. |
............ ............ ............ ........23 First glume scaberulous, acuminate or awn-like; spikelets dark gray; base of plant relatively fibrous; grain spherical; [of barrens and prairies of IN, IL, MO, and n. AR, scattered eastwards as a disjunct, almost always inland of the Coastal Plain] |
............ ............ ............ ........23 First glume glabrous, acute to acuminate; spikelets purplish (fading tan); base of plant smooth and hard, made up of the indurated leaf bases; grain oblong (when present, usually abortive); [of pine savannas and seeps of the Coastal Plain of NC south to c. FL, west to e. TX and se. OK]. |
............ ............ ............ ..........24 Leaves terete or subterete (wiry), oval in cross-section, sometimes irregularly channeled for part of their length (never with any portion above the sheath flat), < 1 mm wide, tending to senesce and turn tan in autumn, the margins generally smooth; culms (including the inflorescence) (2-) 4-7 (-10) dm tall; culms (from base to first inflorescence branch) 1.5-5 dm tall; first glume averaging about 0.7× as long as the second glume (though variable, ranging from 0.5-0.75×) |
............ ............ ............ ..........24 Leaves flat (sometimes inrolled or folded when dry), plane or v-shaped in cross-section, with free margins their entire length, (0.5-) 1.2-10 mm wide, tending to remain green into the winter (at least until December), the margins at least partially scabrous (except in S. curtissii); culms (including the inflorescence) 3-22 dm tall; culms (from base to first inflorescence branch) (4-) 6-10 dm tall; first glume averaging 0.75-1× as long as the second glume (though variable, collectively ranging from about 0.5-1.2×). |
............ ............ ............ ............ 25 First glume averaging 0.95-1.1× as long as the second glume (though variable, ranging from 0.8-1.3×); pedicels mostly 1-3 mm long (a few sometimes as long as 10 mm long), strongly appressed to the panicle branches; culms (including the inflorescence) 3-7 dm tall; inflorescence branches stiffly ascending; leaves 0.5-1.5 mm wide (or to 2.0 mm wide when unburned), mostly 1.5-4 dm long (rarely to 5 dm long), smooth on the margins; [of e. SC southward and westward to s. AL] |
............ ............ ............ ............ 25 First glume averaging 0.5-0.9× as long as the second glume (though variable, ranging from 0.5-0.95×); pedicels mostly 4-15 mm long, ascending to spreading; culms (including the inflorescence) (3-) 7-16 (-22) dm tall; inflorescence branches initially ascending, later loosely ascending to spreading; leaves 1.2-10 mm wide, mostly (3-) 4-8 dm long, upwardly scabridulous on at least the lower leaf margins; [e. NC southward and westward to se. OK and e. TX]. |
............ ............ ............ ............ ..26 Pedicels appressed; lemmas 4.4-6.5 mm long; anthers 3.5-5.0 mm long; [w. LA west to se. OK and e. TX] |
............ ............ ............ ............ ..26 Pedicels spreading; lemmas 3.0-4.3 mm long; anthers 2.0-3.4 mm long; [se. NC south to c. FL, west to se. AL and FL Panhandle]. |
............ ............ ............ ............ ....27 Leaves (2.0-) 3-10 mm wide, typically pale bluish-green (sometimes with some yellowish leaves as well), typically widely spreading to recumbent with age; first glume averaging 0.75-0.9× as long as the second glume |
............ ............ ............ ............ ....27 Leaves 1.2-3.0 (-4.0) mm wide, yellowish-green to dark green, mostly strictly ascending; first glume averaging (0.5-) 0.6-0.8× as long as the second glume. |
............ ............ ............ ............ ......28 Leaves 2.0-3.0 (-4.0), yellowish-green, generally flat or folded; culms (including the inflorescence) usually (10-) 12-16 dm tall; inflorescence usually 3.5-6 dm long; pedicels glabrous or nearly so; [ne. to c. peninsular FL] |
............ ............ ............ ............ ......28 Leaves 1.2-2.0 (-3.0) mm wide, dark green, often inrolled above when dry; culms (including the inflorescence) usually 6-12 (-18) dm tall; inflorescence usually 2-3.5 dm long; pedicels often scabridulous; [e. NC, SC, and e. GA] |
1 Inflorescence an array of spikes, the spikelets closely imbricate in 2 rows along the rachis of the spikes, the spikes alternate along the primary inflorescence axis; [tribe Zoysieae; subtribe Sporobolinae] |
1 Inflorescence otherwise, either the spikelets embedded or in grooves in an thickened rachis, or the inflorescence a slender or broad panicle. |
..2 Spikelets embedded in the thickened rachis (the inflorescence thus like an ear of corn), or fitting into grooves in the thickened rachis (the inflorescence thus cylindrical and resembling a rat's tail). Spikelets unisexual, with male and female spikelets in separate inflorescences or in different parts of the same inflorescence; [tribe Andropogoneae]. |
....3 Racemes of mixed sex (female below, male above) |
....3 Racemes of single sex |
..2 Spikelets not embedded or fitting into grooves in the rachis, the inflorescence a slender or broad panicle (the spikelets visibly separate and often pedicelled). |
......4 Spikelets with a single floret, this unisexual (either pistillate or staminate); plants with aerenchymatous culms, [plants of seasonally or tidally flooded wetlands]; [tribe Oryzeae]. |
........5 Pistillate spikelets on the upper branches of the panicle, staminate spikelets on the lower branches; lemmas and paleas clasping along their margins; plants annual |
........5 Pistillate and staminate spikelets intermingled on the same branches of the inflorescence; lemma margins free; plants perennial |
......4 Spikelets with 2 or more florets, at least some of these bisexual; plants without aerenchymatous culms, [plants of uplands or temporarily to seasonally flooded wetlands]. |
..........6 Spikelets with 2-8 florets, these bisexual. |
............ 7 Leaves primarily basal, plants densely cespitose. |
............ ..8 ; [tribe Arundineae |
............ ..8 Panicles plumose; [tribe Danthonieae] |
............ 7 Leaves cauline; plants short-rhizomatous (somewhat clumped) to long-rhizomatous; [tribe Arundineae]. |
............ ....9 Lemmas pilose; rachilla glabrous; plants short-rhizomatous (somewhat clumped); culms to 10 m tall; [plants of uplands or saturated or temporarily flooded wetlands] |
............ ....9 Lemmas glabrous; rachilla sericeous; plants long rhizomatous; culms to 4 m tall; [plants of uplands or saturated, tidally flooded, or seasonally flooded wetlands] |
..........6 Spikelets almost always with 2 florets, the lower florets sterile or staminate (sometimes reduced to lemmas or completely absent). |
............ ......10 Spikelets falling separately, not attached to rachis segments, stalks, or bristles; spikelets <2× as long as wide; [tribe Paniceae]. |
............ ........11 Spikelets (at least the terminal) subtended by 1-many stiff, terete bristles |
............ ........11 Spikelets not subtended by stiff bristles. |
............ ..........12 Fertile lemma rugose with cross-venation |
............ ..........12 Fertile lemma smooth or hairy, not rugose |
............ ......10 Spikelets falling with attached rachis segments, stalks, or bristles; spikelets >3× as long as wide; [tribe Andropogoneae]. |
............ ............ 13 Pedicelled spikelet differing from the sessile in shape and sex (sometimes represented only by a pedicel). |
............ ............ ..14 Inflorescence of 2-13 digitate (whorled) racemes borne at the summit of a peduncle, the peduncle subtended by a raceme sheath |
............ ............ ..14 Inflorescence a panicle, the branches not subtended by sheaths. |
............ ............ ....15 Pedicelled spikelet represented by pedicel only; apex of sheath bearing 2 auricles 1-10 mm long; [native] |
............ ............ ....15 Pedicelled spikelet present, staminate; apex of sheath truncate; [exotic] |
............ ............ 13 Pedicelled spikelet similar to the sessile spikelet, both fertile. |
............ ............ ......16 Spikelets falling separately from the persistent rachis |
............ ............ ......16 Spikelets falling in pairs together with sections of the disarticulating rachis |
............ ............ ........17 Spikelets awned with awns 10-26 mm long; anthers 2; [native, collectively common and widespread] |
............ ............ ........17 Spikelets unawned or with awns to 5.2 mm long; anthers 3; [exotic, rarely encountered] |
............ ............ ..........18 Spikelets unawned |
............ ............ ..........18 Spikelets with awns 4-5.2 mm long |
1 Spikelets 2-flowered, often dorsally compressed, falling entire at maturity (the abscission below the glumes), the upper floret usually bisexual, the lower one male or sterile; [tribe Paniceae] |
..2 Lemma margins hyaline, flat; lower glumes various (absent, < ¼ the length, or longer than the upper glume) |
..2 Lemma margins not hyaline, frequently involute; lower glumes absent or < ¼ the length of the upper glume. |
....3 Spikelets with lower lemmas (and lower glumes, if present) adjacent to the branch axes. |
......4 Lower glumes absent |
......4 Lower glumes present on at least most spikelets |
....3 Spikelets with upper lemmas (and upper glumes, if present) adjacent or appressed to the branch axes. |
........5 Both glumes absent from all or most spikelets |
........5 Upper or both glumes present on all spikelets. |
..........6 Lower glumes usually absent; upper lemmas smooth to slightly rugose |
..........6 Lower glumes present; upper lemmas rugose and verrucose |
1 Spikelets 1-, 2-, or many-flowered, usually terete or somewhat laterally compressed, either abscising at maturing above the glumes or if 2-flowered then both florets bisexual, or the upper sterile; [tribes Cynodonteae and Zoysieae] |
............ 7 Spikes normally solitary (rarely 2), divergent at the summit of the culm; second glume with a recurved spine arising from the back; fresh plants aromatic with a citrus odor; [tribe Cynodonteae; subtribe “incertae sedis”] |
............ 7 Spikes normally 2 or more, alternate, digitate, subdigitate, or verticillate along the main inflorescence axis; second glume lacking a recurved spine; fresh plants not aromatic with a citrus odor. |
............ ..8 Spikes arranged along the central inflorescence axis alternately, solitary at each node. |
............ ....9 Spikelets with 1 bisexual floret, sometimes also with modified male, sterile, or rudimentary florets above the fertile floret. |
............ ......10 Spikelets with modified male, sterile, or rudimentary florets above the fertile floret; [plants of uplands]; [tribe Cynodonteae; subtribe Boutelouinae] |
............ ......10 Spikelets lacking any modified florets; [plants of wetlands, primarily saline and coastal]; [tribe Zoysieae; subtribe Sporobolinae] |
............ ....9 Spikelets with 2 or more bisexual florets (sometimes also with additional reduced florets); [tribe Cynodonteae; subtribe Eleusininae]. |
............ ........11 Ligules 4-8 (-15) mm long, acute to attenuate, entire (lacerate only by tearing) |
............ ........11 Ligules 0.3-5.4 mm long, truncate to obtuse, erose or entire. |
............ ..........12 Lemmas 3-veined; ligule (0.2-) 0.5-5.5 (-7.0) mm long; apex erose or entire |
............ ..........12 Lemmas 5-veined; ligule 0.8-2.2 mm long, apex erose |
............ ..8 Spikes arranged along the central inflorescence axis in a digitate, subdigitate, or verticillate manner, all or most nodes with 2 or more spikes; [tribe Cynodonteae]. |
............ ............ 13 Spikelets with 1 fertile floret (there may also be 1 or more sterile florets); [tribe Cynodonteae; subtribe Eleusininae]. |
............ ............ ..14 Spikelets lacking sterile florets |
............ ............ ..14 Spikelets with 1 or more sterile florets. |
............ ............ ....15 Lowest lemmas awned (rarely unawned); upper glumes acute to acuminate, mucronate or short-awned |
............ ............ ....15 Lowest lemmas unawned (or with an awn to 1.2 mm long); upper glumes truncate or bilobed, sometimes short-awned from between the lobes |
............ ............ 13 Spikelets with 2 or more fertile florets. |
............ ............ ......16 Spikes to 7 cm long, terminating in a point (the spikes acuminate); [tribe Cynodonteae; subtribe “incertae sedis”] |
............ ............ ......16 Spikes to 22 cm long, terminating in a functional or rudimentary spikelet (the spikes acute to obtuse); [tribe Cynodonteae; subtribe Eleusininae]. |
............ ............ ........17 Lemmas glabrous |
............ ............ ........17 Lemmas pubescent, at least towards the base. |
............ ............ ..........18 Lemma apices obtuse to truncate or emarginate |
............ ............ ..........18 Lemma apices acute |