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Key to Carex, Key F: Subkey in Carex

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1 Apex of perigynium beak terminated by 2 teeth, mostly > 0.5 mm long.
..2 Perigynia > 4× as long as wide (8-15 × 1-3 mm).
....3 Apical teeth of perigynium beak erect; achenes oblong-obovoid or obovoid; at least proximal pistillate scales with 3-5 (-7)-veined center
....3 Apical teeth of perigynium beak reflexed; achenes elongate; pistillate scales with 1-veined center
..2 Perigynia < 4× as long as wide.
......4 Perigynia > (9-) 10 mm long.
........5 Sheaths, at least the proximal sheath fronts, densely tomentose at mouth; apical teeth of perigynium beak often > 1 mm long
........5 Sheaths glabrous; apical teeth of perigynium beak not more than 1 mm.
..........6 Perigynia 12-34-veined.
............ 7 Basal and proximal leaf sheaths reddish or purplish
............ 7 Basal and proximal leaf sheaths yellowish to brown, without trace of red or purple
......4 Perigynia < 10 mm long.
............ ..8 At least proximal pistillate scales with long, rough awn.
............ ....9 Perigynia with 2 strong marginal veins, otherwise veinless or veined only proximally; leaves not septate-nodulose.
............ ....9 Perigynia with 5+ strong veins extending length of bodies; leaves septate-nodulose.
............ ......10 Perigynium beak with apical teeth (0.4-) 0.6-3 mm long, often > 1 mm long
............ ......10 Perigynium beak with apical teeth < 1 mm long.
............ ........11 Perigynium body obovoid, widest distally; proximal bract > 3× as long as the inflorescence
............ ........11 Perigynium body ovoid or lanceoloid or ellipsoid, widest at middle or proximally; proximal bract usually < 2× as long as the inflorescence.
............ ..........12 Perigynium beak 0.9-1.7 mm long; mature perigynia dull
............ ..8 All pistillate scales obtuse to acuminate or cuspidate.
............ ............ 13 Culms with some red or purple at base.
............ ............ ..14 At least proximal perigynia in each spike spreading or reflexed; leaves sparsely septate-nodulose
............ ............ 13 Culms brown or black at base, without trace of red or purple.
............ ............ ....15 Pistillate scales with 1-3-veined center.
1 Apex of perigynium beak entire, emarginate, or with teeth mostly < 0.5 mm long.
............ ............ ........17 Leaf blades variously hairy.
............ ............ ............ 19 Bracts, at least the proximal, with distinct blade.
............ ............ ............ ....21 Young leaves V-shaped or rounded in cross section, adaxial surface without 2 marginal veins more prominent than midvein or other veins.
............ ............ ............ ......22 Perigynium beak with 2 distinct terminal teeth, usually > 0.2 mm long.
............ ............ ............ ........23 At least proximal pistillate scales awned, awn at least 1/2 as long as body; leaves conspicuously septate-nodulose.
............ ............ ............ ..........24 Base of culm brown, without or with only trace of red or purple; leaves 4-15 mm wide.
............ ............ ............ ............ 25 Distal pistillate scales acute, acuminate, or short-awned, awn less than 1/2 length of body
............ ............ ............ ........23 Pistillate scales obtuse to acuminate, sometimes very shortly awned; leaves not or only weakly septate-nodulose.
............ ............ ............ ............ ..26 Plants with short-ascending rhizomes; leaves at least sparingly septate-nodulose.
............ ............ ............ ......22 Perigynium beak entire, emarginate, or with 2 apical teeth < 0.2 mm long.
............ ............ ............ ............ ......28 Perigynia rounded at base, sides proximally distinctly convex.
............ ............ ............ ............ ......28 Perigynia tapering at base, sides straight or only slightly convex proximally.
............ ............ ............ ............ ..........30 Perigynia rounded at apex, beakless or with beak < 0.3 mm long.
............ ............ ............ ............ ..........30 Perigynia tapering to beak at least > (0.3-) 0.5 mm long.
............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ..32 Proximal perigynia in each spike spreading at right angles or reflexed at maturity; leaves and sheaths sparsely septate- nodulose
............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ..32 Proximal perigynia in each spike ascending or spreading-ascending; leaves and sheaths not septate-nodulose.
............ ............ ............ ....21 Leaf blades M-shaped in cross section when young, adaxial surface with 2 marginal veins more prominent than midvein and other marginal veins, sometimes apparent only on proximal leaves and on proximal part of blade.
............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ......34 Perigynium beakless or with beak < 0.5 mm long, entire or with 2 apical teeth < 0.1 mm long.
............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ........35 Widest leaf blades (usually basal) > 10 mm wide.
............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ..........36 Distal pistillate spikes erect, perigynia < 30 per spike; [native].
............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ..38 Perigynia at least slightly prominently veined or veinless except for 2 marginal veins.
............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ....39 Perigynia tapering at base, sides proximally straight, concave or slightly convex.
............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ......40 Perigynia not transversely wrinkled; leaf sheaths not septate-nodulose.
............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ........41 Perigynia terete or with rounded angles in cross section.
............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ......34 Perigynium with distinct beak > 0.5 mm, usually with apical teeth > 0.1 mm long.
............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ..44 Perigynia with 2 distinct marginal veins, otherwise veinless or with very weak veins proximally.
............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ..44 Perigynia with more than 2 veins extending most of length of bodies.
............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ........47 Pistillate scales with wide, flat bodies, sometimes terminating in awns.
............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ..........48 Perigynium beak with 2 distinct teeth at apex, usually > 0.2 mm long.
............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ....51 Pistillate spikes, at least the proximal, lax, proximal and middle perigynia separated by internodes at least 1/4 their length; leaves and sheaths not septate-nodulose
............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ....51 Pistillate spikes dense, proximal and middle perigynia separated by internodes less than 1/10 their length; proximal leaves and sheaths sparingly septate-nodulose.
............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ......52 Pistillate scales, at least proximal, awned, awn at least 1/4 of scale body length.
............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ........53 Distal pistillate scales awned, awn usually more than 1/2 body length; staminate spikes 1, sometimes with 1 much smaller spike laterally
............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ......52 Pistillate scales obtuse to acute or apiculate, apiculus not more than 1/10 of body length.
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