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1 Flowers numerous, in compound cymose-paniculate inflorescences; sepals white; filaments glabrous; [subgenus Clematis]. |
..2 Flowers perfect, with 5-10 carpels; anthers 1.5-3 mm long; leaf margins entire (rarely cleft or with 1-2 rounded teeth or small lobes); leaflets (3-) 5 (-7), often variegated with a silver blaze along the midvein; [exotic, in disturbed areas] |
..2 Flowers mostly polygamo-dioecious, the pistillate with 18-60 carpels; anthers 0.5-1 mm long; leaf margins coarsely toothed with acute teeth; leaflets 3 ( C. virginiana) or 5-7 ( C. catesbyana), uniformly green; [native, though sometimes weedy]. |
....3 Leaflets with terminal lobe (past last teeth) >2× as long as wide; plumose achene beak 4-9 cm long |
....3 Leaflets with terminal lobe (past last teeth) <2× as long as wide; plumose achene beak 2.5-5 cm long |
......4 Leaves (3-) 5-7-foliolate; pistillate flowers with 18-35 carpels |
......4 Leaves 3-foliolate; pistillate flowers with 40-60 carpels |
1 Flowers solitary or in groups of 3's; sepals usually at least partly bluish, purplish or red; filaments pubescent. |
........5 Leaves (most or all of them) simple, sessile or subsessile; plant an erect herb to 7 dm tall; [subgenus Viorna]. |
..........6 Leaves glaucous and glabrous beneath, the uppermost commonly pinnate and tendril-bearing |
..........6 Leaves green and usually pubescent beneath (glabrous in C. baldwinii), the uppermost usually simple and entire, neither pinnate nor tendril-bearing (though occasionally lobed). |
............ 7 Leaves of flowering material soft-pubescent beneath, the largest 3-9 cm wide, with stomates on the lower surface only; leaves of fruiting material usually light green with the secondary and tertiary veins forming prominent reticulations on the upper surface. |
............ ..8 Stems and leaves usually densely sericeous-woolly; sepal backs densely sericeous; mature styles white to pale yellow, sharply recurved and flexuous; [of shale barrens and calcareous woodlands of w. VA] |
............ ..8 Stems and leaves villous; sepal backs moderately sericeous-pilose; mature styles yellowish-white to deep tawny, loosely spreading-recurved; [of various woodlands, fairly widespread in our area] |
............ 7 Leaves of flowering material glabrous to sparsely pilose beneath, the largest 2-5 cm wide (or 3.5-11 cm wide in C. fremontii), with stomates on both surfaces; leaves of fruiting material often dark green, either with the secondary and tertiary veins forming prominent reticulations on the upper surface ( C. fremontii) or the upper with the secondary and tertiary veins not forming prominent reticulations on the upper surface ( C. albicoma, C. viticaulis, and C. baldwinii). |
............ ....9 Sepal tips acuminate; achene bodies cobwebby-tomentose toward the tip ( C. fremontii) or long pilose ( C. baldwinii) |
............ ......10 Leaf blades 0.2-2.5 (-3.5) cm wide, not notably reticulate on the upper surface; beak of the achene plumose with long hairs; [of wet pinelands of n. FL southward] |
............ ......10 Leaf blades 3.5-11 cm wide, prominently reticulate on the upper surface; beak of the achene silky tomentose near the base, nearly glabrous toward the tip; [of prairies of nw. GA and se. TN, disjunct from further west] |
............ ....9 Sepals tips obtuse to acute; achene bodies pilose throughout; [of shale barrens of w. VA and WV]. |
............ ........11 Sepal backs villous; pubescence on the summit of the achene and the base of the style spreading or reflexed; mature styles white to pale yellow, sharply recurved and flexuous |
............ ........11 Sepal backs finely puberulent; pubescence on the summit of the achene and the base of the style closely appressed-ascending; mature styles tawny to deep reddish-brown, loosely spreading-recurved |
........5 Leaves (most of them) compound, petiolate; plant a trailing or climbing vine or shrubby, to many meters long (or erect or ascending in C. addisonii and C. socialis). |
............ ..........12 Sepals thin in texture, 3-5 cm long, soft-villous, neither apically recurved nor with broad, strongly crisped margins; leaves 3-foliolate; [subgenus Atragene] |
............ ..........12 Sepals thick in texture, 1-5 cm long, short-sericeous, apically recurved; leaves 1-11-foliolate; [subgenus Viorna]. |
............ ............ 13 Lower surface of leaves glaucous and glabrous (rarely with a few scattered hairs). |
............ ............ ..14 Plant an erect or ascending herb; lower leaves simple, upper leaves simple to 2-6-foliolate; [of dry limestone glades, endemic to wc. VA] |
............ ............ ..14 Plant a climbing vine; all leaves generally compound, often 6-10-foliolate; [of various habitats, ranging from sw. VA, KY, TN, GA, and FL westwards]. |
............ ............ ....15 Leaf blade thin in texture; secondary and tertiary veins impressed rather than raised on the upper leaflet surface |
............ ............ ....15 Leaf blade leathery in texture; secondary and tertiary veins forming a prominently raised reticulum on the upper leaflet surface. |
............ ............ ......16 Outer surface of sepals purplish-red or bluish-lavender towards the base and greenish or cream towards the tips; leaflets mostly ovate to elliptic, the base rounded to subcordate, the apex usually obtuse; [Interior Highlands of AR, MO, and OK and Interior Low Plateau of KY, TN, and AL] |
............ ............ ......16 Outer surface of sepals either bright scarlet red or yellowish-cream; leaflets mostly ovate to nearly circular in outline, the base mostly subcordate to deeply cordate, the apex often shallowly notched; [TX]. |
............ ............ ........17 Sepals yellowish-cream (sometimes lightly tinged with lilac); stamens densely and uniformly pubescent; [Carrizo Sands of ne. TX] |
............ ............ ........17 Sepals bright scarlet red; stamens neither densely nor uniformly pubescent; [Edwards Plateau and northeastwards into the Lampasas Cutplain of c. TX] |
............ ............ 13 Lower surface of leaves not glaucous, pubescent (rarely nearly glabrous). |
............ ............ ..........18 Plants erect, to 2-3 (-5) dm tall, forming clonal patches by underground rhizomes; leaflets linear-lanceolate, averaging ca. 10× as long as wide |
............ ............ ..........18 Plants viny, sprawling or climbing, the stems usually over 1 m long, not rhizomatous-clonal; leaflets generally broader. |
............ ............ ............ 19 Leaves coriaceous, the secondary and tertiary veins forming prominent reticulations on the upper surface. |
............ ............ ............ ..20 Leaf blade coarsely reticulate-veined, the ultimate closed areoles often > 2 mm long in the longer dimension, the tertiary and quaternary veins not prominently raised; achene beak sparsely pubescent to silky, with ascending or appressed hairs |
............ ............ ............ ..20 Leaf blade finely reticulate-veined, the ultimate closed areoles mostly < 2 mm long in the longest dimension, the tertiary and quaternary veins often prominently raised; achene beak plumose, with spreading hairs |
............ ............ ............ 19 Leaves membranous to subcoriaceous, the secondary and tertiary veins forming faint, indistinct reticulations on the upper surface. |
............ ............ ............ ....21 Sepals 2.5-5 cm long, the tips widely spreading, the upper margins thin, crisped, expanded (to 6 mm wide); sepal surfaces glabrous; [widespread, but mainly Coastal Plain] |
............ ............ ............ ....21 Sepals XX-YY cm long, the tips reflexed, the upper margins thick, not expanded; sepal surcaes glabrous to variously hairy; [widespread, but especially inland provinces]. |
............ ............ ............ ......22 Principal leaves at mid-stem mostly pinnate, pubescent, slightly coriaceous with raised secondary and tertiary veins; inflorescence solitary in leaf axils, or cymose paniculate (1-3 flowered); sepals rarely solidly colored, sepals light pink, white, or bicolored; fruit compact; achene body orbicular in outline, the achene tails short recurvate; [open habitats (glades, barrens, blackbelt prairie remnants) over limestone] |
............ ............ ............ ......22 Principal leaves at mid-stem pinnately trifoliate, glabrous or glaucescent, membranous without raised secondary or tertiary veins; inflorescence solitary, terminal, or cymose-paniculate (3-7 flowered); sepals cherry red, magenta pink, or dusky purple; fruit less compact; achene body elliptical in outline, the achene tails long recurvate; [forested systems, forest/woodland ecotones, and grasslands] |
1 Plants an erect-ascending herb in flower, becoming scandent in late season; primary inflorescences always terminal, solitary, ebracteate (occasional axillary and bracteate in late season); proximal-most leaflets (those closest to the stem) of mid-stem leaves sessile or short-petiolulate, the petiolules 3.1-9.4 (-10.3) mm long; [endemic to the Pine Mountain Ridges of wc. GA] |
1 Plants vining in habit throughout season; primary inflorescences axillary; proximal-most leaflets (those closest to the stem) of mid-stem leaves usually long-petiolulate, the petiolules (5.5-) 16.9-22.7 (-49.0) mm long. |
..2 Ratio of peduncle to combined peduncle and pedicel (0.20-) 0.35-0.41 (-0.70), foliaceous bracts appearing elevated on inflorescence; ratio of sepal length to sepal width (2.1-) 2.8-3.2 (-4.6); [east of the Mississippi River, from sc. TN southwards to SC, GA, FL, AL, and MS]. |
....3 Leaflets distinctly coriaceous with dense network of raised reticulate venation, average areole area small, (0.19-) 0.37-0.44 (-0.84) mm2; widest adaxial leaflet veins (not including mid-vein) (0.09-) 0.13-0.15 (-0.28) mm wide; leaflet apices usually rounded to broadly acute; sepal trichomes short with longest trichomes (0.27-) 0.32-0.39 (-0.47) mm long; achene rim (sum of both ends) to achene width ratio (0.22-) 0.26-0.32 (-0.38); [lower Coastal Plain of AL, FL, GA, MS, SC] |
....3 Leaflets distinctly membranaceous to subcoriaceous, average areole area large (0.36-) 0.61-0.94 (-2.69) mm2, raised reticulate venation forming a sparsely concentrated network; widest adaxial leaflet veins (not including mid-vein) (0.04-) 0.07-0.09 (-0.14) mm wide; leaflet apices acute to acuminate, rarely rounded; sepal trichomes puberulent with longest trichomes (0.45-) 0.52-0.66 (-0.84) mm long; achene rim (sum of both ends) to achene width ratio (0.30-) 0.32-0.46 (-0.50); [n. and c. AL (mostly north of the Alabama River), wc. GA, ne. MS, and extreme sc. TN] |
..2 Ratio of peduncle to combined peduncle and pedicel (0.02-) 0.07-0.10 (-0.20), foliaceous bracts appearing basal or near-basal on inflorescence; ratio of sepal length to sepal width (1.8-) 2.2-2.6 (-3.6); [ either west of the Mississippi River or in c. and ec. TN]. |
......4 Leaflet undersurface usually densely puberulent (occasionally glabrous or sparsely puberulent); leaflets elliptic-oblong to rotund, occasionally ovate, with generally rounded apices; leaflets coriaceous; raised reticulate venation forming a densely concentrated network, the average closed areole area (0.19-) 0.33-0.46 (-1.22) mm2; widest adaxial leaflet veins (not including the midvein) (0.07-) 0.11-0.14 (-0.21) mm wide; [West Gulf Coastal Plain of sw. AR, w. LA, and e. TX] |
......4 Leaflet undersurface glabrate to moderately pubescent; leaflets lanceolate to ovate, never rotund or elliptic-oblong, generally with distinctly acute or acuminate apices, rarely rounded; leaflets membranaceous to subcoriaceous; raised reticulate venation forming a sparsely concentrated network, average closed areole area (0.59-) 0.98-1.21 (-2.4) / mm2; widest adaxial leaflet veins (not including the midvein) (0.03-) 0.06-0.08 (-0.12) mm wide; [inland sedimentary rock provinces: Ouachita Mountains of sw. AR and se. OK, or Cumberland/Eastern Highland Rim/Central Basin of ec. TN]. |
........5 Primary pedicels long, (38-) 58.5-104.0 (-180.3) mm long, held erect above leaflets of corresponding node when in flower and fruit; longest sepal trichomes (0.25-) 0.28-0.40 (-0.47) mm long; sepal base color light vibrant pink to purple; achene length to width ratio 1.1-1.5 (1.9); achene tail hairs dark yellowish brown to coppery brown; [Cumberland/Eastern Highland Rim/Central Basin of ec. TN] |
........5 Primary pedicels short, (16.2-) 13.5-38.0 (-69.19) mm long and pendulous, hanging below leaflets of corresponding node when in flower (erect in fruit); longest sepal trichomes 0.51-0.66 (-0.69) mm long; sepal base color dark purple to faded lilac; achene length to width ratio 1.0-1.2; achene tail hairs white to yellow; [Ouachita Mountains of sw. AR and se. OK] |