*Frangula alnus P. Miller. European Alder-Buckthorn, Glossy Buckthorn. Phen: May-Jun; Jul-Sep. Hab: Forested areas, other disturbed areas. Dist: Native of Europe. This species is a seriously invasive weed in ne. United States, south to (at least) NJ, s. PA (Rhoads & Klein 1993; Rhoads & Block 2007), KY, and se. TN (Marion County) (Chester, Wofford, & Kral 1997, Kral 1981), and w. NC (where recently found in a forested area along the Blue Ridge Parkway).

Origin/Endemic status: Europe

Synonymy: = FNA12, K1, K3, K4, Mi, NE, NY, Va; = n/a – RAB, Tat; = Rhamnus frangula L. – C, F, G, Pa; > Frangula alnus Mill. var. alnus – Il; > Frangula alnus Mill. var. angustifolia (Loudon) Mohlenbr. – Il

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Wetland Indicator Status:

• Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain: FAC
• Eastern Mountains and Piedmont: FAC
• Great Plains: FAC
• Midwest: FACW
• Northcentral & Northeast: FAC

Heliophily: 7