Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall. Green Ash, Red Ash. Phen: Apr-May; Aug-Oct. Hab: Bottomlands and swamps, especially along brownwater rivers and streams, rarely on mesic upland disturbed sites. Dist: NS west to AB, south to FL, TX, and CO.

Origin/Endemic status: Native

Taxonomy Comments: Variation in this species (see synonymy) needs further study. Campbell (2017) has provided a detailed analysis of variation in F. pennsylvanica, choosing to recognize four varieties.

Synonymy: = Ar, C, GrPl, GW2, K1, K3, Mi, NE, NY, Pa, Tn, Va, W, Hardin & Beckmann (1982), Hardin (1974), Nesom (2010h), Ward (2010a); > Fraxinus darlingtonii Britton – S; > Fraxinus lanceolata Borkh. – Il, Tat; < Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall – Fl6, WH3; > Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall – Il, S, Tat; ? Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall ssp. pennsylvanica – Miller (1955); > Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall var. austini Fernald – F, orthographic variant; > Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall var. austinii Fernald – Campbell (2017); > Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall var. campestris (Britton) F.C.Gates – Campbell (2017); > Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall var. lanceolata (Borkh.) Sarg.; > Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall var. pennsylvanica – F, G, RAB, WV, Campbell (2017); > Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fernald – F, G, RAB, WV, Campbell (2017); > Fraxinus pensylvanica var. integerrima – Tx, orthographic variant

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Wetland Indicator Status:

• Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain: FACW (taxonomic split from wetland indicator species)
• Eastern Mountains and Piedmont: FACW (taxonomic split from wetland indicator species)
• Great Plains: FAC (taxonomic split from wetland indicator species)
• Midwest: FACW (taxonomic split from wetland indicator species)
• Northcentral & Northeast: FACW (taxonomic split from wetland indicator species)

Heliophily: 5