*Verbena officinalis Linnaeus. European Vervain, Juno’s Tears, Herb-of-the-cross. Phen: Jun-Oct. Hab: Disturbed areas, riverbanks. Dist: Native of Europe.

Origin/Endemic status: Europe

Taxonomy Comments: The enigmatic V. riparia is represented by a few collections, and the taxonomic status of the taxon is unclear; it probably represents an unusual form of V. officinalis. Jiménez-Mejías & Naczi (2019) clarify its typification and mention that if what Small and Heller believed to be a separate and native species proves to be so, it will need a new name.

Synonymy: = Fl6, K3, K4, Mi, NE, NY, Tat, Tn, Va, Nesom (2010b); = Verbena officinalis L. ssp. officinalis – WH3, Barber (1982); > Verbena officinalis L. – C, F, G, Pa, RAB, S; > Verbena officinalis L. var. officinalis – K1; > Verbena officinalis L. var. prostrata Gren. & Godr. – K1; > Verbena riparia Raf. ex Small & Heller – C, F, G, K1, RAB, S, W

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Wetland Indicator Status:

• Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain: FACU
• Eastern Mountains and Piedmont: FACU
• Great Plains: FACU
• Midwest: FACU
• Northcentral & Northeast: FACU