Verbena scabra Vahl. Rough Vervain, Harsh Vervain. Phen: (Mar-) May-Oct (-Dec). Hab: Oligohaline tidal marshes, shell deposits, river shores, other wet habitats. Dist: VA and WV south to s. FL, west to TX and CA, south into tropical America; mainly coastal in our area but with scattered inland records (probably adventive).

Origin/Endemic status: Native

Synonymy: = Bah, C, F, Fl6, G, GW2, K1, K3, K4, Mex, NcTx, RAB, S, Tx, Va, WH3, WV, Nesom (2010b), Nesom (2010d); = n/a – Tat

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Wetland Indicator Status:

• Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain: FACW
• Eastern Mountains and Piedmont: FACW
• Great Plains: OBL
• Midwest: FACW

Heliophily: 9