Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott var. biflorum . Small Solomon's-seal. Phen: Apr-Jun; Aug-Oct. Hab: Moist to dry forests. Dist: CT, NY, and s. ON west to MI, NE, and IN, south to n. FL, s. AL, and e. TX.

Origin/Endemic status: Native

Taxonomy Comments: In addition to the varieties recognized for our area, P. biflorum includes two additional varieties: var. melleum (Farwell) R. Ownbey of MI and ON, and var. necopinum R. Ownbey from the Black Hills of SD. The complex needs additional study. See var. commutatum for discussion of its distinction from var. biflorum.

Synonymy: = NY, Pa, Va, Ownbey (1944); = Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott – F, G, Il, K4, Tat, WV; = Polygonatum canaliculatum (Muhl. ex Willd.) Pursh – Tat; < Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott – Ar, C, ETx1, FNA26, NcTx, NE, Ok, RAB, Tn, Tx, W, WH3, Judd (2003); >< Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott var. biflorum – K3; >< Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott var. commutatum (Schult.f.) Morong – K1, Mo1; < Polygonatum commutatum (Schult.f.) A.Dietr. – S; < Salomonia biflora (Walter) Britton – S13

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Wetland Indicator Status:

• Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain: FACU (taxonomic split from wetland indicator species)
• Eastern Mountains and Piedmont: FACU (taxonomic split from wetland indicator species)
• Great Plains: FACU (taxonomic split from wetland indicator species)
• Midwest: FACU (taxonomic split from wetland indicator species)
• Northcentral & Northeast: FACU (taxonomic split from wetland indicator species)

Heliophily ?: 3