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1 Leaves simple (sometimes cleft or lobed). |
..2 Stem creeping, the leaves all cauline, opposite; leaves short-petioled or sessile, < 2 cm long |
..2 Stem erect, the leaves mostly or entirely basal, alternate (stem leaves opposite in Mitella); leaves long-petioled, > 4 cm long (except short-petioled or sessile and sometimes < 4 cm long in Micranthes). |
....3 Basal leaves short-petioled or sessile, the petioles 0-1× as long as the blade; basal leaves cuneate or rounded at the base; leaf venation predominately pinnate. |
......4 Leaves entire, serrate, or coarsely dentate. |
......4 Leaves deeply trilobed |
....3 Basal leaves long-petioled, the petioles (1-) 2-5× as long as the blade; basal leaves cordate at the base; leaf venation predominantly palmate. {add to key Saxifraga (stolonifera)} |
........5 Petals fimbriate; inflorescence a raceme; flowers on pedicels 1-2 (-5) mm long |
........5 Petals not fimbriate; inflorescence a panicle or raceme; flowers mostly on pedicels > 3 mm long. |
..........6 Flowers strongly bilaterally (or irregularly) symmetrical; [non-native, waif from cultivation; "Strawberry-begonia"] |
..........6 Flowers radially symmetrical; [native, some species also cultivated] |
............ 7 Inflorescence racemose; stamens 10 |
............ 7 Inflorescence paniculate; stamens 5. |
............ ..8 Seeds winged, 1.3-1.5 mm long; leaves cleft < ½ way to base; hypanthium fused to the pistils only at their bases; stems normally with several petiolate leaves much like the basal leaves (though typically somewhat smaller) |
............ ..8 Seeds papillose, echinate, smooth, or slightly ridged, 0.4-0.7 mm long; leaves cleft > ½ way to base (in Boykinia) or < ½ way (in Heuchera); hypanthium fused to the lower half or more of the pistils; stems with (in Boykinia) or without (in Heuchera) several petiolate leaves. |
............ ....9 Stems normally with several petiolate leaves much like the basal leaves (though typically somewhat smaller); ovary with 2 locules; leaves cleft > ½ way to base |
............ ....9 Stems with only very reduced sessile bracts unlike the basal leaves; ovary with 1 locule; leaves cleft < ½ way to base |
1 Leaves either 2-3-foliolate or palmately 4-11-foliolate (all the leaflets attached at a common point). |
..2 Leaves 2-foliolate; fruit a capsule, opening by a circumscissile lid |
..2 Leaves either 3-foliolate or palmately or pedately 4-11-foliolate. |
....3 Inflorescence an involucrate head subtended by phyllaries, the heads solitary or many and variously arrayed in secondary inflorescences, the ovary inferior, the corolla connate and tubular at least basally, the calyx absent, the stamens 5, the fruit a cypsela |
....3 Inflorescence, flower, and fruit structure various, but not with the combination of features as above. |
......4 Inflorescence an umbel; ovary inferior; fruit a mericarp of 2 schizocarps |
......4 Inflorescence various, usually not an umbel (sometimes an umbel in Oxalis in OXALIDACEAE); ovary superior; fruit an aggregate, legume, berry, or 2-valved capsule. |
........5 Leaflets either entire or barely and very shallowly crenulate or notched at the tip (but otherwise entire). |
..........6 Inflorescence a spadix, surrounded by a spathe; fruit a berry; [Monocots {illogically keyed here because of the likelihood of being mistaken for a dicot}] |
..........6 Inflorescence a raceme or umbel, not surrounded by a spathe; fruit a capsule or legume; [Eudicots]. |
............ 7 Flowers bilaterally symmetrical; fruit a legume; [plant of uplands] |
............ 7 Flowers radially symmetrical; fruit a 2-valved or 5-valved capsule; [plant of uplands or wetlands] |
............ ..8 Leaflets not notched at the tip; flowers white; [plants of saturated saturated or ponded wetlands] |
............ ..8 Leaflets notched at the tip; flowers pink, white, or yellow; [plants of uplands or temporarily flooded wetlands] |
........5 Leaflets serrate, serrulate, or cleft. |
............ ....9 Petals 4; stamens 6; fruit a silique |
............ ....9 Petals 5 or more; stamens 10 or more; fruit either a legume or an aggregate of achenes or follicles |
............ ......10 Stamens many, fused into a staminal tube; carpels 10-20, in a ring; pubescence stellate (sometimes mixed with simple hairs) |
............ ......10 Stamens 10-many, separate, or fused but not all into a staminal tube; carpel either 1 (FABACEAE), or 3-7 in a ring (RANUNCULACEAE), or many and spirally arranged on a conical receptacle (RANUNCULACEAE or ROSACEAE) |
............ ........11 Leaflets serrulate; flowers bilaterally symmetrical; fruit a legume; corolla variously colored, including white |
............ ........11 Leaflets serrate; flowers radially symmetrical; fruit an aggregate of achenes or of follicles; corolla white or yellowish or greenish. |
............ ..........12 Fruit an aggregate of follicles |
............ ..........12 Fruit an aggregate of achenes (borne on a fleshy, expanded receptacle in Fragaria and some Potentilla) |
............ ............ 13 Flowers lacking a hypanthium |
............ ............ 13 Flowers with a hypanthium |
1 Leaves 1-pinnately compound (all leaflets attached to a central rachis) or more complexly compound (with several orders of branching, some leaflets at least attached to second-order branches from the rachis). |
............ ............ ..14 Leaves 1-pinnately compound (all leaflets attached to a central rachis). |
............ ............ ....15 Inflorescence an involucrate head subtended by phyllaries, the heads solitary or many and variously arrayed in secondary inflorescences, the ovary inferior, the corolla connate and tubular at least basally, the calyx absent, the stamens 5, the fruit a cypsela |
............ ............ ....15 Inflorescence, flower, and fruit structure various, but not with the combination of features as above. |
............ ............ ......16 Flowers bilaterally symmetrical; fruit a legume |
............ ............ ......16 Flowers radially symmetrical; fruit a silique/silicle, or a schizocarp of mericarps, or an achene. |
............ ............ ........17 Petals 4; stamens 6; fruit a silique/silicle |
............ ............ ........17 Petals 0 or 5 (if 0, the sepals petaloid); stamens 2, 4, 5, or many. |
............ ............ ..........18 Stamens 5; fruit a schizocarp of 2 mericarps |
............ ............ ..........18 Stamens 2, 4, or many; fruit an achene |
............ ............ ..14 Leaves more complexly compound (with 2 or more orders of branching, some leaflets at least attached to second-order branches from the rachis). |
............ ............ ............ 19 Inflorescence an involucrate head subtended by phyllaries, the heads solitary or many and variously arrayed in secondary inflorescences, the ovary inferior, the corolla connate and tubular at least basally, the calyx absent, the stamens 5, the fruit a cypsela |
............ ............ ............ 19 Inflorescence, flower, and fruit structure various, but not with the combination of features as above (sometimes the flowers in a head subtended by bracts, but then with other features differing, such as stamens 4, or green calyx present, or petals separate, or fruit a schizocarp of mericarps, etc.). |
............ ............ ............ ..20 Leaf segments or ultimate lobes linear or lanceolate, > 2× as long as wide, < 4 mm wide. |
............ ............ ............ ....21 Inflorescence an umbel; ovary inferior; fruit a mericarp of 2 schizocarps |
............ ............ ............ ....21 Inflorescence various, but not an umbel; ovary superior; fruit an aggregate of follicles or an elongate capsule. |
............ ............ ............ ......22 Carpels 2, fused; fruit an elongate capsule; flowers bilaterally symmetrical |
............ ............ ............ ......22 Carpels 5-10 or many, separate; fruit an aggregate; flower radially symmetrical |
............ ............ ............ ..20 Leaf segments or ultimate lobes ovate or elliptic, < 3× as long as wide, > 5 mm wide. |
............ ............ ............ ........23 Inflorescence an umbel; ovary inferior; fruit a mericarp of 2 schizocarps or a 5-seeded drupe. |
............ ............ ............ ..........24 Fruit a schizocarp of 2 mericarps |
............ ............ ............ ..........24 Fruit a 5-seeded drupe |
............ ............ ............ ........23 Inflorescence various, but not an umbel; fruit an aggregate of follicles or achenes, an elongate capsule, or a naked seed resembling a drupe. |
............ ............ ............ ............ 25 Leaflets with < 10 ultimate ‘points’ (lobe or tooth terminations), these rounded to broadly acute, often large in comparison to the leaflet and appearing as “sublobes”; pistil 1 or 4-many. |
............ ............ ............ ............ ..26 Corolla bilaterally symmetrical; fruit an elongate capsule; [cultivated exotic, rarely persistent near gardens] |
............ ............ ............ ............ ..26 Corolla radially symmetrical; fruit an aggregate of follicles or achenes, or a naked seed resembling a drupe; [native plants of moist to dry forests and rock outcrops]. |
............ ............ ............ ............ ....27 Leaflets 5-8 cm long, obviously longer than broad; pistil 1; fruit a naked blue seed resembling a drupe; flowers mainly 3-merous |
............ ............ ............ ............ ....27 Leaflets 1-6 cm long, about as long as broad if > 4 cm long; pistils 4-many; fruit an aggregate of follicles or achenes; flowers mainly 4-5-merous |
............ ............ ............ ............ 25 Leaflets with >11 ultimate ‘points’ (lobe or tooth terminations), these acuminate to acute; pistils 1-8. |
............ ............ ............ ............ ......28 Pubescence of the stem and lower leaf surface glandular; flowers unisexual, on the same plant (monoecious); stamens 10; pistils 2, partly fused; fruit an aggregate of follicles |
............ ............ ............ ............ ......28 Pubescence of the stem and lower leaf surface non-glandular (or absent); flowers either bisexual (the plants hermaphroditic), or unisexual and the male and female flowers on separate plants (the plants dioecious); stamens 15 or more; pistils 1-8, separate; fruit an aggregate of follicles, a follicle, or a red or white berry. |
............ ............ ............ ............ ........29 Flowers bisexual (plants hermaphroditic); carpels 1-8 per flower; inflorescence a raceme, or a panicle of racemes with just a few branches; fruit an aggregate of follicles, a follicle, or a red or white berry |
............ ............ ............ ............ ........29 Flowers unisexual (plants dioecious); carpels 3-4 per pistillate flower; inflorescence a panicle of racemes, with numerous branches; fruit an aggregate of follicles |