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Key to Plantaginaceae

Plantaginaceae

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1
Leaves alternate, at least those on the upper stem; calyx 5-merous; stamens 4.
  2
Corolla lacking a spur or pouch at the base
    3
Plants erect herbs, not vining; [tribe Digitaleae]
 ⇒ Digitalis
    3
Plants vining; [tribe Antirrhineae].
      4
Calyx glandular-pilose; corolla lacking a raised palate (the raised area of lower lip)
 ⇒ Maurandya barclayana
      4
Calyx glabrous; corolla with a raised yellow palate (the raised area of lower lip)
 ⇒ Maurandella antirrhiniflora
  2
Corolla with a distinct spur or broad pouch protruding between the 2 lower calyx lobes; [tribe Antirrhineae].
    5
Corolla with a broad pouch at the base (saccate or gibbose).
      6
Calyx lobes about equal, all shorter than the corolla tube; corolla 25-40 mm long; leaves to 15 mm wide
 ⇒ Antirrhinum majus
      6
Calyx lobes distinctly unequal, all longer than the corolla tube; corolla 10-13 mm long; leaves to 5 mm wide
 ⇒ Misopates orontium
    5
Corolla with a slender spur at the base.
      7
Flowers in terminal racemes
 ⇒ Linaria
      7
Flowers solitary in leaf axils.
          9
Leaves orbicular in outline, palmately lobed and veined; stems rooting at nodes
 ⇒ Cymbalaria muralis

(c) Pogacnik, Shaun - CC-BY-NC, permission granted to NCBG
          9
Leaves ovate or triangular, pinnately veined; stems not rooting
 ⇒ Kickxia
1
Leaves either strictly basal, opposite OR whorled throughout (the cauline leaves not primarily alternate); calyx 0-, 4-, or 5-merous; stamens 1, 2, or 4.
  10
Leaves strongly basally disposed, usually all the leaves basal (or with significantly reduced cauline leaves); petals 3 or 4, scarious and translucent in texture or otherwise dull-yellow and inconspicuous; inflorescence a spike; [tribe Plantagineae]
    11
Plants with leaves usually all basal; petals scarious and translucent in texture, not bilabiate; fruit a circumsessile dehiscent capsule (i.e. a lid-bearing pyxide); [collectively widespread]
 ⇒ Plantago
    11
Plants with prominent basal leaves and reduced, sub-whorled, cauline leaves; petals yellow, bilabiate; fruit a loculicidal capsule; [s. OH w. to s. IL, northward]
 ⇒ Synthyris bullii
  10
Leaves cauline, either opposite or whorled (sometimes with a mix of both, but not strongly basally-disposed); petal 0, or 4, or 5; inflorescence various.
    12
Leaves whorled throughout.
      13
Aquatic; leaves 5-30 mm long, lanceolate, toothed to deeply dissected into linear segments; [tribe Gratioleae]
 ⇒ Limnophila
      13
Terrestrial; leaves 40-15 cm long, lanceolate or elliptic, toothed; [tribe Veroniceae]
 ⇒ Veronicastrum virginicum
    12
Leaves opposite (sometimes with a few proximal whorls in Stemodia durantifolia, but otherwise primarily opposite).
      14
Petals 0; sepals 0, stamens 1; leaves both < 2 cm long and entire; [tribe Callitricheae]
 ⇒ Callitriche
      14
Petals 4 or 5; sepals 4 or 5; stamens 2 or 4; leaves > 2 cm long, serrate (not both entire and < 2 cm long).
          16
Leaves punctate; stamens 4; [tribe Gratioleae]
 ⇒ Scoparia
          16
Leaves not punctate; stamens 2; [tribe Veroniceae]
 ⇒ Veronica
          17
Plants erect, moderately robust, usually > 4 dm tall, larger leaves > 5 cm long; inflorescences terminal (the bracts subtending flowers strongly reduced in size in comparison to main leaves of the stem).
             18
Capsules 4-valved, dehiscence strictly loculicidal (splitting along locules, the ultimate capsule segments containing portions of two adjacent locules and with a longitudinal septum); thecae (of the anthers) stalked; [tribe Stemodieae]
 ⇒ Stemodia durantifolia
             18
Capsule dehiscence septicidal (splitting along the septa, the ultimate capsule segments containing an entiure locule and lacking a longitudinal septum); thecae (of the anthers) not stalked; [tribe Cheloneae].
               19
Inflorescence compact, the inflorescence axis generally hidden by the closely packed and overlapping flowers; each flower subtended by large overlapping bracts
 ⇒ Chelone
               19
Inflorescence more diffuse, the inflorescence axis readily visible between the flowers; flowers lacking extra subtending bracts
 ⇒ Penstemon
          17
Plants creeping, decumbent or erect, small, usually < 4 dm tall (except Mecardonia, to 5 dm tall), larger leaves < 5 cm long; inflorescences axillary (all or most of the flowers axillary to more-or-less normally sized leaves).
             20
Stamens 2; [section Gratioleae].
               21
Capsule flattened, compressed in ×-section; capsule wider than long, notched; leaves dimorphic, with narrow submersed leaves on the lower stems, and broad floating leaves just subtending the aerial inflorescences; [of vernal pools on granite outcrops in Piedmont SC, GA, and AL]
 ⇒ Gratiola amphiantha
               21
Capsule turgid, roundish in ×-section; capsule longer than wide; leaves monomorphic; [collectively of many habitats and widespread].
                 22
Flowers and fruits on definite pedicels; annual or perennial; leaves not papillose
 ⇒ Gratiola
                 22
Flowers and fruits sessile or subsessile, the pedicels < 1 mm long; perennial; leaves papillose on the surfaces and margins
 ⇒ Sophronanthe
               23
Sepals evidently connate into a tube about as long as the lobes; corolla evidently bicolored, the upper lobes white or whitish and the lower contrasting blue or lavender; [section Cheloneae]
 ⇒ Collinsia
               23
Sepals distinct or very nearly so; corolla not evidently bicolored as above.
                   25
Capsules 4-valved, dehiscence strictly loculicidal (splitting along locules, the ultimate capsule segments containing portions of two adjacent locules and with a longitudinal septum); leaves sessile; thecae (of the anthers) stalked; (primarily natives of s. TX, excluding scattered introductions of S. durantifolia); [tribe Stemodieae]
 ⇒ Stemodia
                   25
Capsule dehiscence primarily septicidal (splitting along the septa, the ultimate capsule segments containing an entiure locule and lacking a longitudinal septum) OR sometimes septicidal with apical loculicidal dehiscence; leaves petiolate (Mecardonia) or sessile to subsessile (Bacopa); thecae (of the anthers) not stalked; (collectively widespread, native and non-native); [tribe Gratioleae].
                     26
Corolla nearly radially symmetrical; corolla lobes about as long as the corolla tube; leaves palmately veined, with parallel veins diverging from the base, margins entire to crenulate; of aquatic to moist habitats, often somewhat succulent
 ⇒ Bacopa
                     26
Corolla distinctly bilabiate; corolla lobes shorter than the corolla tube; leaves pinnately veined, with a single main-vein and lateral veins diverging along it, margins serrate; of moist habitats, not succulent
 ⇒ Mecardonia