1 Herbs, becoming somewhat woody at the base, < 1 (exceptionally to 1.4) m tall; [subfamily Rutoideae]. |
2 Leaves 2- pinnatifid, with many segments; [ exotic, grown horticulturally, scattered as persistent or weakly naturalized] |
2 Leaves simple; [native in calcareous grasslands and woodlands in ne. and c. TX westwards and southwards] |
1 Shrubs and trees, definitely woody, > 1 m tall when mature (flowering and fruiting). |
3 Leaves either simple, or unifoliolate and appearing simple. |
4 Stems unarmed, inflorescence axes and young stems with short, red-brown, scurfy hairs; inflorescences of short, compact to somewhat elongate racemes; [subfamily Aurantioideae; Bergera alliance] |
4 Stems armed or unarmed, inflorescences and young stems glabrous, or pubescent with short, grey to white, erect to curved hairs; inflorescences of small fascicles, or solitary or paired flowers; [subfamily Aurantioideae; Citrus alliance]. |
5 Hesperidia bluish black when ripe, 0.8-1.2 cm in diameter; stamens 10; petiole not winged; stems armed; abaxial leaf surface with raised lateral veins; petals < 0.5 cm long |
5 Hesperidia green, yellow, or orange when ripe, > 1.5 cm in diameter; stamens 20+; petiole usually winged; stems armed or unarmed; abaxial leaf surface without raised lateral veins; petals > 1 cm long |
3 Leaves pinnately or palmately compound (1-foliolate leaves sometimes also present). |
6 Leaves 1- pinnate, either odd-pinnate and (3-) 5-19-foliolate or even-pinnate and (4-) 6-8 (-14)-foliolate. |
7 Leaves opposite; stems and leaves unarmed. |
8 Axillary buds concealed beneath the base of the petioles on mature, leafy stems; leaflets (7-) 9-13; bark on older stems corky; [subfamily Zanthoxyloideae] |
8 Axillary buds exposed above the base of the leaf petioles on mature, leafy stems; leaflets 3-9 (-11); bark on older stems smooth to somewhat rough but never corky. |
9 Fruit a drupe; diameter of mid-point of internodes of leafy branches usually 1-3 mm; internode lenticels usually < 0.3 mm long, mostly round (or absent); [native in FL and TX, and also planted and escaped in FL]; [subfamily Amyridoideae] |
9 Fruit of 1-5 follicles; diameter of mid-point of internodes of leafy branches usually 3-6 mm; internode lenticels usually > 0.4 mm long and round to elongate; [planted and escaped in more northern parts of our area]; [subfamily Zanthoxyloideae] |
7 Leaves alternate; stems and leaves either unarmed, or armed with prickles. |
10 Leaflets alternate on the rachis; fruit a berry, orange to red when ripe; stems and leaves unarmed; [subfamily Aurantioideae] |
10 Leaflets opposite on the rachis; stems either not armed ( Glycosmis) or stems (and also often leaves) armed with prickles ( Zanthoxylum, except Z. flavum). |
11 Fruit a berry; [subfamily Aurantioideae] |
11 Fruit of 1-5 follicles; [subfamily Zanthoxyloideae] |
6 Leaves palmately 3-foliolate. |
12 Branches armed with axillary spines; fruit a hesperidium; [subfamily Aurantioideae]. |
13 Petiole winged; stamens 20+; hesperidia 4-5 cm in diameter, dark yellow to orange when ripe, densely pubescent, usually with > 20 seeds (looking like a small, hairy orange) |
13 Petiole not winged; stamens 6-10; hesperidia 1-1.5 cm in diameter, glabrous, red when ripe, with 1-4 seeds; spines usually paired at nodes; petals often 3 |
12 Branches unarmed; fruit a drupe, few-seeded berry, or samara. |
14 Fruit a drupe or few-seeded berry; [subfamily Amyridoideae] |
14 Fruit a samara; [subfamily Zanthoxyloideae] |
1 Leaves 1- or 2-foliolate, if 1-foliolate then deeply notched and appearing bilobed ( Bauhinia, which is also keyed in Key G). |
2 Leaves 1-foliolate ( bilobed) |
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3 Leaves cordate and deeply cleft (appearing 2-foliolate) or if subtly 2-foliolate, the lobes rounded at the ends; petals pink, clawed; fruit an elongated legume; plants shrubs or sometimes vines |
1 Leaves 3-, 5-, to many-foliolate. |
4 Plant a liana, climbing by twining, by tendrils, or by adventitious roots. |
5 Leaves untoothed and unlobed; fruit a legume |
5 Leaves coarsely toothed or lobed; fruit a berry (except legume in Pueraria) |
6 Leaflets obovate or broadly elliptic (broadest at or above the middle), the teeth or lobes soley or primarily in the apical half of the leaf; plant climbing by tendrils; fruit a blue to black berry. |
7 Plants with leaves trifoliolate only, the blades fleshy, > 1 mm thick when fresh, the leaftlets ovate to oblong; inflorescence axillary (accompanying leaves, not opposing them); [tribe Cayratieae] |
7 Plants often with a mix of well-developed trifoliate leaves and (less-developed) tri-lobed, simple leaves (the lobes or leaflets broadly ovate to ovate- reniform), these herbaceous, the blades thin; inflorescence leaf-opposed; [tribe Cisseae] |
6 Leaflets orbicular or ovate (broadest at the middle or below the middle), the teeth or lobes primarily or solely in the basal half of the leaf; plant climbing by stem twining or by dense, reddish adventitious roots; fruit a legume ( Pueraria) or whitish berry ( Toxicodendron). |
8 Plant climbing by the stem twining; [plant not actually woody, but so robust as to often be assumed to be so] |
8 Plant climbing by dense, reddish adventitious roots attaching the stem to tree trunks or rock outcrops |
4 Plant a shrub or small tree (sometimes scrambling or occasionally high- climbing with the support of other vegetation, but lacking the specialized climbing structures listed above, e.g., Akebia). |
9 Stems armed with small prickles or stout thorns. |
10 Stems with stout thorns at the nodes; fruit a hesperidium (orange-like, but densely hairy) |
10 Stems with many small prickles along the internodes (directly below the nodes; sometimes inconspicuous on the vegetative stems of Erythrina); fruit various: either a legume, berry, an aggregate of drupelets, or a hip. |
11 Leaflets with 2 rounded lateral lobes near the base, otherwise entire; fruit a legume; corolla red |
11 Leaflet bases cuneate to rounded, unlobed (sometimes cleft), but lacking 2 rounded, lateral lobes at their bases; fruit either a drupe ( Eleutherococcus), berry ( Triphasia), OR a hip or aggregate of drupelets (ROSACEAE); corolla variously colored. |
12 Flowers 3 -merous (sometimes with 4 or rarely with 5 petals); fruit a glabrous berry, reddish when ripened; [uncommon non-native, s. FL] |
12 Flowers 4- or 5 -merous (with 4 or 5 petals); fruit a drupe, an aggregate of drupes, or a hip; [collectively widespread natives and non-natives, including s. FL]. |
13 Inflorescence a compound umbel, notably rounded in shape; leaves 3-5-foliolate (often trifoliolate, sometimes palmately compound); fruit a drupe; [uncommon non-native, n. FL] |
13 Inflorescence a panicle, not notably rounded in shape; leaves 3 or more foliolate; fruit an aggregate of drupelets or a hip; [natives and non-natives; widespread] |
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14 Leaflets serrulate, crenulate, serrate, with a few coarse and jagged teeth ( spine-tipped or not), or shallowly lobed ( Erythrina). |
15 Leaflets serrulate or crenulate ( crenulate teeth minute in Murraya, look closely). |
16 Leaflets 3-11 (usually 5+ per leaf, also keyed in F5); fruit a fleshy berry, red to dark orange at maturity; [uncommon non-native, s. FL] |
16 Leaflets usually 3 (leaves typically trifoliolate); fruit a conspicuously winged samara (dry at maturity), greenish-brown at maturity; [natives, c. FL northward and westward] |
15 Leaflets serrate, with a few coarse and jagged teeth ( spine-tipped or not), or shallowly lobed ( Erythrina). |
17 Leaflets with 2 prominent, rounded lobes near the base; fruit a legume; flowers > 3 cm long, corollas bilaterally symmetrical, red, in a terminal raceme |
17 Leaflets serrate and sometimes also cleft, or with a few coarse and jagged teeth ( spine-tipped or not); fruit either a tan or red drupe or a red berry; flowers < 1 cm across, corollas radially symmetrical, green, yellow, or white, in axillary or terminal panicles or racemes |
18 Leaflets with a few spine-tipped teeth; fruit a red berry; [TX westwards] |
18 Leaflets not spine-tipped; fruit a red or tan drupe; [collectively widespread] |
14 Leaflets entire and unlobed. |
19 Terminal leaflet sessile. |
20 Leaflets < 2 cm long; stems and branches dark green |
20 Leaflets 2-5 cm long ( Hypelate) or 5-15 cm long ( Ptelea); stems and branches tan to brown |
21 Leaflets obovate to oblanceolate, the apices usually rounded; leaves 2-5 cm long, often congested at branch tips; fruit a fleshy drupe, maroon or black-colored when ripened; flowers arranged in panicles; [s. FL only in our area] |
21 Leaflets usually ovate, the apices acute or acuminate; leaves 5-15 cm long, usually spaced throughout the stems, rarely congested at leaf tips; fruit a samara, brown when ripened; flowers arranged in cymes; [c. FL northward, widespread] |
19 Terminal leaflet with a petiolule. |
22 Fruit a 3-angled capsule, valvate; leaves with a strong scent of horseradish |
22 Fruit a berry, a berry-like drupe, or a legume (not valvate but often dehiscent); leaves lacking a strong scent of horseradish. |
23 Petals white, small (ca. 4 mm long); fruit a pinkish-red berry, mucilagenous or dry at maturity |
23 Petals small to large, variously colored (including white); fruit a legume or if berry like, then white at maturity, often somewhat laterally flattened, and plants vining, rhizomatous shrubs ( Toxicodendron). |
24 Leaves pinnately trifoliolate, a rachis present as an extension of the petiole past the point of attachment of the 2 lateral leaflets, the terminal leaflet borne on a petiolule at the terminus of the rachis, with an obvious joint present between the rachis and petiolule; fruit a legume |
24 Leaves palmately trifoliolate, the terminal leaflet typically with a longer petiolule than the lateral leaflets, but lacking a rachis (the petiolule of the terminal leaflet attached at the same point as the 2 lateral leaflets and unjointed); fruit a white, berry-like drupe ( globose or often laterally somewhat flattened). |
1 Leaves very large, > 10 dm long |
1 Leaves small to large, < 10 dm long. |
2 Stems armed with prickles or stipular or nodal spines; leaves often also with prickles. |
3 Leaves with conspicuous leafy stipules, often adnate to the petiole; plant a liana or small to medium shrub; leaves serrate, often sharply and prominently so; leaves not strongly aromatic when fresh, lacking pellucid punctate glands on the surface |
3 Leaves lacking leafy stipules; plant a tree or tall shrub; leaves entire or obscurely crenate or serrate; plant a tree or tall shrub; leaves either strongly aromatic when fresh, with conspicuous pellucid punctate glands or not aromatic and not pellucid- punctate. |
4 Leaves not aromatic when fresh, lacking pellucid punctate glands; leaves never with prickles on the rachis; leaflet apices rounded |
4 Leaves strongly aromatic when fresh, with conspicuous pellucid punctate glands; leaves often with prickles on the rachis; leaflet apices usually acuminate |
2 Stems unarmed (leaflets with spinose margins in some species, or the stem with dense hispid hairs, but these not particularly sharp to the touch). |
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6 Plant an upright shrub or tree, not climbing. |
7 Plant a medium or tall tree. |
8 Leaves with stipules; flowers bilaterally symmetrical, papilionaceous, white, cream, or pink; stamens 10; fruit a legume; [collectively widespread in our area] |
8 Leaves without stipules; flowers radially symmetrical, whitish; stamens 5 or 10; fruit a single-seeded drupe; [FL peninsula] |
7 Plant a shrub or small tree to 7 (-10) m tall. |
9 Leaf 2-5 cm long, with 5-7 leaflets |
9 Leaf > 8 cm long, with 5-many leaflets. |
10 Flowers bilaterally symmetrical, papilionaceous (reduced in Amorpha to a single petal); stamens 10; fruit a legume; leaves with stipules ( stipulate). |
10 Flowers radially symmetrical, stamens 4-5 (to 10+ in Simarouba); fruit either a drupe (Anacardiaceae, Simaroubaceae), or a 1-3-seeded berry or a samara (Picramniaceae); leaves without stipules ( exstipulate). |
11 Inflorescence a panicle; fruit a drupe; [collectively widespread] |
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12 Plants lacking pellucid gland dots. |
13 Carpels remaining united, forming a compound fruit (the fruits various) |
13 Carpels becoming distinct, each forming a simple drupe |
11 Inflorescence a raceme or compound thyrse; fruit a samara or 1-3-seeded berry; [s. FL] |
5 Leaflets serrate or crenate (sometimes minutely so, look closely). |
14 Leaflets crenate or crenulate, the teeth rounded and coarse ( Cupania) or often inconspicuous or minute. |
15 Fruit a fleshy berry, red to dark orange at maturity; leaf surfaces often (but not always) with punctate glands; flowers white, solitary or in small fascicles; [uncommon non-native, s. FL] |
15 Fruit a capsule, drupe, or shizocarp of mericarps, variously colored at maturity; leaf surfaces not glandular- punctate; flowers variously colored, the inflorescence paniculate or thyrsiform; [collectively widespread natives and non-natives, including s. FL]. |
16 Fruit a dehiscent capsule; mid to lower leaflets usually conspicuously alternate along the rachis, the leaflet crenations often coarse; [s. FL only in our area] |
16 Fruit a drupe or schizocarp of 2-5 samaroid mericarps (these evidently winged); mid to lower leaflets usually opposite or subopposite along the rachis, the crenations often inconspicuous; [collectively widespread]. |
17 Leaflets with obscure crenations, not as below nor bearing glands; leaf rachis narrowly to conspicuously winged, especially towards the tip; fruit a drupe; plant a shrub or small tree |
17 Leaflets (especially the basal and on the basalscopic side) with 1-5 large rounded teeth, each bearing a prominent dark green gland; leaf rachis not winged; fruit a schizocarp, with 2-5 samaroid mericarps; plant a medium to large tree |
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18 Leaf serrations spinose |
18 Leaf serrations not spinose. |
19 Inflorescences axillary. |
20 Plant a tree, freely branched; rhizome inner bark not brightly colored; flowers unisexual, the male flowers in catkins, the female flowers solitary or few in a spike, the perianth greenish or tan and inconspicuous; fruit a nut covered by a dehiscent or indehiscent involucre |
20 Plant a short shrub, < 1 m tall, little branched; rhizome inner bark of fresh plants bright yellow; flowers bisexual, petals absent, the 5 petaloid sepals maroon; inflorescence a drooping panicle from the base of the new year’s growth; fruit an aggregate of follicles |
19 Inflorescences terminal. |
21 Inflorescence corymbose (flat-topped or rounded, as wide as long or wider); fruit a red pome |
21 Inflorescence paniculate (longer than wide); fruit various (see below), but not as above. |
22 Leaves stipulate; flowers bright white; fruit an aggregate of 5 follicles |
22 Leaves lacking stipules; flowers cream or yellow; fruit either a drupe or an inflated membranaceous capsule. |
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23 Fruit an inflated membranaceous capsule |
