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Key to Apocynaceae

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1 Plant erect or trailing (but not twining), herbaceous or woody.
  2 Plant a woody shrub, subshrub, or trailing woody vine.
    3 Leaves alternate.
      4 Fruit follicles; [waif]
      4 Fruit drupes; [native and non-native]
        5 Leaves lanceolate; corolla white, salverform, < 1 cm long; fruit white; [rare native, s. FL]
        5 Leaves linear; corolla yellow, funnelform, ca. 5 cm long; fruit green to brown; [non-native, s. TX and FL peninsula]
    3 Leaves opposite or whorled.
          6 Plants armed, the stems with stout, bifurcated spines
          6 Plants unarmed, the stems without spines.
             7 Plant rhizomatous, suffrutescent, < 4 dm tall; leaves narrowly to broadly ovate; flowers blue, lavender, or white
             7 Plant erect, > 4 dm tall; leaves either lanceolate or elliptic (or oblanceolate in Allamanda cathartica); flowers yellow, white, pink, or red.
               8 Flowers white, pink, or red; shrub 10-40 dm tall, much branched from the base; [commonly cultivated in our area (and sometimes persistent), particularly near the coast; NC s. to FL, w. to TX]
               8 Flowers yellow; plants erect subshrubs 4-12 dm tall (Angadenia berteroi) or trailing to erect woody vines 0-20 m tall (Allamanda cathartica); [FL].
                 9 Leaves oblanceolate, 15-40 mm wide, mostly in whorls of 3-4; plants larger trailing or erect woody vines; follicles rounded and spiny; [non-native of disturbed habitats, c. and s. FL]
                 9 Leaves narrowly elliptic to oblong, 2.5-10 mm wide, leaves opposite; plants smaller subshrubs; follicles smooth; [native of pine rocklands and marl prairies, s. FL]
  2 Plant an herb or trailing herbaceous vine.
                   10 Flowers with conspicuous or less conspicuous corona; follicles not paired; seeds with coma present.
                     11 Plant either an erect herb or a decumbent herb with stiff, thick stems (> 4 mm in diameter); leaves various, but not both petiolate and heart-shaped
                     11 Plant a trailing herbaceous vine with weak, thin stems (<2 mm in diameter); leaves petiolate and heart-shaped, 2-4 cm long
                   10 Flowers lacking corona; follicles paired (occasionally single by abortion); seeds with coma absent (Catharanthus, Amsonia) or present (Apocynum).
                       12 Leaves alternate (rarely a few on a plant subopposite)
                          13 Flower < 8 mm across; paired follicles pendent, 10-22 cm long; seeds with coma; mature plants normally > 7 dm tall
                          13 Flower > 20 mm across; paired follicles erect, 1.5-2.5 cm long; seeds lacking coma; mature plants 2-6 dm tall
                            14 Leaves conspicuously cordate at base (or subcordate to truncate in Vinceotoxicum), ovate to broadly lanceolate, ca. 1-4× as long as wide.
                                  17 Flowers maroon-colored; leaf bases usually truncate or rounded (occasionally subcordate)
                                    18 Stems glabrous to puberulent (the hairs sometimes curved), but lacking glandular-capitate hairs; petals white; gynostegial corona > ¾ as long as the corolla lobes.
                                       19 Corolla lobes uniformly whitish or cream colored, unicolored; MORE
                                    18 Stem pubescence a mix of eglandular and glandular-capitate hairs; petals purple-black, brown, yellow, yellow-green, cream, or maroon (white in Matelea baldwyniana); gynostegial corona < ½ as long as the corolla lobes.
                                               23 Follicles smooth, with or without apparent angles but not studded.
                                                    25 Stems with nodes conspicuously pubescent, often with curved trichomes throughout; MORE
                            14 Leaves not cordate at base (cuneate, rounded, or truncate; occasionally subcordate but this not predominant); leaves ovate, lanceolate, or linear, ca. 1.5-10x as long as wide.
                                                            29 Stems herbaceous; corollas maroon-colored throughout, without green corolla margins; [widespread non-natives, ne. US]
                                                          28 Flowers primarily white, whitish-green, creamy yellow, pure yellow, or light pink.
                                                                 31 Corolla lobes 1.5-3.5 mm long; leaves linear to ovate (but never hastate); [native of rocklands, woodlands, hammocks, pastures; TX and FL]

Key to Cynanchum

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1 Leaves linear, cuneate at the base.
  2 Calyx lobes deltoid, obtuse, ca. 1 mm long; leaves petiolate, not reflexed, often caducous; follicle 1-3 mm in diameter; [of se. SC and south]
  2 Calyx lobes lanceolate, acute, (1.3-) 1.5-2.5 mm long; leaves sessile, reflexed, persistent; follicle 6-7 mm in diameter; [of ne. NC and south]
1 Leaves oblong or ovate, cordate, subcordate, or rounded at the base.
    3 Leaves oblong or ovate, rounded or subcordate at base; corona a fleshy, lobed cup
    3 Leaves broadly cordate, deeply cordate at base; corona of 5 erect, petaloid segments, each divided into 2 slender lobes.
      4 Peduncle usually shorter than the the petiole of the subtending leaf; appendages nearly as long as the corolla, deeply divided into linear segments; latex clear
      4 Peduncle about as long as, or longer than, the petiole of the subtending leaf; appendages less than 2/3 as long as the corolla, broadly oblong with a toothed or lobed apex; latex white
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