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Key to Brassicaceae, Key A: plants in flower, trichomes of plant absent or, if present, unbranched

Brassicaceae

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1 Flowers (all, or at least many) solitary on scapes
1 Flowers in racemes.
  2 Flowers yellow.
    3 Leaves auriculate, sagittate, or amplexicaul at base.
      4 Upper stems glaucous.
        5 Petals 6-30 mm long, clawed
        5 Petals 2-4 mm long, not clawed
      4 Upper stems green.
          6 Stems angular distally; blooming Apr to early Jun
          6 Stems not angular distally; blooming Apr to Oct
    3 Leaves not clasping at base.
             7 Petals with contrasting dark yellow, brown, maroon, or purple veins; [tribe Brassiceae]
               8 Petals yellow; basal leaves with 3-10 lobes per margin; stems usually sparsely to densely hispid basally; cauline leaf blades usually lobed (but fewer than basal leaves)
               8 Petals yellow or creamy white; basal leaves with 1-4 lobes per margin; stems sparsely to densely pubescent; cauline leaf blades often undivided
             7 Petals mostly uniform in color.
                 9 Ovaries and young fruits 2-segmented; petals 5-30 mm long; [tribe Brassiceae]
                   10 Stem leaves pinnatifid
                   10 Stem leaves entire, serrate, or sinuate
                     11 Valves of the fruit 1-veined; sepals erect or ascending (rarely spreading); terminal segment of fruit conic, usually seedless
                     11 Valves of the fruit 3-7-veined (1-veined in Rhamphospermum nigrum); sepals spreading to reflexed; terminal segment of fruit either linear or ensiform (flattened and 2-edged).
                       12 Terminal segment of fruit linear 0.1-1.6 cm long, seedless or 1-seeded.
                       12 Terminal segment of fruit ensiform (flattened and 2-edged), (1-) 1.5-2.5 (-3) cm long, seedless
                 9 Ovaries and young fruits unsegmented; petals 1-8 mm long.
                          13 Inflorescence leafy bracteate (most of the pedicels subtended by bracts)
                          13 Inflorescence not bracteate (occasionally with some lower pedicels bearing bracts).
                            14 Stigmas distinctly 2-lobed; [tribe Sisymbrieae]
                            14 Stigmas entire, rarely indistinctly 2-lobed; [tribe Cardamineae]
  2 Flowers white, cream, pinkish, purple, lavender, or blue.
                              15 Leaves strictly basal, or both basal and cauline and also auriculate.
                                16 Plants with only basal leaves or cauline leaves much reduced.
                                  17 Plants annual; flowers zygomorphic; petals 0.5-2.5 mm long; [tribe Iberideae]
                                  17 Plants annual or perennial; flowers actinomorphic; petals absent, rudimentary, or to 16 mm long; [tribe Cardamineae]
                                16 Plants with some well-developed cauline leaves.
                                    18 Ovaries and young fruits ovate, orbicular or cordate.
                                       19 Ovules 1 per ovary; [tribe Calepineae]
                                       19 Ovules >1 per ovary.
                                         20 Ovules 2 (rarely 4) per ovary; [tribe Lepidieae]
                                         20 Ovules 6-16 per ovary.
                                           21 Leaves mostly entire; plants not fetid; [tribe Noccaeeae]
                                           21 Leaves often toothed; plants fetid; [tribe Thlaspideae]
                                    18 Ovaries and young fruits linear.
                                             22 Plants aquatic or semi-aquatic; rooting at nodes; [tribe Cardamineae]
                                             22 Plants terrestrial, though sometimes growing partially submerged; not rooting at nodes.
                                               23 Flowers blue, rarely pink or white; petals 12-32 mm long; [tribe Brassiceae]
                                               23 Flowers white, sometimes pink or purple; petals <16 mm long.
                                                 24 Petals larger, conspicuous, 7-16 mm long.
                                                    25 Cauline leaves simple or pinnately to palmately compound, typically not auriculate; if simple and auriculate, then plants usually with a mix of compound and simple cauline leaves and the simple leaves ovate or oblong and never deeply pinnatifid (as in C. clematitis)
                                                    25 Cauline leaves conspicuously or slightly auriculate, always simple; blades elliptic, lanceolate, ovate, or oblong, deeply pinnatifid to entire
                                                      26 Basal leaves oblanceolate, unlobed; petals white to cream
                                                      26 Basal leaves incised or lyrate-lobed; petals white to pinkish-purple
                                                 24 Petals smaller, inconspicuous, < 7 mm long.
                                                        27 Cauline leaves sessile; [tribe Boechereae]
                                                        27 Cauline leaves usually petiolate; [tribe Cardamineae]
                              15 Leaves basal and cauline but not auriculate (basal leaves sometimes withering upon flowering, thus only appearing alternate).
                                                          28 Plants aquatic, rooting at nodes; [tribe Cardamineae].
                                                            29 Submersed leaves dissected into filiform segments
                                                            29 Leaves not dissected into filiform segments
                                                          28 Plants terrestrial, though sometimes growing partially submersed; not rooting at nodes.
                                                              30 Stamens 2 or 4 (per individual flower).
                                                                 31 Ovaries and young fruits linear; [tribe Cardamineae]
                                                                 31 Ovaries and young fruits ovate, orbicular or cordate.
                                                                   32 Flowers zygomorphic; filaments appendaged; [tribe Iberideae]
                                                                   32 Flowers actinomorphic; filaments not appendaged; [tribe Lepidieae]
                                                              30 Stamens 6 (per individual flower).
                                                                     33 Petals 15-30 mm long; fruit conspicuously coin-like, oblong to suborbicular and latiseptate (flattened parallel to septum); [tribe Lunarieae]
                                                                     33 Petals rarely to 20 mm long; fruit ovate to linear (if rounded not strongly flattened like a coin, or if flattened the fruit long and slender as in Warea).
                                                                       34 Inflorescence corymbose; claws (of the petals) strongly differentiated from blades; fruit latiseptate and stipitate, linear in shape; [natives of sandhills and coastal plain, NC to s. MS]
                                                                       34 Inflorescence elongate or corymbose (if so, not also collectively as above); claws differentiated or not from blades; fruit terete, latiseptate, or augustiseptate (flattened perpindicular to septum), stipate or not, linear to ovate in shape; [widespread natives and non-natives]
                                                                         35 Ovaries and young fruits 2-segmented; [tribe Brassiceae]
                                                                         35 Ovaries and young fruits unsegmented.
                                                                           36 Ovaries and young fruits ovate, orbicular or cordate; [tribe Lepidieae]
                                                                              37 Ovules 8-12 per ovary
                                                                              37 Ovules 2 (-4) per ovary
                                                                           36 Ovaries and young fruits linear.
                                                                                38 Petals with contrasting dark veins; [tribe Brassiceae]
                                                                                38 Petals mostly uniform in color.
                                                                                  39 Leaves smelling of garlic when crushed, reniform or cordate, dentate; [tribe Thlaspideae]
                                                                                  39 Leaves not smelling of garlic, rarely reniform or cordate, with margins various.
                                                                                    40 Cauline leaves sessile; [tribe Boechereae]
                                                                                    40 Cauline leaves usually petiolate; [tribe Cardamineae].
                                                                                      41 Base of plant usually glabrous; seeds not winged
                                                                                      41 Base of plant pubescent; seeds winged

Key to Brassicaceae, Key C: plants in fruit, trichomes of plant absent or, if present, unbranched

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1 Fruits silicles (< 3× as long as wide).
  2 Fruits 2-segmented
    3 Plants succulent, leaves usually fleshy
    3 Plants herbaceous, not succulent, leaves not fleshy
  2 Fruits unsegmented.
      4 Fruits 2 cm or more wide
      4 Fruits < 2 cm wide.
        5 Fruits with 20 or more seeds
        5 Fruits with 16 or fewer seeds.
          6 Fruits with 1 seed.
             7 Plants > 5 dm tall
             7 Plants < 5 dm tall
          6 Fruits with 2-16 seeds.
               8 Fruits with 2 seeds
               8 Fruits with more than 2 seeds.
                 9 Leaves pinnately lobed
                   10 Stems 5-12 (-20) dm tall; leaf blades of basal leaves (3-) 5-12 (-17) cm long
                   10 Stems 0.5-1.5 (-2) dm tall; leaf blades of basal leaves 0.3-1.5 (-2) cm long
                 9 Leaves not lobed.
                     11 Plants not fetid; seeds usually smooth, yellowish to medium brown
                     11 Plants fetid; seeds striate or alveolate, dark gray to dark brown or black
1 Fruits siliques (> 3× as long as wide).
                       12 Fruits indehiscent or breaking into 1-seeded segments.
                          13 Fruits not segmented, 1-seeded
                          13 Fruits segmented, usually more than 1-seeded.
                            14 Styles obsolete; plants glabrous; [coastal]
                            14 Styles 1-5 mm; plants pubescent; [inland]
                       12 Fruits dehiscent, more than 1-seeded.
                              15 Fruits segmented.
                                16 Cauline leaf blade bases auriculate (except B. juncea); terminal silique segment seedless (rarely 1-2-seeded), conic
                                16 Cauline leaf blade bases not auriculate; terminal silique segment 1-5-seeded (sometimes 0).
                                  17 Fruit valves 1-veined
                                  17 Fruit valves 3-7-veined.
                                    18 Valves of the fruit 3 (-5) veined
                                    18 Valves of the fruit 3-5 (-7) veined.
                                       19 Terminal segment of fruit linear 0.1-1.6 cm long, seedless or 1-seeded.
                                       19 Terminal segment of fruit ensiform (flattened and 2-edged), (1-) 1.5-2.5 (-3) cm long, seedless
                              15 Fruits unsegmented.
                                         20 Fruits (all, or at least some) solitary, borne on scapes
                                         20 Fruits in racemes (or corymbose clusters).
                                           21 Fruits latiseptate (flattened parallel to the septum).
                                             22 Replums terete or rounded; fruit valves not dehiscing elastically or coiled.
                                               23 Seeds not winged.
                                                 24 Fruit stipitate; cauline leaves entire, not auriculate; flowers pink to purple (or white in W. carteri), [natives of sandhills and coastal plain, NC to s. MS]
                                                 24 Fruit sessile or short-stipitate; cauline leaves usually lobed or at least dentate, the bases auriculate or somewhat clasping; flowers yellow; [non-natives, widespread]
                                               23 Seeds winged at least distally.
                                                    25 Cauline leaves pinnatifid or pinnatisect
                                                    25 Cauline leaves entire or dentate
                                           21 Fruits terete or 4-angled.
                                                      26 Plants aquatic or semi-aquatic; rooting at nodes
                                                      26 Plants terrestrial, though rarely growing partially submersed; not rooting at nodes.
                                                        27 Fresh leaves smelling of garlic when crushed, reniform or cordate, dentate
                                                        27 Fresh leaves not smelling of garlic when crush, rarely reniform or cordate, dentate or not.
                                                          28 Seeds biseriate
                                                          28 Seeds uniseriate.
                                                            29 Stigma lobes obviously decurrent
                                                            29 Stigma lobes sometimes distinct but not decurrent.
                                                              30 Lower cauline leaves entire or dentate.
                                                                 31 Cauline leaves spaced, not concealing stem, spreading to slightly ascending; petals 7-12 mm long
                                                                   32 Basal leaves obovate to oblanceolate, unlobed; cauline leaves entire; siliques 8-13 cm long
                                                                   32 Basal leaves incised or lyrate-lobed; cauline leaves with dentate to serrate margins; siliques 2-4 cm long
                                                                 31 Cauline leaves usually ascendant and concealing stems (at least basally); petals 2-5 mm long (except for 5-10 mm long in B. missouriensis)
                                                              30 Lower cauline leaves pinnatifid or pinnatisect.
                                                                     33 Terminal leaflet lobes nearly entire to crenate or undulate
                                                                     33 Terminal leaflet lobes sharply toothed or cut
                                                                       34 Basal leaves usually withered by flowering; cauline leaf lobes entire to lyrately lobed; usually petals white to pink; [native of riparian habitats]
                                                                       34 Basal leaves usually present at flowering or after; cauline leaves with linear, filiform, lyrate, or runcinate lobes (occasionally unlobed, but if so then leaves usually linear or otherwise thin); petals yellow; [non-natives of various habitats]

Key N1: herbaceous dicots with mainly basal, compound leaves

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1 Leaves either 2-3-foliolate or palmately 4-11-foliolate (all the leaflets attached at a common point).
  2 Leaves 2-foliolate; fruit a capsule, opening by a circumscissile lid
  2 Leaves either 3-foliolate or palmately or pedately 4-11-foliolate.
    3 Inflorescence an involucrate head subtended by phyllaries, the heads solitary or many and variously arrayed in secondary inflorescences, the ovary inferior, the corolla connate and tubular at least basally, the calyx absent, the stamens 5, the fruit a cypsela
    3 Inflorescence, flower, and fruit structure various, but not with the combination of features as above.
      4 Inflorescence an umbel; ovary inferior; fruit a mericarp of 2 schizocarps
      4 Inflorescence various, usually not an umbel (sometimes an umbel in Oxalis in OXALIDACEAE); ovary superior; fruit an aggregate, legume, berry, or 2-valved capsule.
        5 Leaflets either entire or barely and very shallowly crenulate or notched at the tip (but otherwise entire).
          6 Inflorescence a spadix, surrounded by a spathe; fruit a berry; [Monocots {illogically keyed here because of the likelihood of being mistaken for a dicot}]
          6 Inflorescence a raceme or umbel, not surrounded by a spathe; fruit a capsule or legume; [Eudicots].
             7 Flowers bilaterally symmetrical; fruit a legume; [plant of uplands]
             7 Flowers radially symmetrical; fruit a 2-valved or 5-valved capsule; [plant of uplands or wetlands]
               8 Leaflets not notched at the tip; flowers white; [plants of saturated saturated or ponded wetlands]
               8 Leaflets notched at the tip; flowers pink, white, or yellow; [plants of uplands or temporarily flooded wetlands]
        5 Leaflets serrate, serrulate, or cleft.
                 9 Petals 5 or more; stamens 10 or more; fruit either a legume or an aggregate of achenes or follicles
                   10 Stamens many, fused into a staminal tube; carpels 10-20, in a ring; pubescence stellate (sometimes mixed with simple hairs)
                   10 Stamens 10-many, separate, or fused but not all into a staminal tube; carpel either 1 (FABACEAE), or 3-7 in a ring (RANUNCULACEAE), or many and spirally arranged on a conical receptacle (RANUNCULACEAE or ROSACEAE)
                     11 Leaflets serrulate; flowers bilaterally symmetrical; fruit a legume; corolla variously colored, including white
                     11 Leaflets serrate; flowers radially symmetrical; fruit an aggregate of achenes or of follicles; corolla white or yellowish or greenish.
                       12 Fruit an aggregate of follicles
                       12 Fruit an aggregate of achenes (borne on a fleshy, expanded receptacle in Fragaria and some Potentilla)
                          13 Flowers lacking a hypanthium
                          13 Flowers with a hypanthium
1 Leaves 1-pinnately compound (all leaflets attached to a central rachis) or more complexly compound (with several orders of branching, some leaflets at least attached to second-order branches from the rachis).
                            14 Leaves 1-pinnately compound (all leaflets attached to a central rachis).
                              15 Inflorescence an involucrate head subtended by phyllaries, the heads solitary or many and variously arrayed in secondary inflorescences, the ovary inferior, the corolla connate and tubular at least basally, the calyx absent, the stamens 5, the fruit a cypsela
                              15 Inflorescence, flower, and fruit structure various, but not with the combination of features as above.
                                16 Flowers bilaterally symmetrical; fruit a legume
                                16 Flowers radially symmetrical; fruit a silique/silicle, or a schizocarp of mericarps, or an achene.
                                  17 Petals 4; stamens 6; fruit a silique/silicle
                                  17 Petals 0 or 5 (if 0, the sepals petaloid); stamens 2, 4, 5, or many.
                                    18 Stamens 5; fruit a schizocarp of 2 mericarps
                                    18 Stamens 2, 4, or many; fruit an achene
                            14 Leaves more complexly compound (with 2 or more orders of branching, some leaflets at least attached to second-order branches from the rachis).
                                       19 Inflorescence an involucrate head subtended by phyllaries, the heads solitary or many and variously arrayed in secondary inflorescences, the ovary inferior, the corolla connate and tubular at least basally, the calyx absent, the stamens 5, the fruit a cypsela
                                       19 Inflorescence, flower, and fruit structure various, but not with the combination of features as above (sometimes the flowers in a head subtended by bracts, but then with other features differing, such as stamens 4, or green calyx present, or petals separate, or fruit a schizocarp of mericarps, etc.).
                                         20 Leaf segments or ultimate lobes linear or lanceolate, > 2× as long as wide, < 4 mm wide.
                                           21 Inflorescence an umbel; ovary inferior; fruit a mericarp of 2 schizocarps
                                           21 Inflorescence various, but not an umbel; ovary superior; fruit an aggregate of follicles or an elongate capsule.
                                             22 Carpels 2, fused; fruit an elongate capsule; flowers bilaterally symmetrical
                                             22 Carpels 5-10 or many, separate; fruit an aggregate; flower radially symmetrical
                                         20 Leaf segments or ultimate lobes ovate or elliptic, < 3× as long as wide, > 5 mm wide.
                                               23 Inflorescence an umbel; ovary inferior; fruit a mericarp of 2 schizocarps or a 5-seeded drupe.
                                                 24 Fruit a schizocarp of 2 mericarps
                                                 24 Fruit a 5-seeded drupe
                                               23 Inflorescence various, but not an umbel; fruit an aggregate of follicles or achenes, an elongate capsule, or a naked seed resembling a drupe.
                                                    25 Leaflets with < 10 ultimate ‘points’ (lobe or tooth terminations), these rounded to broadly acute, often large in comparison to the leaflet and appearing as “sublobes”; pistil 1 or 4-many.
                                                      26 Corolla bilaterally symmetrical; fruit an elongate capsule; [cultivated exotic, rarely persistent near gardens]
                                                      26 Corolla radially symmetrical; fruit an aggregate of follicles or achenes, or a naked seed resembling a drupe; [native plants of moist to dry forests and rock outcrops].
                                                        27 Leaflets 5-8 cm long, obviously longer than broad; pistil 1; fruit a naked blue seed resembling a drupe; flowers mainly 3-merous
                                                        27 Leaflets 1-6 cm long, about as long as broad if > 4 cm long; pistils 4-many; fruit an aggregate of follicles or achenes; flowers mainly 4-5-merous
                                                    25 Leaflets with >11 ultimate ‘points’ (lobe or tooth terminations), these acuminate to acute; pistils 1-8.
                                                          28 Pubescence of the stem and lower leaf surface glandular; flowers unisexual, on the same plant (monoecious); stamens 10; pistils 2, partly fused; fruit an aggregate of follicles
                                                          28 Pubescence of the stem and lower leaf surface non-glandular (or absent); flowers either bisexual (the plants hermaphroditic), or unisexual and the male and female flowers on separate plants (the plants dioecious); stamens 15 or more; pistils 1-8, separate; fruit an aggregate of follicles, a follicle, or a red or white berry.
                                                            29 Flowers bisexual (plants hermaphroditic); carpels 1-8 per flower; inflorescence a raceme, or a panicle of racemes with just a few branches; fruit an aggregate of follicles, a follicle, or a red or white berry
                                                            29 Flowers unisexual (plants dioecious); carpels 3-4 per pistillate flower; inflorescence a panicle of racemes, with numerous branches; fruit an aggregate of follicles

Key O: herbaceous dicots with alternate, compound leaves on the stem

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1 Leaves either 3-foliolate or palmately 4-11-foliolate (all the leaflets attached at a common point, or the leaflets slightly pedate in Helleborus foetidus in RANUNCULACEAE).
  2 Inflorescence an involucrate head subtended by phyllaries, the heads solitary or many and variously arrayed in secondary inflorescences, the ovary inferior, the corolla connate and tubular at least basally, the calyx absent, the stamens 5, the fruit a cypsela
  2 Inflorescence, flower, and fruit structure various, but not with the combination of features as above.
    3 Leaflets obviously and sharply serrate; pistils 1 or 5-many; fruit an achene, or an aggregate of achenes, drupelets, or follicles.
      4 Leaflets 7-11, slightly pedate in their arrangement, evergreen
      4 Leaflets 3-9, palmate, deciduous
        5 Pistil 1; fruit an achene
        5 Pistils 5-many; fruit an aggregate of achenes, drupelets, or follicles
    3 Leaflets entire, finely denticulate, or very obscurely toothed (or irregularly serrate or lobed in Cardamine in BRASSICACEAE); pistil 1; fruit simple, a legume, capsule, silique, or berry.
          6 Corolla bilaterally symmetrical; petals 5; fruit a legume; carpel 1
          6 Corolla radially symmetrical; petals 4 or 5; fruit either an elongate capsule or a berry; carpels 1, 2, or 5.
             7 Leaflets radially arranged at the summit of the petiole, not differentiated in size or placement into a terminal leaflet and 2 lateral leaflets; leaflets prominently notched at the apex; petals 5, yellow; inflorescence axillary, cymose or umbelliform; carpels 5
             7 Leaflets differentiated in size and placement into a terminal leaflet and 2 or more lateral leaflets; leaflets not regularly notched at the apex (a few may be slightly retuse); petals 4, white, pink, or yellow; inflorescence terminal and racemose; carpels 1 or 2.
               8 Carpels 2; fruit a red berry; petals connate, purplish-blue
               8 Carpel 1; fruit a capsule; petals separate, white, pink, or yellow.
                 9 Stem leaves 1-3, alternate [or whorled or opposite]; leaflets 3, irregularly serrate, lacerate, or additionally divided or lobed; fruit a silique; carpels 2
                 9 Stem leaves >3, alternate; leaflets (1-) 3-7, each entire or obscurely toothed; fruit a capsule; carpel 1
1 Leaves either 1-pinnately compound (all leaflets attached to a central rachis) or more complexly compound (with several orders of branching, some leaflets at least attached to second-order branches from the rachis).
                   10 Inflorescence an involucrate head subtended by phyllaries, heads solitary or many, variously arrayed in secondary inflorescences; fruit a cypsela; ovary inferior
                   10 Inflorescence various, but not as above; fruit various, not as above; ovary superior.
                     11 Leaves 1-pinnately compound (all leaflets attached to a central rachis).
                       12 Flowers bilaterally symmetrical, papilionaceous; fruit a legume; leaves even-pinnately or odd-pinnately compound, the terminal leaflet sometimes replaced by a tendril; leaflets entire or at most minutely denticulate
                       12 Flowers radially symmetrical (or barely bilaterally symmetrical in Erodium in GERANIACEAE); fruit a capsule, capsular but of 5 mericarps, or an aggregate of achenes, nutlets, or follicles (in some cases the # of pistils from many down to 2 or even 1); leaves odd-pinnately compound, never with tendrils; leaflets serrate (or entire to shallowly lobed in Polemonium in POLEMONIACEAE, Cardamine in BRASSICACEAE, and Floerkea in LIMNANTHACEAE).
                          13 Pistils many (only 1-2 in Agrimonia, Poteridium, Poterium, and Sanguisorba); fruit an aggregate of achenes, nutlets, or follicles; hypanthium present; stamens 5-many (only 4 in Poteridium and Sanguisorba)
                          13 Pistil 1 (or deeply 2-3-lobed in Floerkea in LIMNANTHACEAE); fruit a silique, capsule, schizocarp of 2-3 mericarps, or a capsular schizocarp of 5 mericarps (Erodium in GERANIACEAE); hypanthium absent; stamens 3-6.
                            14 Petals 3
                            14 Petals 4-5.
                              15 Petals 4, distinct; stamens 6; inflorescence a terminal raceme; fruit a silique/silicle
                              15 Petals 5, fused (distinct in Erodium in GERANIACEAE); stamens 5; inflorescence axillary or terminal, cymose, consisting of subcapitate, umbel-like, or helicoid cymes; fruit either a capsule, or a capsular schizocarp of 5 mericarps (Erodium in GERANIACEAE).
                                16 Flowers slightly bilaterally symmetrical (2 of the petals of different size than the other 3); fruit a capsular schizocarp of 5 mericarps; carpels 5
                                16 Flowers radially symmetrical; fruit either a loculicidal capsule or a berry; carpels 2 or 3.
                                  17 Fruit a berry; fresh plant rankly fragrant
                                  17 Fruit a capsule; fresh plant not aromatic.
                                    18 Capsule 2-valvate; carpels 2; leaflets prominently serrate or with some tooth-like sublobes
                                    18 Capsule 3-valvate; carpels 3; leaflets with entire margins
                     11 Leaves more complexly compound (with 2 or more orders of branching, some leaflets at least attached to second-order branches from the rachis).
                                       19 Leaves 2× even-pinnate; flowers in spikes or spherical heads; fruit a legume or loment.
                                       19 Leaves either 2× odd-pinnate or more complexly 2-4× ternately or ternately-pinnately compound; flowers in various inflorescences; fruits various (not legumes or loments).
                                         20 Leaf segments linear, less than 2 mm wide.
                                           21 Inflorescence an umbel; ovary inferior, of 2 fused carpels; fruit a schizocarp of 2 mericarps
                                           21 Inflorescence either a terminal solitary flower or terminal raceme or panicle; ovary superior, either of 2 fused carpels or of 1-5or many distinct 1-carpellate pistils; fruit either a capsule or an aggregate of follicles or achenes.
                                             22 Ovary of 2 fused carpels; fruit a capsule (1-seeded and indehiscent in Fumaria)
                                             22 Ovary of 1-5or many distinct 1-carpellate pistils; fruit an aggregate of follicles or achenes
                                         20 Leaf segments broader, lanceolate, ovate, or elliptic, > 5 mm wide.
                                               23 Herbaceous vine climbing by axillary tendrils; stamens 8
                                               23 Erect or sprawling herb; stamens 5-6 or >15.
                                                 24 Leaflets sharply serrate, with usually many teeth on each leaflet side, the total number of “points” per leaflet > 10.
                                                    25 Inflorescence an umbel; ovary inferior, of 2 fused carpels; fruit a schizocarp of 2 mericarps; inflorescence an umbel
                                                    25 Inflorescence a panicle or raceme; ovary superior, of 1-8 carpels; fruit an aggregate of follicles, a single follicle, or an indehiscent berry-like fruit.
                                                      26 Flowers bisexual; carpels 1-8; fruit an aggregate of follicles, a single follicle, or an indehiscent berry-like fruit
                                                      26 Flowers unisexual; carpels (in pistillate flowers) of 3 (-5) carpels; fruit an aggregate of follicles
                                                 24 Leaflets entire, or with 1-several, broad, obtuse, rounded, or broadly acute “sublobes”, especially towards the tip of the leaflet, the total number of “points” per leaflet < 10.
                                                        27 Inflorescence an umbel; ovary inferior, of 2 fused carpels; fruit a schizocarp of 2 mericarps
                                                        27 Inflorescence a raceme, panicle, or cyme; ovary superior, of either 1-2 fused carpels or of many separate 1-carpellate pistils.
                                                          28 Perianth bilaterally symmetrical, the corolla of 4 fused petals; plant a scandent vine or erect or sprawling herb
                                                          28 Perianth radially symmetrical, of 1-5 whorls of separate perianth parts; plant an erect herb.
                                                            29 Perianth of 4-5 whorls of 3 parts each (some of the whorls modified into nectaries); pistil 1, 1-carpellate; fruit a drupelike, blue, naked seed; largest leaflets > 6 cm long, obviously longer than wide
                                                            29 Perianth of 1 whorl; of 4-5 parts; pistils many, each 1-carpellate; fruit an aggregate of achenes or an aggregate of follicles; largest leaflets either < 6 cm long, or if longer than 6 cm, also about as wide as long