1 Heads several to many clustered together, usually touching, on peduncles 0-1 cm long

1 Heads solitary, or if several to many per plant, not clustered together and touching, and on peduncles mostly > 1 cm long.

  2 Plant not colonial; heads 25-50 mm high (as small as 15-25 mm in C. carolinianum, C. nuttallii, C. muticum, and C. virginianum); phyllaries mostly spine-tipped, with at least some of the spines > 1 mm long (except sometimes mostly or entirely spine free in C. muticum); plant biennial (to weakly perennial); [native (except C. vulgare), in natural or some species also in disturbed habitats].

    3 Leaves decurrent onto the stem below, the decurrency extending as a wing at least several cm down the stem, and often to the leaf below; leaves scabrous-hispid above; phyllaries lacking a glutinous dorsal ridge; [exotic weed]

    3 Leaves not decurrent as a conspicuous wing, or the decurrency extending < 1 cm (sometimes more decurrent in C. lecontei); leaves not scabrous-hispid above; [native, sometimes in disturbed habitats].

      4 Phyllaries lacking spine tips (the outermost sometimes with a weak spine-tip to 0.5 mm long); leaves deeply lobed, to 55 cm long and 20 cm wide

      4 Phyllaries (at least the outer and middle) with well-developed spine-tips > 1 mm long; leaves lobed or merely toothed, generally < 30 cm long and < 10 cm wide (except in C. altissimus).

        5 Heads immediately subtended by several spiny-toothed leaves (appearing as a leafy involucre); flowers yellow, white, or purple.

          6 Involucres more-or-less densely tomentose; stems densely tomentose; [of the Coastal Plain and Piedmont]

          6 Involucres glabrous; stems glabrous or sparsely tomentose; [of the Coastal Plain].

             7 Leaves shallowly to deeply pinnatifid; main spines of the leaves 10-30 mm long; [of s. AL and Panhandle FL westward]

             7 Leaves spinose-dentate to shallowly pinnatifid; main spines mostly 5-10 mm long; [widespread in the Coastal Plain]

        5 Heads pedunculate (rarely with 1 or 2 reduced leaves below); flowers pink, purple, lavender, or white.

               8 Lower surface of the leaves thinly and loosely white-tomentose beneath, this sloughing off in age, the green surface visible through the tomentum except on very small, young leaves.

                 9 Heads 15-25 mm high; plants 5-35 dm tall, usually much branched and with numerous heads

                 9 Heads 25-50 mm high; plants 2-10 dm tall, usually strict or few-branched and with 1 or a few heads.

                   10 Heads on well-developed peduncles; [of moist to wet pinelands of the Coastal Plain from NC and SC south]

                   10 Heads on short peduncles; [of various habitats, mostly inland from the Coastal Plain, or of dry pinelands of the Coastal Plain].

                     11 Plants lacking well-developed basal leaves; cauline leaves with internodes mostly 0.5-2 cm long; [of dry pinelands of the Coastal Plain]

                     11 Plants generally with well-developed, persistent basal leaves; cauline leaves with internodes usually > 2 cm; [of various habitats, mostly inland from the Coastal Plain]

                       12 Spines of outer phyllaries slender, 1.5-3 mm long; plants simple or with a few short branches above; leaves usually shallowly lobed; roots often tuberous-thickened; cypselas usually 4.5-5 mm long; [midwestern U.S. and Canada distribution east to IN, MI]

                       12 Spines of outer phyllaries stout, 3-6 mm long; plants usually with several long branches; leaves usually lobed nearly to the midvein; roots rarely and only slightly tuberous-thickened; cypselas usually 3.5-4 mm long; [northeastern U.S. distribution inland to OH, PA]

               8 Lower surface of the leaves densely white-tomentose beneath, this persistent and entirely obscuring the green surface.

                          13 Heads 15-25 mm high; plants 4-20 dm tall; larger leaves 0.5-12 cm wide.

                            14 Cauline leaves 2-12 cm wide; peduncles 3-30 cm; corollas white to pale pink; [LA, MO, OK southwards and westwards]

                            14 Cauline leaves 0.5-5 cm wide; peduncles 1-15 cm; corollas pink to purple, rarely white; [collectively widely distributed].

                              15 Cauline leaves mostly 10-25; plants flowering Apr-Jun; [widespread, including extensively in the Inland provinces]

                              15 Cauline leaves mostly 30-70; plants flowering Aug-Oct; [moist to dry soils of the Coastal Plain (and very rarely in the lower Piedmont in association with other Coastal Plain species, such as Pinus palustris)]

                          13 Heads 25-45 mm high; plants 10-40 dm tall; larger leaves usually > 5 cm wide.

                                16 Stems uniformly and persistently tomentose; upper leaf faces tomentose when young, sometimes glabrate in age; cypselas 4-6 mm long.

                                  17 Cauline leaves with decurrent wing 1-5+ cm wide; plants 3-9 dm tall; phyllary spines 3-12 mm long

                                  17 Cauline leaves with decurrent wing 0-1 cm wide; plants 2-23 dm tall; phyllary spines 1.5-5 mm long

                                16 Stems thinly tomentose when young, later glabrate or tomentum persisting above; upper leaf faces green, glabrate; cypselas 6-9 mm long.

                                    18 Peduncle bracts much reduced; usually some roots with tuberlike enlargements; flowering May-Jul; [LA, OK, TX]

                                    18 Peduncle bracts leaflike; roots without tuberlike enlargements; flowering Jun-Oct; [collectively widely distributed].

                                       19 Leaves toothed or shallowly lobed

                                       19 Leaves deeply pinnatifid

1 Heads appearing spherical (the ‘visual head’ actually a secondary head aggregated of numerous 1-flowered heads); disk flowers blue (rarely almost white)

1 Heads not spherical; disk flowers pink (rarely yellow).

  2 Stem winged, the wings armed with spines.

    3 Pappus of barbellulate bristles.

      4 Cypselas borne on the surface of the receptacle, intermixed with setiform scales; foliage glabrous or more loosely and sparsely pubescent

      4 Cypselas borne in the pits of the naked honeycombed receptacle; foliage densely white-tomentose

  2 Stem not winged.

        5 Leaves green with white mottles

        5 Leaves green (or relatively uniformly whitened by hairs, especially on the lower surface).

          6 Disc flowers pink (rarely white)

          6 Disc flowers yellow to maroon .

             7 Pappus absent or of scales or barbellulate bristles.

               8 Inner phyllaries tipped with small, simple spines; cypselas 4-angled; receptacles epaleate but bearing subulate scales; pappus absent or of narrow scales 1-10 mm long

               8 Inner phyllaries tipped by pinnately divided spines > 5 mm long; cypselas terete, 20-ribbed; receptacles epaleate but bearing flattened bristles; pappus of 2 series of smooth or roughened awns, the outer series 9-10 mm long, the inner 2-5 mm long

             7 Pappus of numerous, basally connate, plumose bristles

                 9 Heads radiate, the laminae broad and yellow-colored; leaves toothed with small spines present; [tribe Astereae].

                   10 Phyllaries spine-tipped with accompanying white margins (if lacking spine tips as in X. texanum, then inner phyllaries abruptly enlarged into ovate or sometimes elliptic blades 2-5 mm wide)

                   10 Phyllaries not spine-tipped and lacking conspicuous white margins, 0.9-1.7 mm wide.

                 9 Heads discoid (Carlina with inner phyllary tips stramineous, and reminiscent of ray laminae); leaves with prominent, sharp spines; [tribe Cardueae].

                     11 Receptacle epaleate but scaly, each flower surrounded by connatemembranous scales, dissected upwards into linear lobes

                     11 Receptacle epaleate but covered with tawny to white bristles or setiform scales