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1 Disk flowers with 4 corolla lobes and 4 anthers; ray flowers usually apically 3-lobed. |
..2 Leaves pinnately or bipinnately lobed into linear segments or narrowly lanceolate segments (sometimes plants with a mix of 1-pinnate and simple leaves as in C. leavenworthii); cypselae either wingless or with conspicuous, entire wings; [section Calliopsis]. |
....3 Cauline leaves usually 1-pinnate or simple; rays yellow throughout (rarely with red-brown blotches); pappi of 2 subulate scales; [s. AL and s. GA s. through peninsular FL] |
....3 Cauline leaves usually 1-2+ pinnate; rays with basal red-brown blotches; pappus lacking or of 1-2 scales; [either widespread or endemic to s. TX]. |
......4 Plants typically 30-100 cm tall, sparsely branched from the bases; cypselae with or without wings; pappi 0.1-0.2 mm long; [widespread] |
......4 Plants typically 10-30 cm tall, usually branched from the bases; cypselae 2-3 mm long, bearing conspicuous wings; pappi 0.2-1 mm long; [s. TX and n. MX] |
..2 Leaves simple or with 1-2 auriculate lobes at the base, but lacking linear or pinnate segments; [section Eublepharis]. |
........5 All of the major cauline leaves opposite (except in C. linifolia the lowermost few leaves may be alternate). |
..........6 Ray flowers pink to white colored; plants rhizomatous |
..........6 Ray flowers yellow; plants fibrous-rooted. |
............ 7 Leaf blades ovate (to elliptical), very gradually reduced upward, margins ciliolate, surfaces lacking tiny dark dots; achenes about 5 mm long; [se. SC south to Panhandle FL] |
............ 7 Leaf blades linear-oblanceolate to linear, rapidly reduced upward, margins glabrous, surfaces with numerous tiny dark dots (easiest to see on undersurface); achenes < 2.5 mm long; [se. VA south to ne. and Panhandle FL, west to e. TX] |
........5 All of the major cauline leaves alternate. |
............ ..8 Ray flowers pink; leaves juncoid (linear-terete) |
............ ..8 Ray flowers yellow; leaves with an expanded blade. |
............ ....9 Outer phyllaries deltoid and very short, less than 0.3× as long as the inner phyllaries; flowering late Sep-Jan; [endemic to FL] |
............ ....9 Outer phyllaries lanceolate, 0.4-0.8× as long as the inner phyllaries; flowering early May-early Nov; [collectively widespread]. |
............ ......10 Basal/lower leaves (at least 4 nodes) absent at anthesis; mid-cauline leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, or broadly to narrowly elliptical; achene awns 0.2-1.0 mm long; flowering Sep-Oct; [swamp forests and streamside openings, fresh-tidal creek margins; or wet calcareous savannas]; [from se. NC south to n. FL]. |
............ ........11 Leaves 8-15+ cm long, 2-7 mm wide, the blades linear to linear-oblanceolate, 20-50× as long as wide; achene awns 0.2-0.4 mm long |
............ ........11 Leaves 4-15 cm long, 10-45 mm wide, the blades broadly to narrowly elliptical, 5-15× as long as wide; achene awns 0.7-1.0 mm long |
............ ......10 Basal/lower leaves present at anthesis; leaves rapidly reduced upward such that mid-cauline leaves are narrow or slender; achene awns 0.5-1.5 mm long; flowering early May-early Nov; [wet savannas, seepage slopes, pitcher-plant bogs, streamhead ecotones, pocosin ecotones]; [collectively more widespread]. |
............ ..........12 Leaves (at least one major leaf per plant) with 1-few slender lobes near the base (rarely no lobed leaves present or at least readily visible); achene wing broad, > 3/4 the width of the achene body; achene awns averaging 0.5 mm; leaf texture firm but not thick and leathery; flowering early May-early Jul; [se. VA south to e. GA] |
............ ..........12 Leaves without basal lobes; achene wing narrow, < ½ the width of the achene body; achene awns averaging 1.5 mm long; leaf texture thick and leathery; flowering mid Aug-early Nov; [se. NC south to c. FL and west to s. MS; also rarely inland in GA, NC, SC, off the Coastal Plain] |
1 Disk flowers with 5 corolla lobes and 5 anthers; ray flowers apically entire, or with (2-) 4-5 teeth. |
............ ............ 13 All of the leaves simple or the plant with a mixture of simple leaves and leaves with 1-2 (-4) basal auricles or leaflets, these distinctly smaller than the terminal lobe or leaflet. |
............ ............ ..14 Leaves all simple, 4-12 cm wide, the margins coarsely serrate (some of the lower leaves sometimes pinnately lacerate basally); [section Silphidium] |
............ ............ ..14 Leaves simple or compound, usually (but not always) some of the leaves on a plant with basal auricles or lobes, the leaf blades (or terminal leaflets) 0.5-3.5 cm wide, the margins entire; [section Coreopsis]. |
............ ............ ....15 Stems with (5-) 6-12 nodes between the first node > 1 cm above the basal leaves and the first head. |
............ ............ ......16 Phyllaries primarily 9-12 mm long; laminae of rays ca. 20-30 mm long; peduncles 12-25 (-40) cm long |
............ ............ ......16 Phyllaries primarily 5-8 mm long; laminae of rays ca. 12-15 mm long; peduncles (7-) 12-15 cm long. |
............ ............ ........17 Leaf blades (or terminal leaflets of compound leaves) narrowly oblanceolate, to 0.6 cm wide |
............ ............ ........17 Leaf blades (or terminal leaflets of compound leaves) elliptical to oblanceolate, 0.6-4 cm wide. |
............ ............ ..........18 Leaf blades (or terminal leaflets of compound leaves) more or less broadly elliptical, ca. 1.5-4 cm wide, acute; stem (and often also the leaves) rather densely hairy (to glabrate) |
............ ............ ..........18 Leaf blades (or terminal leaflets of compound leaves) narrowly elliptical to oblanceolate, ca. 0.6-2 cm wide, acuminate; stem and leaves glabrous |
............ ............ ....15 Stems with 1-5 (-8) nodes between the first node > 1 cm above the basal leaves and the first head. |
............ ............ ............ 19 Annual; rays yellow, with a red-brown or purple blaze or spotting near the base. |
............ ............ ............ ..20 Leaves extending >1/2 way up the stem; bracts subtending the phyllaries 6-9 (-12) mm long; disc corollas with apices red-brown to purplish; cypselae wingless |
............ ............ ............ ..20 Leaves extending <1/2 way up the stem; bracts subtending the phyllaries 4-6 (-8) mm long; disc corollas with apices yellow; cypselae winged. |
............ ............ ............ ....21 Inner phyllaries dorsally pubescent; stems typically glabrous (at least on mid-lower stems) |
............ ............ ............ ....21 Inner phyllaries dorsally glabrous; stems typically densely pubescent (sometimes sparsely so) |
............ ............ ............ 19 Perennial (cormose or rhizomatous at base, and sometimes also stoloniferous); rays completely yellow, lacking a red-brown or purple blaze or spotting near the base. |
............ ............ ............ ......22 Plants spreading by elongate stolons; leaf blades (or terminal leaflets) 1-2.2× as long as wide |
............ ............ ............ ......22 Plants lacking stolons; leaf blades (or terminal leaflets) > 3× as long as wide (basal leaves sometimes broader). |
............ ............ ............ ........23 Leaves oblanceolate, infolded, only very rarely with basal lobes, 15-30× as long as wide; leaf surfaces completely glabrous; [endemic to calcareous glades of Jackson County, FL] |
............ ............ ............ ........23 Leaves oblanceolate, not notably infolded, the larger often with basal lobes; leaf surfaces shortly pubescent at least along the veins; [widespread in our area] |
............ ............ 13 Most or all of the leaves deeply lobed or dissected into distinct leaflets or divisions, the leaflets or divisions 3-20 or more, if only 3, then the lateral leaflets nearly or fully as large and well-developed as the terminal. |
............ ............ ............ ..........24 Leaves pinnately lobed into 3 (-5+) nearly parallel-sided lobes; [section Gyrophyllum]. |
............ ............ ............ ..........24 Leaves compound with 3+ leaflets. |
............ ............ ............ ............ 25 Leaves sessile or with a short subpetiolar base < 2 mm long, the initial division of the leaves palmate into 3 leaflets (these sometimes further divided), giving the 2 opposite leaves the superficial appearance of a whorl of 6 leaves; [section Gyrophyllum]. |
............ ............ ............ ............ ..26 Leaves palmately 3-foliolate (rarely the leaves, especially the upper, simple, or with lower leaves 3-foliolate with the middle leaflet 2- or 3-lobed), the total number of leaflets or divisions thus (1-) 3 (-5), the middle leaflet of median leaves (2-) 5-30 mm wide |
............ ............ ............ ............ ..26 Leaves palmately compound, the leaflets simple to lobed or pinnatifid, the total number of leaflets or divisions (3-) 5-25, the middle leaflet of median leaves 0.5-7 mm wide. |
............ ............ ............ ............ ....27 Leaflets usually lobed (rarely simple), the total number of leaflets or divisions (3-) 5-11 (-15) per leaf, the segments of median leaves (1.5-) 2-7 (-9) mm wide |
............ ............ ............ ............ ....27 Leaflets pinnatifid, the total number of leaflets or divisions 11-25 or more per leaf, the segments of median leaves 0.2-2 (-2.5+) mm wide. |
............ ............ ............ ............ ......28 Midstem internodes 8-12 (-16) mm long; ultimate leaf lobes 1.0-1.5 (-2.5+) mm wide |
............ ............ ............ ............ ......28 Midstem internodes 15-40 (-60) mm long; ultimate leaf lobes 0.5-1.0 (-2.0) mm wide |
............ ............ ............ ............ 25 Leaves, at least the lower, distinctly petioled on petioles 5-50 mm or more long. |
............ ............ ............ ............ ........29 Ray flowers not toothed terminally (or rarely with a few with inconspicuous and irregular teeth); mid-cauline leaves palmately 3-foliolate, the terminal leaflet sometimes again 3-5-foliolate (sometimes giving an appearance of a pinnately 5-7-foliolate leaf), the leaflets 6-35 mm wide, 3-15× as long as wide; [section Gyrophyllum] |
............ ............ ............ ............ ........29 Ray flowers apically with (2-) 4-5 teeth; mid-cauline leaves pinnately 5-11-foliolate, the leaflets either 3-15 mm wide and about 1-3× as long as wide, or 0.5-2 mm wide and > 20× as long as wide; [section Coreopsis]. |
............ ............ ............ ............ ..........30 Disk flowers reddish; ray flowers usually with a basal red mark; leaflets of mid-cauline leaves 1-15 mm wide and about 1-10× as long as wide |
............ ............ ............ ............ ............ 31 Terminal leaflets of mid-cauline leaves 5-15 mm wide, < 3× as long as wide; [mainly sandy soils or in disturbed situations east of the Mississippi River] |
............ ............ ............ ............ ............ 31 Leaflets of mid-cauline leaves 1-3 mm wide, 3-8× as long as wide; [mainly calcareous soils, in TX] |
............ ............ ............ ............ ..........30 Disk flowers yellow; ray flowers yellow; leaflets of mid-cauline leaves 0.5-6 (-10) mm wide and > 10× as long as wide. |
............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ..32 Achene wings fimbriate; [of granitic outcrops of the Piedmont of GA and AL; disjunct in Ozark glades] |
............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ..32 Achene wings entire; [collectively more widespread]. |
............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ....33 Midstem and upper stem leaves with 1-3 segments; plants reclining; flowering late Jun-Jul; [of dolomite glades in c. AL] |
............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ....33 Midstem and upper stem leaves with > 5 segments; plants erect; flowering May-late Jun; [of granite outcrops, sandy woods, and similar open disturbed areas; collectively more widespread]. |
............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ......34 Larger segments of midstem and upper stem leaves 0.5-1.5 mm wide |
............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ......34 Larger segments of midstem and upper stem leaves 2-6 (-10) mm wide. |
............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ........35 Pappus teeth 0.5-1 mm long; [endemic to e. TX and s. OK] |
............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ........35 Pappus teeth ca. 0.2-0.3 mm long; [scattered from NC, SC, and GA westward to e. TX and e. OK] |
1 Rays primarily pink or purple, not white-tinged (flowers viewed from above, adaxial surface of the rays). |
..2 Receptacles epaleate; leaves pinnatisect; [waif, ne. US] |
..2 Receptacles paleate; leaves simple or bladeless; [widespread natives] |
....3 Leaves without blades (the petioles terete, appearing Juncus-like); ray florets pink or purplish; disc florets fewer (60-120+), the corollas usually yellowish; [wet pinelands and seepages] |
....3 Leaves broad and conspicuous; ray florets purple; disc florets many (200+), the corollas pink, green, red, purple, or yellow colored; [plants of prairies and similar habitats] |
1 Rays primarily white to white-tinged or yellow throughout (lamina of the ray with at least some white basally if not uniformly yellow). |
......4 Disc florets functionally staminate (thus cypselae only forming from ray florets) |
......4 Disc florets bisexual, fertile. |
........5 Leaves entire or toothed, but not deeply pinnatisect; sometimes with smaller rounded lobes ( Leucanthemum basal leaves can have deeper, round lobes); plants usually not aromatic. |
..........6 Stem internodes usually winged (at least proximally) |
..........6 Stems not winged. |
............ 7 Leaves primarily basal, the cauline leaves absent or fewer and much reduced in size from basal leaves; abaxial surface of the ray laminae white or sometimes pink-tinged (on live plants) but lacking a prominent colored midstripe. |
............ ..8 Leaves strigose, the margins crenate-serrate; roots not red-tipped; abaxial surface of ray laminae often pink or purple tinged, flowers closing at night |
............ ..8 Leaves glabrous (or faces sparsely hairy), the margins entire or toothed; roots usually red-tipped; rays drying pinkish but abaxial surface not conspicuously pink tinged on live plants |
............ 7 Plants with well-developed cauline leaves, the margins entire or sometimes toothed (usually entire in Aphanostephus, occasionally deeply lobed); abaxial surface of the ray lamina sometimes white, but often with a prominent purple or blue midstripe (except Leucanthemum, which merely dries pink) |
............ ....9 Flowering heads smaller, arranged in corymbiform or paniculiform arrays; ray florets with diminuitive laminae (0.3-5.0 mm long), heads thus sometimes superficially appearing disciform (rays sometimes double in horticultural forms as in Achillea ptarmica) |
............ ......10 Plants aromatic; leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate, the surfaces glabrous or sparsely hairy; pales more or less folded but lacking distal papillae; cypselae not shed along with subtending phyllary and disc florets; [tribe Anthemideae] |
............ ......10 Plants not aromatic; leaves variously shaped, at least some usually lyrate or oblanceolate (not all linear), the surfaces hairy and gland-dotted (at least abaxially); pales distally pappilate or fimbriate; cypselae shed along with subtending phyllary and 2 disc florets each invested in a pale; [tribe Heliantheae] |
............ ....9 Flowering heads larger, singular on scapes (if in 2's or 3's, these large and not in broad corymbiform arrays), rays prominent, the laminae usually > 10 mm long |
............ ........11 Rays white abaxially (drying pinkish); receptacles broadly convex, not pitted; plants rhizomatous perennials; pappus absent; [tribe Anthemideae] |
............ ........11 Rays white or with prominent blue or purple midstripe (sometimes present after drying); receptacles conic, pitted; plants tap-rooted annuals (except Astranthium riddellii); pappus absent, coroniform, or of scales; [tribe Astereae] |
............ ..........12 Phyllaries scarious margined; cypselae 4-angled and with 4-12 thick ribs, pappus absent, of scales or coroniform; ray florets closing distally at night |
............ ..........12 Phyllaries sometimes hyaline but not scarious margined; cypselae compressed, lacking prominent ribs (though sometimes glochidiate), pappus absent or short coroniform; ray florets not closing at night |
........5 Leaves deeply lobed or pinnatisect, the ultimate segments linear or if rounded, the sinuses of the lobes nearly reaching the midrib (pinnatifid); plants typically aromatic (except Tripleurospermum and Parthenium); [tribe Anthemideae]. |
............ ............ 13 Receptacles paleate (chaffy or with apparent bracts), the pales sometimes distally fimbriate or papillate ( Parthenium). |
............ ............ ..14 Stem internodes usually winged |
............ ............ ..14 Stems not winged. |
............ ............ ....15 Rays (the laminae) white with conspicuous yellow coloration at the bases |
............ ............ ....15 Rays primarily white to white-tinged (without strong yellow color at the base of the laminae) or yellow throughout (lamina of the ray with at least some white basally; if rays are white). |
............ ............ ......16 Flowering heads smaller, arranged in corymbiform or paniculiform arrays; ray florets with diminuitive laminae (0.3-5.0 mm long); ray and disc florets both white or white-ish. |
............ ............ ........17 Plants usually aromatic; pales more or less folded but not distally fimbriate or papillate; cypselae not shed along with phyllary and disc florets; [tribe Anthemideae] |
............ ............ ........17 Plants not aromatic (at least not conspicuously so); pales distally fimbriate or papillate; cypselae shed along with subtending phyllary and 2 disc florets each invested in a pale; [tribe Heliantheae] |
............ ............ ......16 Flowering heads larger, arranged mostly singular at the ends of scapes, not in broad corymbiform arrays (except Tripleurospermum, which has larger heads and prominent rays), ray laminae prominent; ray and disc florets differing in color (rays typically white; discs typically yellow). |
............ ............ ..........18 Plants annual, erect or decumbent, ill-scented or not; ultimate leaf margins dentate to lobed; cypsela ribs usually 9-10 (sometimes lacking); [widespread non-natives] |
............ ............ ..........18 Plants perennial and prostrate (mat-forming), aromatic; ultimate leaf margins entire; cypsela ribs weak; [waif, ne. US] |
............ ............ 13 Receptacles epaleate (lacking chaff). |
............ ............ ............ 19 Ultimate leaf lobes broad, ovate-shaped (not linear) |
............ ............ ............ 19 Ultimate leaf lobes linear. |
............ ............ ............ ..20 Plants usually aromatic; maturing flowering heads with deflexed ray laminae; cypsela 5-ribbed, lacking apical resin sacs |
............ ............ ............ ..20 Plants not aromatic; ray laminae not deflexed; cypsela with 3 ribs and 1-5 abaxial-apical resin sacs |