1 Disk flowers yellow.

  2 Basal leaves 10-30 cm long, 0.5-2.0 cm wide; leaves 10-20× as long as wide, glabrous.

    3 Head 1 (-3); phyllaries 8-16 mm long, 3-5 mm wide; [of wet flatwoods and wet prairies of ne. FL]

    3 Heads 3-12; phyllaries 5-11 mm long, 1-2.5 mm wide; flowering Aug-Oct; [of sandstone and granite glades and woodlands and loamy to xeric longleaf pine sandhills; rarely escaped elsewhere]

  2 Basal leaves 6-15 cm long, 2-8 cm wide; leaves 1.5-5× as long as wide, scabrous or hirsute (rarely glabrous)

      4 Leaves rough to touch, scabrous or hirsute; leaves entire or nearly so; [widely distributed].

        5 Plants with multiple pairs of well-developed cauline leaves; {additional characters needing testing}; [southern Appalachians]

        5 Plants lacking multiple pairs of well-developed cauline leaves; {additional characters needing testing}; [collectively more widespread, especially westward]

1 Disk flowers red or purple (at least in part).

          6 Basal leaves 6-20 cm long; lower several pairs of stem leaves up to 1/2 as long and wide as the basal leaves; [collectively widespread in our region from VA, KY, IL, MO, and OK southwards, in the inland provinces and the Coastal Plain].

             7 Trichomes on the leaf abaxial midrib > 1 mm long; lower stem with a few pairs of leaves (< 8 nodes below the capitulescence), these strongly reduced upward; leaf blades (1.3-) 1.7-2.5 (-3)× as long as wide; petiole often > 1/3 as long as the blade, broadly winged toward the blade; plants to 2 m tall; nonflowering stems usually absent; [widespread in our area]

             7 Trichomes on the leaf abaxial midrib < 1 mm long; lower stem leafy, often to above the middle (> 8 nodes below the capitulescence); leaf blades 1-1.7 (-2)× as long as wide; petiole usually < 1/3 as long as the blade, narrowly winged toward the blade; plants to 3 m tall; nonflowering stems usually present; [west of our area]

          6 Basal leaves 4-15 cm long; lower several pairs of stem leaves often < 1/2 as long and wide as the basal leaves; [Coastal Plain, NC to FL to e. LA].

               8 Basal leaves (1.6-) 2-5× as long as wide; ray flowers present, 12-18, typically 1.5-3.5 cm long; [wet savannas and bogs]

               8 Basal leaves 1-1.5× as long as wide; ray flowers none, or present, 2-8, but < 1 cm long; [dry savannas and sandhills]

1 Stems below the capitulescence glabrous or nearly so, sometimes glaucous.

  2 Leaves whorled at principal nodes, either alternate or opposite at other nodes

  2 Leaves either alternate or opposite (or both), never whorled.

    3 Leaves grayish-green or bluish green in color, sessile, and glabrous and glaucous on the undersurface.

      4 Rays 10-14; leaves strumose adaxially, rough to the touch; phyllaries 3.5-4.5 mm wide

      4 Rays 5-10; leaves glabrous or glabrate adaxially, smooth or only slightly rough to the touch; phyllaries 2-3 mm wide

    3 Leaves light to dark green, sometimes whitish abaxially, but not grayish or bluish green in color; leaves sessile or petiolate, glabrous or pubescent.

        5 Leaves linear-lanceolate, with only a single main vein

        5 Leaves linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, lance-ovate, or ovate, triplinerved at base.

          6 Rays few, usually 5 or 8; heads small, the involucres 9 mm broad or less.

             7 Leaves abaxially whitish in color and glabrous and glaucous, lacking subsessile glandular trichomes (‘resin dots’)

             7 Leaves abaxially greenish in color, usually tomentulose (sometimes glabrate), with abundant subsessile glandular trichomes

          6 Rays usually 10 or more in larger heads; heads larger, the involucres usually > 9 mm broad.

               8 Leaves sessile, rounded to cordate at base, and trinerved, with the 2 lateral veins diverging from the midrib at the very base of the leaf

               8 Leaves sessile to petiolate, but narrowing gradually to base and triplinerved, the 2 lateral veins diverging from the midrib above the base of the blade.

                 9 Anther appendages yellow.

                   10 Leave blade lanceolate to lance-ovate, sessile to petiolate but the petiole usually < ¼ as long as the blade; phyllaries not conspicuously graduated and imbricate, usually loose and spreading

                   10 Leaf blade ovate to elliptic, with a distinct petiole usually > 2 cm long and ½ as long as blade or longer; phyllaries conspicuously graduated and imbricate, usually appressed, not exceeding disk

                 9 Anther appendages dark or reddish-brown.

                     11 Plants producing abundant tubers; leaves subsessile, the petioles < 1 cm long; [endemic to the Piedmont of NC and SC]

                     11 Plants rhizomatous, but not producing tubers; leaves petiolate, the petioles 1-5 cm long; [collectively widespread in our area].

                       12 Longer phyllaries usually exceeding disk by ½ their length or more, apex acuminate; larger leaves moderately to conspicuously serrate, with a petiole 2-5 cm long, and abaxially with usually relatively few subsessile glandular trichomes

                       12 Phyllaries equal to or slightly exceeding disk, apex acute; leaves moderately serrate to entire, with a petiole 1-3 cm long, and abaxially with usually abundant subsessile glandular trichomes (‘resin dots’)

1 Stems pubescent throughout, not glaucous.

                          13 Leaves sessile and cordate, mostly or all opposite

                          13 Leaves petiolate or sessile, but not cordate, and alternate or opposite.

                            14 Phyllaries attenuate, conspicuously exceeding the disk in length and reflexed, apically with numerous subsessile glandular trichomes (‘resin dots’); leaf bases often convex, the basically ovate or lance-ovate blade joined to a broadly winged and gradually narrowed petiole

                            14 Phyllaries acute to attenuate, but not reflexed, subsessile glandular trichomes present or absent; leaf bases usually attenuate to truncate or rounded, the blade lance-linear or lanceolate, or if ovate or lance-ovate either sessile or with a petiole that is at most narrowly winged.

                              15 Leaves conduplicate (strongly folded along the midvein, thus V-shaped in ×-section); leaf margins entire; leaf venation of a single prominent main vein (laterals not readily visible); inflorescence when well developed spiciform or racemose

                              15 Leaves flat or essentially so; leaf margins entire or serrate; leaf venation triplinerved (with a prominent lateral pair of veins near the base); inflorescence not spiciform or racemose.

                                16 Phyllaries conspicuously graduated and imbricate, usually appressed.

                                  17 Leaf blades lanceolate to ovate, petiole 1-5 cm long and usually < ½ as long as blade; anther appendages with dark pigment; cypselas 4-5 mm, usually sterile

                                  17 Leaf blades ovate to elliptic, petiole distinct, > 2 cm and usually > ½ as long as the blade; anther appendages yellow; cypselas 3-4 mm long, fertile

                                    18 Leaves rough to touch, scabrous or hirsute; leaves entire or nearly so; [widely distributed]

                                16 Phyllaries not conspicuously graduated and imbricate, usually loose or spreading.

                                       19 Leaves with a prominent petiole > 2 cm long, blades lance-ovate to ovate and > 5 cm broad; cypselas 5-7 mm long; tubers produced late in growing season

                                       19 Leaves sessile or with a short petiole usually < 2 cm long; blades linear to lanceolate, < 4.5 cm broad; cypselas 3-5 mm long; tubers present or absent.

                                         20 Leaves truncate to broadly rounded at base, shortly but distinctly petiolate

                                         20 Leaves cuneate, gradually narrowing to base, sessile to petiolate.

                                           21 Ligules lacking subsessile glandular trichomes; leaves not strongly revolute

                                           21 Ligules abaxially with subsessile glandular trichomes (‘resin dots’); leaves usually revolute.

                                             22 Heads relatively small, the disc portion of the heads usually < 15 mm across; abaxial leaf surfaces softly pubescent (on living plants, except the leaf margins and midveins which are scabrous); tubers present; [of the NC and SC piedmont]

                                             22 Heads various in size (8-20 mm+); abaxial leaf surfaces various, but not softly pubescent; tubers absent; [collectively widespread].

                                               23 Leaf margins conspicuously undulate, the blades narrowly lanceolate to ovate (occasionally linear, if so, usually < 10 cm long), mostly 3-veined (at mid-stem); inflorescences usually with 1-6 heads; plants rhizomatous; pappus scales aristate; [wet habitats, s. SC southward]

                                               23 Leaf margins not conspicuously undulate, the blades linear to lanceolate, mostly with a single prominent mid vein (at mid stem, sometimes the lowest leaves 3-veined); inflorescences with 1-16+ heads; plants rhizomatous or not; pappus scales aristate or not; [habitats various, collectively widespread]

                                                 24 Plants robust, > 1.5 m tall; leaves > 1 cm wide; plants conspicuously rhizomatous

                                                 24 Plants short, < 1.5 m tall; leaves < 1 cm wide; plants rhizomatous or not.

                                                    25 Plants usually > 1 m tall at maturity, not rhizomatous (from crowns or caudices); mid-stem leaves 8-20 cm long, alternate or opposite; inflorescences usually of 3-16+ heads; disc florets yellow, red, or purple; pappus scales narrowly lanceolate to aristate (0.1-0.3 mm wide, ≥7x as long as wide), lacking additional irregularly-shaped scales; [widespread]

                                                    25 Plants usually < 1 m tall at maturity, strongly rhizomatous; mid-stem leaves < 6 (-10) cm long, mostly opposite; inflorescences usually of 1-3 (-10) heads; disc florets yellow; pappus scales deltoid to lanceolate (usually ≥ 0.5mm wide, 1-4× as long as wide), often accompaned by additional irregularly-shaped scales; [Cape Fear Arch region of NC and SC]