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1 Flowers zygomorphic (except O. curtiflora and O. glaucifolia), white to pink; petals distinctly clawed, blades elliptic to narrowly obovate, rounded at apex; fruits indehiscent; seeds 1-6 (-8) per capsule, 1.5-3.5 mm long; [section Gaura] |
1 Flowers actinomorphic, yellow or white to pink; petals not notably clawed, elliptic to broadly obcordate; fruit dehiscent; seeds (10-) 50-many per capsule, 0.3-2 mm long. |
..2 Capsules lanceoloid to cylindric (roughly isodiametric or thickest below middle), nearly terete except for shallow grooves along valves, often curved or contorted; ovary essentially terete (note: buds may be 4-angled). |
....3 Flowers white, fading pink; buds nodding; stems white or pink; [western species; in our area only in OK, TX, or as rare waifs eastward]. |
......4 Seeds in 2 rows per locule, ellipsoid to subglobose, surface with regular longitudinal lines of pits; stems 0.5-3 dm tall or long, decumbent, from large, persistent basal rosettes, cauline leaves reduced; [sect. Kleinia] |
......4 Seeds in 1 row per locule, obovoid, surface minutely honeycomb-reticulate, but appearing smooth at lower magnifications; stems 1-10 dm tall, erect and branched, rosettes poorly developed or absent at anthesis; [sect. Anogra]. |
........5 Plants glabrous proximally, sometimes glandular-puberulent or sparsely strigillose in inflorescence; leaves narrowly lanceolate or oblanceolate, 0.3-0.6 (-1) cm wide, usually entire; stems often single, branched above |
........5 Plants densely strigillose; leaves oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, (0.4-) 0.7-1.5 cm wide, sinuate-dentate or denticulate; stems cespitose, several-many, branched from base or unbranched |
....3 Flowers bright yellow, rarely fading pinkish; buds erect; stems green, gray-green, brown, or sometimes flushed red; [collectively widespread]. |
..........6 Stigmas peltate, disc-shaped or shallowly 4-lobed; leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate or oblanceolate, stiff, spinulose-serrate to subentire, less than 1 cm wide; plants perennials less than 6 dm tall, often suffrutescent, stems several to many, branching from near base ( O. capillifolia var. capillifolia may be annual and single-stemmed); [MO, s. IL, TX, and OK westward, or disjunct in MS and AL in calcareous soils]; [section Calylophus] |
..........6 Stigmas deeply divided into 3-4 linear lobes; leaves narrowly to broadly lanceolate to oblanceolate, subentire to deeply sinuate-lobed, up to 6+ cm wide; plants annuals, biennials, or short-lived perennials, stems to 30 dm tall; [collectively widespread]; [section Oenothera] |
............ 7 Capsules lanceoloid, thickest below the middle, tapering to the apex; inflorescence spicate or racemose, dense; plants 3-30 dm tall, erect or ascending |
............ 7 Capsules linear, nearly isodiametric, sometimes very slightly thickened distally; inflorescence lax, appearing to consist of solitary axillary flowers; plants to 4 dm tall, often decumbent; [subsection Raimmania] |
............ ..8 Nonflowering portion of stems stiff, densely and uniformly strigillose, sometimes also sparsely villous; leaves thick, gray-green, densely strigillose, subentire, shallowly dentate, or occasionally lyrate; [coastal dunes and barrier islands]. |
............ ....9 Sepals 2.0-3.3 cm long; petals 2.5-4.5 cm long; stigma elevated above the anthers at anthesis; capsule 2.5-5.5 cm long; rosette leaves 5-14 cm long, 1-2 cm wide |
............ ....9 Sepals 0.3-1.1 cm long; petals 0.45-1.6 cm long; stigma surrounded by the anthers at anthesis; capsule 1.5-4.5 cm long; rosette leaves 4-8 cm long, 0.7-1.0 cm wide |
............ ..8 Nonflowering portion of stem not stiff, sparsely to moderately strigillose, often villous, sometimes densely so; leaves green (sometimes gray-green in O. falfurriae and O. mexicana of inland s. TX), sparsely to moderately strigillose and usually villous, mostly deeply sinuate-lobed or dentate; [sandy soils inland, often disturbed] |
............ ......10 Petals 1.3-4.5cm long, sepals 1-3cm long; styles 3.5-7.5cm long, the stigma lobes slightly to strongly elevated above anthers at anthesis. |
............ ........11 Petals 1.3-2.5cm; styles 3.5-5cm, the stigma lobes only slightly elevated above the anthers at anthesis; [se. TX] |
............ ........11 Petals 2.5-4.5cm; styles 4-7.5cm, the stigma lobes elevated well above the anthers at anthesis; [more widespread] |
............ ......10 Petals 0.5-1.5cm long (sometimes -2.2cm in O. laciniata), sepals 0.5-1.5cm long; styles 2-5 cm long, the stigma lobes surrounded by the anthers at anthesis. |
............ ..........12 Bracts flat, spreading, light green; pollen ca. 50% fertile [widespread and weedy] |
............ ..........12 Bracts revolute, erect, grayish-green; pollen 85-100% fertile; [se. TX] |
..2 Capsules clavate, ellipsoid, or oblong (thickest at or above the middle), strongly 4-8-ribbed or -winged (weakly in O. linifolia); ovary 4-angled or 4-winged. |
............ ............ 13 Flowers pink or white. |
............ ............ ..14 Petals pink or rose-purple; capsules with rounded ridges, narrowly obovoid, apex narrowed to a sterile beak; [collectively widespread]; [section Hartmannia] |
............ ............ ....15 Flowers rose-purple, petals 4-12 mm long, floral tubes 4-8 mm long; buds erect; capsules narrowed to slender stipe 5-20 mm long; [s. TX] |
............ ............ ....15 Flowers pink, petals 15-45 mm long, floral tubes 12-25 mm long; buds nodding; capsules with thick cylindrical base; [widespread] |
............ ............ ..14 Petals white; capsules with wings 0.5-4mm wide, ellipsoid, broadly rounded to bluntly acuminate; [TX and OK westwards]; [section Leucocoryne] |
............ ............ ......16 Stigmas surrounded by anthers at anthesis; petals 8-25mm; pollen 35-65% fertile |
............ ............ ......16 Stigmas exserted beyond anthers at anthesis; petals 20-43mm; pollen 85-100% fertile |
............ ............ 13 Flowers yellow, sometimes fading orange or reddish. |
............ ............ ........17 Leaves all basal, pinnatifid; [section Lavauxia, subsection Lavauxia] |
............ ............ ........17 Leaves all or partly cauline, entire or toothed. |
............ ............ ..........18 Petals 50-70 mm long; flowers opening in the evening; wings of the fruit 10-25 mm wide; [section Megapterium] |
............ ............ ............ 19 Plants strigillose |
............ ............ ............ 19 Plants glabrous |
............ ............ ..........18 Petals 3-30 mm long; flowers opening in the day; wings of the fruit <3 mm wide. |
............ ............ ............ ..20 Cauline leaves linear, < 1 mm wide; petals 3-5 (-7) mm long; floral bracts shorter than the ovaries they subtend; mature fruits ellipsoid-rhomboid, 4-6 mm long, bluntly angled; annual; [section Peniophyllum] |
............ ............ ............ ..20 Cauline leaves lanceolate to ovate, > 1 mm wide; petals 5-30 mm long; floral bracts longer than the ovaries they subtend; mature fruits clavate to oblong-elliptic, 3.5-20 mm long, mostly narrowly winged; perennial ( O. spachiana annual); [section Kneiffia]. |
1 Pedicels (0.5-) 1-4 mm long; fruit with a slender stipe (0.5-) 2-10 mm long at maturity; clumped or mat-forming perennials from woody rhizomes or rootstocks; [subsection Stipogaura]. |
..2 Stems and leaves densely soft-villous, hairs mostly appressed; plants suffrutescent, grayish-green; [c. TX and OK westwards]. |
....3 Stems strigillose (in addition to the longer villous pubescence); plants often stipitate-glandular |
....3 Stems hispidulous (in addition to the longer villous pubescence); stipitate glands absent |
..2 Stems and leaves glabrous, strigillose, or spreading-villous; plants not suffrutescent. |
......4 Stems conspicuously spreading-villous with hairs 2-4 mm, also ± strigillose; cauline leaves 1-3 (-7) cm long; stems ascending, 3-7 (-12) dm; [s. TX] |
......4 Stems glabrous or strigillose, rarely sparsely villous proximally; cauline leaves (1-) 2.5-12 cm long; stems erect, 4-25 (-30) dm. |
........5 Plants aggressively rhizomatous (also with a taproot), mat-forming; stems, leaves, and inflorescences glabrous or inconspicuously strigillose |
........5 Plants single-stemmed or cespitose, taprooted; plants glabrate to densely strigillose, sometimes also villous or glandular-puberulent. |
..........6 Stamens presented in lower 1/2 of flower at anthesis; mature capsules narrowly ovoid or lanceoloid; stems sparsely strigillose to glabrate; [gypsum, caliche, and other arid calcareous substrates; c. and w. TX] |
..........6 Stamens evenly distributed at anthesis; mature capsules ovoid; stems sparsely to densely strigillose [various habitats; LA eastward] |
1 Pedicels 0-1 mm long; fruit sessile or with thick cylindric base 0.2-2.2 mm long; annuals or biennials ( O. hispida, O. suffrutescens, and O. lindheimeri perennial). |
............ 7 Flowers small, with sepals 2-3.5 mm long, petals 1.5-3 mm long; anthers ellipsoid, ca. 1 mm long; inflorescences long, densely spicate, flexuous and conspicuously nodding apically (stiffening in fruit); [subsection Schizocarya] |
............ 7 Flowers larger, with sepals 2.5-12 mm long, petals 2.5-15 mm long; anthers linear, 1.5-6 mm long; inflorescences erect, not as above. |
............ ..8 Flowers essentially actinomorphic, the petals abruptly clawed, blades broadly rhombic-ovate, bright white; fruits 3-4 mm long; leaves narrowly oblong-lanceolate, auriculate at base, entire; inflorescences densely spicate, long and wandlike, stiff; [section Stenosiphon] |
............ ..8 Flowers zygomorphic, petals more gradually narrowed to clawed base, white or pinkish; fruits 4-13 mm long; leaves mostly broader or toothed; inflorescences mostly shorter, looser. |
............ ....9 Fruit pyramidal, abruptly constricted below to cylindric base about 1/2 the length and 1/4-1/2 the width of the body; plants perennial, with creeping rhizomes or with woody caudices; [west of the Mississippi River]. |
............ ......10 Fruits 7-13 mm long, 3-5mm wide, glabrous or nearly so, base of pyramidal portion bulging; inflorescences loose; leaves usually sinuate-lobed, green; pubescence of stems and leaves relatively sparse, stiffly erect or incurved; plants rhizomatous, stems irregularly branched or single; [subsection Xenogaura] |
............ ......10 Fruits 4-9 mm long, 1-3 mm wide, densely strigillose, base of pyramidal portion not bulging; leaves entire or remotely serrate, bluish-green; pubescence of stems and leaves very dense, whitish, appressed; plants from woody caudices, branched belowground or near soil surface; [subsection Campogaura] |
............ ....9 Fruit fusiform to ellipsoid, ovoid, or obovoid, not abruptly constricted; plants annuals or biennials, rarely monocarpic perennials (except O. lindheimeri); [collectively widespread]. |
............ ........11 Plants perennial, branched from base; sepals spreading-villous, stems spreading-villous at least proximally, usually stipitate-glandular in inflorescence, not strigillose; flowers large, opening at sunrise, with petals 10-15 mm long, rhombic-obovate or broadly elliptic, sepals 9-17 mm long; [native in coastal prairies of sw. LA and e. TX, widely cultivated, sometimes naturalizing] |
............ ........11 Plants annual or biennial (rarely monocarpic perennial); sepals glabrous to strigillose (rarely short hirtellous), stem pubescence various, but often strigillose; flowers opening at sunset (except O. demareei), petals 3.5-15 mm long, often narrower, sepals 2.5-18 mm long. |
............ ..........12 Capsules narrowly (3-) 4-winged, furrowed between the wings; stems 1.5-6.5 (-12) dm, spreading-villous proximally, glabrate distally (rarely somewhat strigillose); [west of the Mississippi River, or disjunct in sw. MS] |
............ ............ 13 Flowers with sepals 10-15 mm long, petals 8-13 mm long; leaf margins subentire to shallowly sinuate-dentate; fruits ovoid, broadest near base |
............ ............ 13 Flowers with sepals 11-21 mm long, petals 10-15 mm long; leaf margins mostly distinctly sinuate-dentate; fruits ellipsoid, broadest near midlength |
............ ..........12 Capsules 3-4-angled; stems 5-40dm (shorter in G. triangulata), villous, hirtellous, glandular-puberulent, and/or strigillose (see below); [collectively widespread]. |
............ ............ ..14 Flowers small, often 3-merous or a mixture of 3-4-merous, with sepals 2.5-8 mm long, petals 3.5-8 mm long; fruits 3-4-angled; stems mostly branching from near the base, often from persistent rosettes, the inflorescence of relatively few, narrow, ±spicate branches; [acid sandy soils; TX and OK, or FL and outer coastal plain from NC to se. MS]. |
............ ............ ....15 Capsules 3-4-angled, ovoid to ellipsoid, broadest at or below the middle; plants robust, stems 6-18 dm tall; [MS eastwards] |
............ ............ ....15 Capsules usually 3-angled, narrowly obovoid, broadest above the middle; plants short, stems 1.5-6.5 (-8.5) dm tall; [TX and OK] |
............ ............ ..14 Flowers larger, 4-merous, with sepals 5-20 mm long, petals 6-17 mm long; fruits 4-angled; plants usually copiously branched at and above the middle, the inflorescence open and diffuse; [of a variety of substrates, often calcareous; widespread inland] |
............ ............ ......16 Stems and leaves conspicuously spreading-villous at least proximally, lacking strigillose hairs, and also glandular-puberulent in inflorescence (rarely glabrate); pollen 35-65% fertile; [Northeast and Upper Midwest south to n. AL and GA, absent from the Coastal Plain southward] |
............ ............ ......16 Stems and leaves densely and finely appressed-strigillose nearly throughout, sometimes also sparsely villous or short-hirtellous, glandular-puberulent or not in inflorescence; pollen 90-100% fertile; [mostly west of the MS river, eastward to AL, TN, KY]. |
............ ............ ........17 Plants exclusively appressed-strigillose; flowers opening at sunrise; [endemic to w. AK and adjacent se. OK] |
............ ............ ........17 Plants usually hirtellous or villous on lower stems or leaf midribs, or glandular-puberulent in the inflorescence; flowers opening at sunset; [more widespread] |
1 Buds terete, the sepals without keeled midribs; stamens subequal; petals acute to obtuse; [sw. NE and c. OK and TX westward]; [subsection Salpingia] |
..2 Flowers opening in morning; floral tubes 5-25 (-33) mm long, the upper half or more funnelform; plants glandular-puberulent. |
..2 Flowers opening in late afternoon or evening; floral tubes 15-60 (-70) mm long, the upper half or less funnelform; plants glabrous, strigillose, hirtellous, or pilose, sometimes also with glandular pubescence in inflorescence; [ Oenothera hartwegii complex] |
....3 Leaf base clasping, truncate or subcordate; plants densely pubescent with a mixture of hairs, short-pilose and often hirtellous, sometimes also strigillose and glandular-puberulent in the inflorescence |
....3 Leaf base attenuate to obtuse; plants glabrous or sparsely strigillose, sometimes glandular-puberulent in inflorescence. |
......4 Plants glabrous throughout, or sometimes glandular-puberulent in inflorescence; blades linear to oblanceolate or lanceolate, margins entire to subentire, rarely undulate |
......4 Plants sparsely strigillose, sometimes also glandular-puberulent in inflorescence; blades mostly oblanceolate or lanceolate, margins serrulate to subentire, undulate |
1 Buds 4-angled, sepals with conspicuously keeled midribs; stamens of 2 lengths, antisepalous filaments about 2× as long as antipetalous filaments; petals truncate to emarginate; [more widespread]; [subsection Calylophus]. |
........5 Stigmas surrounded by anthers; petals 5-12 (-20) mm long; pollen 30-60 (-80)% fertile. |
..........6 Pubescence densely and finely strigillose; leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate or oblanceolate, 1-9 cm long, margins subentire to spinulose-serrate (if coarsely spinulose-serrate, longer than 3.5 cm); [widespread in the Great Plains] |
..........6 Pubescence rather sparse, hairs stout; leaves mostly oblanceolate, 1.5-3.5cm long, margins coarsely spinulose-serrate; [dunes, sandy soil; endemic to se. TX, mostly along the coast] |
........5 Stigmas exserted beyond anthers; petals (6-) 9-25 mm long; pollen 90-100% fertile. |
............ 7 Plants perennial from a woody rootstock, stems several to many, erect to decumbent, 1-4 dm tall or long; leaves 1-4 cm long; [TX westward] |
............ 7 Plants annuals or short-lived perennials, stems one to several, erect, 3-8 dm tall; leaves 2.5-9 cm long; [disjunct eastward as far as AL in calcareous substrates]. |
1 Petals rhombic-ovate to elliptic, widest near midlength, acute to broadly rounded; seeds ellipsoid, regularly pitted, borne ascending in locules; leaf margins deeply sinuate-lobed to subentire; [subsection Candela]. |
..2 Petals 5-17 mm long; stigmas surrounded by anthers at anthesis; pollen ca. 50% fertile. |
....3 Inflorescence dense, with > 2 flowers per spike opening each day; leaves gray-green; [midwestern, south to KY and AR, or as a waif southwards and eastwards] |
....3 Inflorescence lax, 1-2 flowers per spike opening on each day; leaves green; [southeastern Coastal Plain] |
..2 Petals 15-35mm; stigmas exserted well beyond anthers at anthesis; pollen 85-100% fertile. |
......4 Pedicels, sepals, and capsules densely to sparsely appressed-strigillose, sometimes also with a few stipitate glands; mature flower buds not overtopping spike apex; free sepal tips 0.5-1.5 mm long; petals mostly bluntly acute to short-acuminate; [primarily of the Great Plains and Midwest, southwest to AK, IL, e. TX, and nw. LA] |
......4 Pedicels, sepals, and capsules usually glandular-puberulent, spreading-villous, hirsute with pustulate-based hairs, or glabrate; mature flower buds overtopping spike apex; free sepal tips 1-6 mm long; petals mostly broadly rounded; [primarily southeastern, e. TX north to AK and east to AL]. |
........5 Inflorescences loose, unbranched; bracts 0.5-1.7 cm long, shorter than capsules; capsules hispid with pustular-based hairs; flower buds with free sepal tips 1-3 mm long, glandular-puberulent but not hispid; [endemic to se. TX] |
........5 Inflorescences dense, often branched; bracts 1-3 cm long, longer than capsules; [more widespread]. |
..........6 Flower buds with free sepal tips 2-6 mm long, divergent; flower buds, ovaries, or capsules at least sparsely hirsute with spreading, pustulate-based hairs, often also glandular-puberulent; [e. TX east to LA and sw. AK, introduced in MO] |
..........6 Flower buds with free sepal tips 1-3 mm long, erect; flower buds, ovaries, and capsules glabrate or glandular-puberulent; [endemic to AL and MS] |
1 Petals obcordate, widest near the apex, deeply to shallowly emarginate (rarely truncate); seeds prismatic and angled, irregularly pitted, borne horizontally in locules; leaf margins remotely dentate to subentire, or weakly sinuate-dentate near base; [subsection Oenothera]. |
............ 7 Stigma well-elevated above the anthers at anthesis; petals (2.5-) 3-5 cm long; anthers 8-22 mm long; pollen 90-100% fertile (except O. glazioviana). |
............ ..8 Cauline leaves 0.4-1.0 cm wide; apex of the inflorescence curved; free sepal tips subterminal, divergent; capsules spreading at nearly right angles to the stem, conspicuously curved upward, long-attenuate |
............ ..8 Cauline leaves 1.5-6 cm wide; apex of the inflorescence erect; free sepal tips terminal, erect; capsules erect or slightly spreading. |
............ ....9 Floral tubes (6-) 8-12 cm long, styles 9-17 (-20) cm long, buds 7-12 mm in diameter; capsules 6-12 mm in diameter; plants predominately densely appressed-strigillose (sometimes also glandular-puberulent in the inflorescence and sparsely appressed-villous), lacking or rarely with a few pustulate-based hairs; [TX, OK, and NE] |
............ ....9 Floral tubes (2-) 3-4.5 (-5) cm long, styles 5-9 cm long, buds 5-10 mm in diameter; capsules 3.5-7 mm in diameter; plants usually with spreading, pustulate-based hairs in addition to the strigillose pubescence, or appearing nearly glabrous to the unaided eye. |
............ ......10 Upper stems, ovaries, and floral tubes often appearing glabrous to unaided eye, sometimes glandular-puberulent, rarely somewhat strigillose; pustulate-based hairs absent or scattered and translucent; sepals yellow-green |
............ ......10 Upper stems, ovaries, and floral tubes conspicuously strigillose and villous, also sometimes glandular-puberulent; pustulate-based hairs reddish-based (when fresh), often abundant; sepals often reddish-striped or flushed with red |
............ ........11 Cauline leaves 2.5-4 cm wide, bright to dark green, usually with strongly crinkled margins; pollen ca. 50% fertile; ca. 50% of seeds abortive; [exotic; uncommonly cultivated, rarely naturalizing] |
............ ........11 Cauline leaves 1-2.5 cm wide, dull green or gray-green, not crinkled; pollen 90-100% fertile; few seeds abortive; [native; TX and OK westward] |
............ 7 Stigma surrounded by or below the anthers at anthesis; petals 0.7-2.5(-3) cm long; anthers 3-10 mm long; pollen ca. 50% fertile. |
............ ..........12 Free sepal tips subterminal in bud, 0.5-5 mm long, usually divergent; inflorescences often curved at apex; capsules rusty brown or greenish black when dry; [primarily of the Northeast and Upper Midwest, south to n. GA and nw. SC in the mountains]. |
............ ............ 13 Stems densely silky-strigillose, the hairs appressed, sometimes also with scattered pustular-based hairs distally; leaf blades grayish-green; dry capsules rusty-brown; leaves 0.5-3 cm wide |
............ ............ 13 Stems often nearly glabrous in inflorescence, predominantly villous and glandular-puberulent, sometimes also sparsely strigillose; leaf blades bright green; dry capsules greenish-black or dull green; leaves (1-) 1.5-7 cm wide. |
............ ............ ..14 Petals 1.4-2.5 (-3) cm, fading pale yellowish-white to translucent; bracts caducous, pale green; free sepal tips terminal in bud; capsules usually dull green when dry |
............ ............ ..14 Petals 0.8-1.5 (-2) cm, fading pale yellow or orange; bracts persistent, green; free sepal tips subterminal in bud; capsules usually greenish-black when dry |
............ ..........12 Free sepal tips terminal in bud, 0.5-3mm long, erect or slightly divergent; inflorescences erect at apex; capsules dull greenish or gray-green when dry; [collectively widespread]. |
............ ............ ....15 Stems appearing nearly glabrous in inflorescence (sepals, ovaries, and corolla tubes often strigillose and/or glandular-puberulent), strigose and villous below with translucent (at least in fresh material) hairs |
............ ............ ....15 Stems conspicuously and often densely strigillose, villous, and/or glandular-puberulent throughout, hairs with reddish pustular bases often abundant. |
............ ............ ......16 Stems, leaves, ovaries, capsules, and corolla tubes sparsely to moderately strigillose and glandular puberulent, usually also with abundant spreading, pustular-based hairs; leaves green; sepals usually green or yellowish; [mostly east of the Mississippi River] |
............ ............ ......16 Stems, leaves, ovaries, capsules, and corolla tubes densely strigillose, appearing exclusively appressed-pubescent without magnification (also with some appressed or subappressed pustular-based hairs and rarely glandular-puberulent in the inflorescence); leaves grayish-green; sepals usually red-striped or flushed red; [mostly west of the Mississippi River, scattered eastward as an introduction] |
1 Plants taprooted annuals, 1-3 dm tall; leaves linear-spatulate or linear-oblanceolate, erect-ascending; flowers borne in leaf axils throughout upper 1/2 of plant |
1 Plants fibrous-rooted or rhizomatous perennials, 1-12 dm tall; leaves broader; flowers borne only in uppermost few nodes of branches. |
..2 Stems, leaves, and free sepal tips (but often not sepal bodies) coarsely pilose-hirsute with spreading, whitish hairs 1-3 mm long; free sepal tips 1-4 mm long, widely divergent; leaf blades mostly elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, rugose |
..2 Plants sparsely to densely strigillose, glandular, pilose, and/or villous pubescence, not pilose-hirsute (hairs mostly shorter or appressed); sepal tips various; leaf blades various. |
....3 Plants exclusively eglandular-pubescent, finely appressed-strigillose on leaves, upper stems, ovaries, and sepals; capsules ellipsoid, broadest at middle, 8-10 mm long, nearly sessile, with stipitate bases 0-2 mm long; [wet prairies and ditches; AR, LA, and e. TX] |
....3 Plants usually glandular-pubescent at least on sepals and floral tubes (except O. unguiculata and some forms of O. fruticosa), otherwise variously eglandular-pubescent to glabrous; capsules clavate with elongate stipitate bases, or, if oblong-ellipsoid and nearly sessile, then mostly 10-17 mm long. |
......4 Stigmas surrounded by anthers at anthesis; petals 5-10 mm; flowers spaced out along an elongate inflorescence axis, axis nodding distally in bud; capsules narrowly obovoid, glandular-pubescent initially, often glabrate at maturity |
......4 Stigmas elevated above anthers at anthesis; petals (8-) 12-35 mm long; inflorescences erect, mostly more compact; capsules various; [ Oenothera fruticosa complex]. |
........5 Leaves 1-4 cm wide, lanceolate to ovate, margins dentate to remotely denticulate; petals (20-) 25-35 mm long; ovaries and capsules moderately glandular-puberulent to glabrous, oblong or oblong-ellipsoid; vegetative parts mostly inconspicuously pubescent (sometimes villous proximally, or sparsely strigillose distally). |
..........6 Roots fleshy, plants producing adventitious roots where submerged; capsules obovoid, widest near the tip, 15-20 mm long, narrowed to an elongate stipitate base; [coastal rivers and marshes on the outer Atlantic Coastal Plain from VA to SC] |
..........6 Roots fibrous; capsules oblong or oblong-ellipsoid, widest near the middle, 10-17 mm long, abruptly contracted at the base, often subsessile; [inland, mostly absent from the outer Coastal Plain] |
............ 7 Plants conspicuously bluish-glaucous on leaves, ovaries, pedicels, and often sepals, floral tubes, and upper stems; plants glabrous or nearly so; leaves broadly ovate-elliptic, regularly dentate, often slightly fleshy; [TN, KY, and n. GA, west of the Blue Ridge] |
............ 7 Plants green, or leaves pale abaxially; plants sparsely to moderately pubescent at least in inflorescence or on lower stems; leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, remotely denticulate or sinuate-dentate to subentire, thin-textured or chartaceous. |
............ ..8 Leaves 1-3 cm wide, lanceolate, acuminate, thin-textured and lax, margins mostly shallowly sinuate-dentate; petals 25-30mm; plants usually inconspicuously pubescent, sometimes sparsely to moderately spreading-villous on lower stems and leaf veins and glandular-puberulent in the inflorescence, rarely somewhat strigillose on distal leaves and stems; [of moderate to high elevations in the southern Blue Ridge] |
............ ..8 Leaves mostly 0.5-1.5 cm wide, narrowly lanceolate, margins variable; petals 12-20mm, rarely longer; stems and leaves usually moderately to densely strigillose to strigose-hirsute, sometimes also glandular-puberulent in the inflorescence; [Northeast and Upper Midwest rarely south to e. KY and c. VA] |
........5 Leaves 0.5-1.0 (1.2) cm wide, various, entire or remotely denticulate; petals (8-) 12-20 (-25) mm long; ovaries and capsules densely to sparsely pubescent, hairs eglandular or a mixture of glandular and eglandular (sometimes glabrate at maturity), clavate; vegetative parts densely strigose, strigillose, or pilose. |
............ ....9 Capsules oblong or oblong-ellipsoid, widest near the middle, usually abruptly contracted to a stipitate base 0.1-3 (-7) mm long; ovary and capsule vestiture usually exclusively glandular, rarely with a few eglandular hairs; leaves mostly lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, widest below the middle; [VA and e. KY northward] |
............ ....9 Capsules clavate (ellipsoid in O. species 2), widest near the tip, gradually tapered to a slender stipitate base 3-15 mm long; ovary and capsule densely to sparsely strigillose, strigose, hirtellous, or pilose, sometimes mixed with glandular hairs. |
............ ......10 Leaves and stems densely velutinous (long, soft hairs); cauline leaves mostly 2-4× as long as wide, lance-oblong or lanceolate, remotely denticulate. |
............ ........11 Ovaries, capsules, floral tubes, and sepals densely short-pilose, hairs predominantly eglandular; [of serpentine barrens in PA and MD] |
............ ........11 Ovaries, capsules, floral tubes, and sepals predominantly glandular-puberulent; [of the Cumberland Plateau of TN, KY, and AL] |
............ ......10 Leaves finely strigose or strigillose, hairs closely appressed, stems strigillose to pilose; leaves linear-oblanceolate, linear-lanceolate, oblanceolate, elliptic, or lanceolate, mostly 5-10× as long as wide, nearly entire (remotely denticulate in O. riparia and O. unguiculata). |
............ ..........12 Free sepal tips (1-) 1.5-2.5 (-3) mm long, cartilaginously thickened, divergent; sepals finely strigose, hairs all eglandular and tightly appressed; leaves linear-lanceolate or linear-oblanceolate, often remotely toothed; [tidal marshes, coastal rivers, wet maritime grasslands, and wet pine savannas; outer Atlantic Coastal Plain from SC north to Long Island] |
............ ............ 13 Plants 7-12 dm tall; vegetative parts inconspicuously strigillose; capsules 15-20 mm long |
............ ............ 13 Plants 1-8 dm tall; vegetative parts densely appressed-strigose; capsules 6-11 mm long |
............ ..........12 Free sepal tips 0-1 (-2) mm long, mostly connivent; sepals glandular-puberulent, pilose, or strigillose; sepals and capsules often with spreading and/or glandular hairs; leaves mostly narrow-elliptic or oblanceolate, essentially entire; [inland, mostly dry or rocky soils; widespread in our region] |
............ ............ ..14 Capsule body 3-5 mm long, subglobose; capsules and ovaries strigose-pilose or strigillose; [of the Piedmont or outer Atlantic Coastal Plain]. |
............ ............ ....15 Capsule body 3.5-4 mm long, strigose-pilose; [of Coastal Plain bogs] |
............ ............ ....15 Capsule body 4-5 mm long, very finely strigillose; plants colonial, stoloniferous; [of Piedmont rock outcrops] |
............ ............ ..14 Capsule body 6-11 mm long, obovoid; capsules and ovaries short-pilose, strigillose, hirtellous, and/or glandular-puberulent; [widespread in the southeast] |
............ ............ ......16 Ovaries, floral tubes, sepals, and capsules with loosely ascending, coarse, ±dense pilose pubescence about 1 mm long, glandular hairs lacking or very sparse; [of the Ouachitas and Ozark Plateau of AR and OK] |
............ ............ ......16 Ovaries, floral tubes, sepals, and capsules with eglandular hairs < 1 mm, spreading to appressed, and often mixed with glandular hairs; [widespread east of the Mississippi River] |
............ ............ ........17 Ovaries, developing capsules, and floral tubes with hairs predominantly glandular, capsules often glabrate at maturity; [SC west to MS and north to s. IL, IN, and OH, west and south of the Blue Ridge] |
............ ............ ........17 Ovaries, capsules, and floral tubes densely hirtellous or short-pilose, hairs predominantly eglandular; [SC north to PA, east of the Blue Ridge] |